Urban development demands on construction aggregates are set to rise dramatically over the coming years within the Stockholm region and a significant environmental challenge will be associated with the large flows of construction aggregates and excavated materials in and out of future development projects respectively.   Material banks receive construction and demolition waste (CDW), process this waste and supply recycled aggregates to the construction industry helping to reduce the demand on natural construction minerals.  The transportation of these material flows between the material banks and development areas is predominantly by road in the Stockholm region.  With the transport sector responsible for almost one third of green-house-gas (GHG) emissions in Sweden, there is a motivation for investigating the environmental benefits of minimising transportation distances of construction aggregates.  Quantities of CDW in the form of excavated granular soil and rock from future development locations within a case-study area comprising three municipalities; Botkyrka, Huddinge and Haninge, in the south of Stockholm, have been estimated based on their municipal comprehensive plans up to the year 2030.  This has been done with the assistance of an earthworks estimation tool, the ESAR model, developed by Ecoloop AB.  Distances between existing and planned material banks and future development areas together with the estimated material quantities have been combined to approximate total vehicle-kilometres for the transportation of these materials under a business-as-usual scenario up until 2030.  A comparison has been made to an alternative scenario of strategically located material banks within the case-study area, whereby a methodology has been developed within this study to strategically locate material banks utilising GIS software ArcMap together with land availability map layers for siting material banks previously developed under a separate related study.  In comparison to the business-as-usual scenario, one strategically located material bank within the case-study area reduces total material haulage distances of excavated granular soils and rocks from development areas to the material banks by approximately 42% or 3.67 million vehicle-kilometres, equating to a reduction of 3478 tonnes of CO2e throughout the time horizon of this study.  Another output from the ESAR model is the estimated construction aggregate demand for sub-surface earthworks backfilling activities.  A material flow analysis for the strategically located material bank indicates that the material bank is able to satisfy the sub-surface backfilling construction aggregate demand in the form of recycled aggregates throughout its operation.  Considering the flow of recycled aggregates back to development areas for backfilling earthworks activities, a total combined reduction of 45% or 5.54 million vehicle-kilometres of material haulage distance is achievable, equating to a saving of 5248 tonnes of CO2e.  Reductions in GHG emissions from strategically located material banks are likely to also be significant beyond the boundaries of this study and warrant further research.

La recherche du premier chapitre de ce mémoire a été menée en collaboration avec les co-chercheurs suivants: Catherine Olivier et Michel Bergeron. / Ce mémoire examine plusieurs questions d'éthique auxquelles font face les chercheurs universitaires en ce qui concerne la valorisation (le partage, la réutilisation et la commercialisation) des bases de données et des banques de matériel. Dans un premier temps, nous présentons les résultats d'une étude qualitative du point de vue de vingt deux chercheurs à l'Université de Montréal, qui révèle les nombreuses limitations à la valorisation, y compris le manque de ressources, le consentement à la recherche, la confidentialité des participants ou patients et la compétition entre chercheurs. Malgré ces limitations, le partage de bases et de banques est la forme de valorisation la plus acceptée par les chercheurs à l’Université de Montréal. De plus, ce partage est préconisé dans la documentation scientifique comme un idéal de la science. Dans un deuxième temps, nous démontrons que si le partage de bases et de banques est primae facie une norme éthique généralement acceptée, les limitations à cette norme devraient être davantage comprises et justifiées. Pour ce faire, nous présentons une analyse des limitations principales du partage des bases et des banques qui révèle que la plupart de ces limitations sont causées par des manquements à l’intégrité de la recherche (manque de collégialité ou de confiance). Dans un troisième temps, nous terminons en proposant des recommandations et des pistes de réflexion afin de susciter un plus grand partage éthique des bases de données et des banques de matériel tout en respectant certaines contraintes justifiables. / This master’s thesis focuses principally on the ethical issues faced by university researchers in the valorization (sharing, reuse and commercialization) of databases and material banks. First, I present the results of a qualitative study on the perceptions of 22 researchers at the Université de Montréal regarding various limitations to valorization, including the lack of resources, consent processes, participant confidentiality and competition between researchers. Despite these shortcomings, the sharing of databases and material banks is the mode of valorization most accepted by researchers at the University of Montreal. This sharing is advocated in the scientific literature as an ideal or norm of science. Second, I argue that if such sharing is prima facie ethical and beneficial, then practices which would limit sharing should be better understood and justified. I present an analysis of the main limitations to sharing which reveals that instances of a lack of integrity in research (that undermine collegiality or trust) are at the root of many of these limitations. Third, I conclude with reflections and general recommendations to achieve greater ethical sharing while still acknowledging the existence of certain justifiable constraints.

Ce mémoire examine plusieurs questions d'éthique auxquelles font face les chercheurs universitaires en ce qui concerne la valorisation (le partage, la réutilisation et la commercialisation) des bases de données et des banques de matériel. Dans un premier temps, nous présentons les résultats d'une étude qualitative du point de vue de vingt deux chercheurs à l'Université de Montréal, qui révèle les nombreuses limitations à la valorisation, y compris le manque de ressources, le consentement à la recherche, la confidentialité des participants ou patients et la compétition entre chercheurs. Malgré ces limitations, le partage de bases et de banques est la forme de valorisation la plus acceptée par les chercheurs à l’Université de Montréal. De plus, ce partage est préconisé dans la documentation scientifique comme un idéal de la science. Dans un deuxième temps, nous démontrons que si le partage de bases et de banques est primae facie une norme éthique généralement acceptée, les limitations à cette norme devraient être davantage comprises et justifiées. Pour ce faire, nous présentons une analyse des limitations principales du partage des bases et des banques qui révèle que la plupart de ces limitations sont causées par des manquements à l’intégrité de la recherche (manque de collégialité ou de confiance). Dans un troisième temps, nous terminons en proposant des recommandations et des pistes de réflexion afin de susciter un plus grand partage éthique des bases de données et des banques de matériel tout en respectant certaines contraintes justifiables. / This master’s thesis focuses principally on the ethical issues faced by university researchers in the valorization (sharing, reuse and commercialization) of databases and material banks. First, I present the results of a qualitative study on the perceptions of 22 researchers at the Université de Montréal regarding various limitations to valorization, including the lack of resources, consent processes, participant confidentiality and competition between researchers. Despite these shortcomings, the sharing of databases and material banks is the mode of valorization most accepted by researchers at the University of Montreal. This sharing is advocated in the scientific literature as an ideal or norm of science. Second, I argue that if such sharing is prima facie ethical and beneficial, then practices which would limit sharing should be better understood and justified. I present an analysis of the main limitations to sharing which reveals that instances of a lack of integrity in research (that undermine collegiality or trust) are at the root of many of these limitations. Third, I conclude with reflections and general recommendations to achieve greater ethical sharing while still acknowledging the existence of certain justifiable constraints. / La recherche du premier chapitre de ce mémoire a été menée en collaboration avec les co-chercheurs suivants: Catherine Olivier et Michel Bergeron.