De nos jours, les bâtiments sont de plus en plus confinés afin de limiter au maximum les déperditions énergétiques et parallèlement les matériaux de construction, d’ameublement et de décoration sont une source de composés organiques volatils (COV) et de formaldéhyde. La combinaison de ces deux éléments conduit à un air intérieur davantage pollué que l’air extérieur. Au cours de cette thèse, une nouvelle méthode d’analyse simultanée par SPME/GC/MS des COV et du formaldéhyde dans l’air intérieur a été développée. Une nouvelle cellule d’émission a également été mise au point pour évaluer les émissions des matériaux par couplage avec la SPME. L’ensemble de ces méthodes a été appliqué au suivi de la QAI et des émissions de matériaux de deux bâtiments neufs (un collège et un logement) durant les 6 mois suivant leur construction. Enfin, les données collectées au cours de ce suivi ont permis le développement d’un modèle prédictif de la QAI. / Nowadays, buildings are more and more airtight in order to limit heat loss as much as possible. At the same time, building, decorative and furnishing materials are known to be a volatile organic compound (VOC) and formaldehyde source. The result of these two facts is that indoor air is finally more polluted than outdoor air. During this PhD, a new analytical method based on SPME/GC/MS to analyse simultaneously VOCs and formaldehyde in indoor air was developed. A new emission cell was also designed to evaluate materials emission by coupling it with SPME. All these new methods were then applied in two new buildings (a high school and a dwelling) in order to follow indoor air quality and building materials emissions during the six month following their construction. Finally, the data collected during this study were used to develop an indoor air quality modeling.

Ce travail permet d'approfondir les connaissances sur l'exposition des voyageurs aux polluants de l'air dans les autobus via des mesures représentatives en fonction du matériel roulant (Agora Long, Agora Standard), le taux de renouvellement de l'air, de la qualité de l'air extérieur et des paramètres du trafic routier. Les expériences ont été réalisées en étudiant la répartition des polluants dans l'habitacle, un sujet peu abordé jusqu'à présent dans la littérature. Sont quantifiées certaines sources de pollution comme le relargage des nouveaux matériaux et le transfert des effluents du bus vers sa cabine (auto-pollution). Dans le cadre de cette démarche, une campagne inédite a été créée pour quantifier l'auto-pollution minimum et maximum pour ces deux types de bus. Dans des conditions réelles de circulation, les concentrations en polluants (NO2, PM2.5, concentration en nombre des particules entre 0,02-1µm) ont été plus élevées dans les habitacles des bus par rapport au fond urbain. De plus il a été constaté des concentrations en NO2 plus faibles à l'avant par rapport à l'arrière du bus, position du pot d'échappement et du moteur. Cette surexposition a été expliquée par une auto-pollution plus importante à l'arrière par rapport à l'avant (0,13% contre 0,05% dans des conditions défavorables). Enfin l'influence du relargage des matériaux, du trafic routier, des ouvertures des portes, de la vitesse du vent sur les concentrations des polluants dans les habitacles des bus a été démontrée / This study can increase knowledge about the travelers' exposure to air pollution inside buses through measures based representative of rolling stock (Agora Long, Agora Standard), the air change rate, air outdoor quality and traffic parameters. The experiments were performed by studying the distribution of pollutants in the cabin, a subject little discussed in the literature. Some sources of pollution such as the material emissions and the transfer of bus exhaust in the cabin are quantified (self-pollution). As part of this approach, an unprecedented campaign was conducted to quantify the maximum and minimum self-pollution for both types of bus. In real traffic conditions, the pollutant concentrations (NO2, PM2.5, particle number concentration between 0.02-1µm) are higher in the instrumented buses compared to outdoors. Moreover the lowest concentrations of NO2 have been measured in the front of the cabin compared to the rear, the localization of exhaust pipe and the engine. This overexposure was explained by a self-pollution higher in the rear of the cabin compared to the front (0.13% against 0.05% in adverse conditions). Finally the influence of the material emissions, traffic, door openings, the wind speed on the pollutant concentrations inside buses have been demonstrated

A wide range of organic compounds are released from building and furnishing products and these have the potential to adversely affect indoor air quality. There are growing international requirements for testing and controlling these emissions for the protection of public health. The test methods require specialist analytical chemistry facilities based on thermal desorption/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD/GC/MS). This project has addressed the need for better performance and greater automation of the analysis, as well as development of simpler screening tests. A variety of products were tested using screening techniques, with an emission cell method being used as a reference test. Short duration tests, using a micro-scale chamber at slightly elevated temperature, were shown to have the potential to predict emissions occurring during longer term reference tests. Multi-sorbent air sampling tubes, that have the potential to extend the volatility range of compounds determined by a single TD/GC/MS analysis, were compared with Tenax TA tubes specified by current standard methods. This showed no difference in performance for the range of compounds for which Tenax is optimal, with improved performance for a number of more volatile compounds. The determination of formaldehyde was investigated using 2-hydroxymethylpiperidine as a derivatising agent, followed by TD/GC/MS. The results showed the possibility of this method being developed as an alternative to the current standard method that involves solvent elution and liquid chromatography. The performance of a newly developed time-of-flight mass spectrometer was compared with a standard quadrupole instrument. This showed its potential, with the use of re-collection, to extend the concentration range of compounds quantified from a single air sample, of particular benefit for the determination of carcinogens. New compound identification software was applied to increase automation of analysis of the TD/GC/MS data. Good correlation with manual processing was achieved, demonstrating the possibility of routine application to material emissions testing.