O presente estudo investigou o perfil comportamental de ovinos entre o parto e a primeira mamada dos neonatos e sua influência sobre a sobrevivência e peso ao desmame dos cordeiros. O experimento foi conduzido em uma criação comercial de sistema intensivo, ao longo de três estações de parição, entre junho e novembro de 2006. Foram acompanhadas 216 ovelhas gestantes da raça Santa Inês e os 306 cordeiros nascidos. As observações comportamentais de ovelhas e cordeiros foram realizadas em períodos de 12 horas, através do método direto e em amostragem focal a cada 5 minutos. Para as mães, foram analisadas as variáveis postura (PTM), atividade (ATM) e tempo para tocar a cria (TTC). Os comportamentos avaliados nos cordeiros foram postura (PTC), atividade (ATC), tempo para ficar em pé (TEP) e tempo para mamar (TPM). Foi também estudada a influência do tipo (simples, duplo ou triplo) e duração do parto (TP e DP) sobre a manifestação dos comportamentos materno-filiais e desempenho dos cordeiros. As análises foram conduzidas através do pacote estatístico SAS®. O modelo adotado para avaliar a relação entre as variáveis foi o General Linear Model, através do procedimento GLM. As ovelhas recém-paridas despendem seu tempo principalmente com comportamentos voltados à formação de um vínculo exclusivo com a cria e com cuidados importantes para a sobrevivência imediata do cordeiro. Já os cordeiros, após aptos a se levantarem e se locomoverem, priorizaram a ingestão do colostro. A rapidez das ovelhas em iniciar os cuidados maternais (TTC=1,4863±8,3587 segundos), a baixa ocorrência de comportamentos antagônicos à cria e a agilidade dos cordeiros para se levantar (TEP=20,8797±17,6991 minutos) e mamar (TPM=46,0726±27,7284 minutos) são indícios da adaptação comportamental da raça Santa Inês a condições extensivas de criação. Os cuidados maternais realizados entre o nascimento e a primeira mamada do cordeiro influenciaram em sua agilidade, medida através do tempo para ficar em pé (P<0,01) e para mamar (P<0,01). A atividade da mãe interferiu no peso do cordeiro ao desmame (P<0,05), tendo os que receberam cuidados mais adequados apresentado um melhor desempenho. Sob as condições deste estudo, a agilidade do neonato não interferiu no peso ao desmame. Também não foram verificados efeitos do comportamento materno ou neonatal sobre a sobrevivência dos cordeiros até o desmame. Cordeiros nascidos de partos múltiplos ou longos apresentaram menor agilidade neonatal (P<0,05). O peso ao nascer sofreu forte influência do tipo de parto (P<0,01), sendo maior para filhotes nascidos de partos simples. Da mesma forma, o tipo do parto influenciou também o peso ao desmame dos cordeiros (P<0,01). / The present study investigated sheep maternal-offspring behavior from birth to first suck and its influence on lamb survival and weight at weaning. The experiment was conducted on a commercial intensive system flock, from June to November, 2006. Data were collected on 216 Santa Inês ewes and their 306 newly-born lambs. Focal animal observations were carried out every 5 minutes, in 12-hour periods. For the ewes, the variables analyzed consisted on posture (PTM), activity (ATM) and time to touch the lamb (TTC). The behaviors analyzed for the lambs were posture (PTC), time to stand up (TEP) and time to suck (TPM). The influence of birth type (simple, double or triple) and labor length, litter size and weight at weaning were also considered. The analyses were conducted through the SAS® statistical package. The model adopted to evaluate the relation between variables was the General Linear Model through the GLM procedure. Immediately after parturition, ewes spent their time mostly with behaviors directed to bonding with the neonates. Newly-born lambs, soon after succeeding in standing up and walking, prioritized colostrum ingestion. The short time required to start maternal care (TTC=1.4863±8.3587 seconds), the low incidence of negative behaviors against the lambs and the neonatal agility to stand (TEP=20.8797±17.6991 minutes) and suck (TPM=46.0726±27.7284 minutes) are indicatives of behavioral adaptations to extensive conditions. Maternal behaviors influenced neonatal agility, measured through time to stand (P<0.01) and to suck (P<0.01). Maternal activity influenced lamb weight at weaning (P<0.05), so lambs that received more adequate care were heavier. Under this study conditions, neonatal agility did not interfere on lamb weight at weaning. Effects of maternal and neonatal posture or activity on lamb survival up to weaning were not verified either. Lambs born from multiple or long births showed less neonatal agility (P<0.05). Lamb birth weights were influenced by the litter size, being singles born heavier (P<0.01). Labor conditions also influenced lamb weight at weaning (P<0.01).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:27:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Regina.pdf: 478033 bytes, checksum: 67ff75ed3d915515733eee9e6b7786b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-12-08 / The mother s milk offers several advantages and benefits for the baby as for the mother and also for the society because it reduces the infant morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries. The period elapsed between the birth and the first breastfed have showed a positive association with high breastfeeding indicatives. The maternal, maternity and newly baby characteristics have influence on the beginning of breastfeeding. This study was carried out to trace the profile of the maternity s patients in Pelotas and to relate the characteristics of the mothers, of the babies and maternities with the beginning of breastfeeding. Were interviewed 2741 mothers. The beginning of the breastfeeding in the first time was inversely associated with: age, maternal education and family income evidencing a dose-response effect. The mothers that had a baby for caesarean section had a twice risk of not breastfeed in the first hour of the baby s life (p < 0.001). To be born at the only hospital of the city that adopted the Baby Friendly Hospital Iniciative increased meaningful the breastfeeding in the first hour / O aleitamento materno oferece inúmeras vantagens e benefícios tanto para o bebê quanto para a mãe e também para a sociedade, uma vez que diminui a morbi-mortalidade infantil, especialmente em países em desenvolvimento. O período decorrido entre o nascimento e a primeira mamada tem mostrado associação positiva com maiores índices de aleitamento assim como com sua maior duração. As características maternas, das maternidades e dos recém-nascidos têm influência sobre o início da amamentação. Este estudo buscou traçar o perfil das pacientes das maternidades de Pelotas e relacionar as características maternas, do bebê e das maternidades com o início da amamentação. Foram entrevistadas 2741 mães. O início da amamentação na primeira hora esteve inversamente associado com: idade, escolaridade materna e renda familiar, evidenciando-se efeito dose-resposta. As mães cujo parto foi cesáreo tiveram um risco cerca de duas vezes maior de não amamentar na primeira hora de vida (p<0,001). Nascer no único hospital da cidade que adotava a Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança aumentou significativamente as chances dos bebês mamarem na primeira hora

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A violÃncia representa a cristalizaÃÃo de verdadeiras lacunas produzidas em razÃo da negligÃncia de polÃticas pÃblicas, desigualdade social e cultural, pobreza, desemprego, entre outras razÃes. Esse fenÃmeno atinge a todos, sem ditinÃÃo, inclusive a crianÃa, que poder sofrer diversos tipode de violencia, como o abuso sexual. Diante dessa realidade, ressalta-se que nÃo somente a vÃtima, como tambÃm toda a estrutura familiar sofrem as consequÃncias de tal fenomeno. Objetivou-se compreender a percepÃÃo das mÃes de crianÃas sobre o abuso sexual vivenciado por suas filhas. O serviÃo onde se deu a pesquisa foi uma organizaÃÃo governamental da cidade de Fortaleza â Ce - Brasil. Realizou-se pesquisa de cunho qualitativo, os sujeitos foram 10 mÃes de crianÃas vÃtimas de abuso sexual. Os dados foram coletados nos meses de fevereiro a marÃo de 2007, obtidos atravÃs de entrevista semi-estruturada e gravada, para anÃlise e organizaÃÃo foi utilizada a tÃcnica do discurso do sujeito coletivo. Constatou-se que o DSC das informantes trÃs uma sucessÃo de sentimentos de mÃes que tiveram suas filhas abusadas sexualmente, as primeiras depararam a sensaÃÃo de impotÃncia, culpa e sofrimentos, convivendo com a dor do insuperÃvel. Evidenciou-se o fato de que a violÃncia à extremamente funcional, porquanto atinge seu objetivo, destrÃi, marca e mata. O desespero permeou alguns depoimentos, relatando idÃias suicidas e homicidas, em especial por parte de uma informante. Ainda se observou que, apÃs a descoberta do abuso sexual sofrido pela crianÃa, fica evidente a desagregaÃÃo familiar. O fenÃmeno acarretou conseqÃÃncias desastrosas, com agravamento de nÃo haver poupado os elementos formadores da famÃlia, a fragmentaÃÃo familiar, intensificou-se mediante as mudanÃas comportamentais da crianÃa vitimada, que variou entre a rebeldia, deficit no rendimento escolar, estendendo-se atà automutilaÃÃo. Constatou-se que o abuso sexual, nem sempre à conhecido por todos os membros da famÃlia e o tabu acerca deste inominÃvel ilÃcito assume a forma de âmuro de silÃncioâ de todos os componentes, contra o mundo externo. Foi possÃvel contemplar, nas falas, o anseio de ver as filhas transporem as dores causadas pela violÃncia, para tanto, destacando-se que o tipo de abuso sexual, relaÃÃo parental com o perpetrador, tempo de duraÃÃo do abuso e resiliÃncia da vitima, sÃo elementos que interferem que interferem nas conseqÃÃncias e na superaÃÃo. Observaram-se contudo, a existÃncia do anseio de contemplar a remoÃÃo das conseqÃÃncias deixadas pelo abuso sexual na vida da filha, a esperanÃa de amenizar, atà mesmo âapagarâ todas as dores, bem como alteraÃÃo de comportamento, manifestadas pela filha. Do exposto, ressalta-se que em vista das diferentes formas de sentimentos, que esses fatos representam motivo de reflexÃo na urgÃncia de formaÃÃo e fortalecimento de uma rede social de apoio. Enfatiza-se a importÃncia da atuaÃÃo de profissionais capacitados para atender, direta e indiretamente as vÃtimas de abuso sexual infantil bem como os membros familiares da crianÃa vitimada. / Violence represents the crystallization of real voids produced due to the negligence of public policies, social and cultural inequality, poverty, unemployment, among other reasons. This phenomenon reaches everyone, equally, including the child, who may suffer several kinds of violence, such as sexual abuse. Facing this reality, one highlights that not only the victim, but also the family structure as a whole is affected by the consequence of such phenomenon. One aimed to understand the perception of mothers about sexual abuse suffered by their daughters. The institution where the study was conducted was a non-governmental organization in the city of Fortaleza â Ce â Brazil. A qualitative research was conducted, having as subjects 10 mothers of children who were victims of sexual abuse. The data were collected from February through March, 2007, obtained through semi-structured interview and recorded, for analysis and organization one used the collective subjectâs discourse technique. One noticed that the CSD of the interviewees brings several feelings of mothers who had their daughters sexually abused, the first ones had feelings of powerlessness, guilt and suffering, living with an unrecoverable pain. One highlighted the fact that the violence is extremely functional, as it reaches its goal, destroys, marks and kills. Despair was present in some depositions, relating suicidal and homicidal ideas, especially on the part of the interviewee. One still observed that, after discovering the sexual abuse suffered by the child, the familyâs destruction becomes clear. The phenomenon brings disastrous consequences, not saving even the elements creators of the family, the family destruction becomes stronger due to changes in the victimâs behavior, which varies between rebelliousness, low school grades, up till self-mutilation. One noticed that sexual abuse, not always is known by all the family members and the taboo around this illicit subject becomes a âwall of silenceâ from all the members, against the external world. It was possible to notice, in the speeches, the will to see the victims recover from the pain caused by the violence, for doing so, highlighting that the type of sexual abuse, relationship with the abuser, duration of abuse and resistance of the victim, are elements that interfere in the consequences and recovering. One observed, however, the existence of anxiety in removing the consequences left by the sexual abuse in the daughterâs life, the hope to soften, even âeraseâ all the pain, as well as changes in the behavior, showed by the daughter. After all, one highlights that due to the different feelings, these facts represent a reason to think about the urgency in creating a system of social support. One emphasizes the importance of professionals prepared to attend, directly and indirectly, the victims of child sexual abuse as well as the victimâs relatives.

In this study, I conduct a multiple method content analysis of literature on postpartum depression (PPD) from two on-line sources, Medline and LexisNexis. The purpose of the study is to determine how the medical profession defines and frames PPD, and to consider the implications of its movement into the medical model. I use the theories of Foucault, Gramsci, critical constructionism, and postmodern feminism to examine the effect of the medicalization of PPD on women’s lives. Using both simple descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis, I show the expansion of medical control over women’s bodies in the childbearing years beyond the physical to include the emotional and psychological aspects as well, which results in standardized maternal behaviors and emotions that tighten the boundaries of motherhood.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [109]-122).

Estrogen acts on maternal circuitry to establish maternal behaviour in otherwise non-maternal rats. The precise mechanisms by which estrogen primes maternal circuitry are unknown; however, the medial preoptic area (MPOA) stimulates maternal behaviour whilst the medial amygdala (MeA) inhibits it. This thesis aimed to address the link between estrogen sensitivity, astroglia and maternal behaviour. Maternal care influences maternal behaviour of female offspring. One mechanism underlying this influence is differential estrogen sensitivity within the MPOA. Estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) expression was examined in offspring of High and Low licking/grooming (LG) dams within the MPOA. Enhanced expression ERalpha was limited to the medial preoptic nucleus in offspring of High LG dams and the anteroventral periventricular nucleus in Low LG dams. Adult nulliparous offspring of High and Low LG dams were assessed for maternal responsiveness using the pup sensitization paradigm. Offspring of Highs showed maternal behaviour significantly earlier than offspring of Lows. Brains of pup-exposed and pup-naive High and Low offspring were analyzed for astroglial markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamine synthetase. Pup-naive animals showed more GFAP positive cells within the posteroventral MeA, with no differences within the MPOA and no effect of maternal care. Glutamine synthetase, a glial-derived enzyme necessary for glutamate production, showed greater expression within the MeA of High LG pup-naive animals; with no maternal care differences observed in pup-experienced animals. Thus, long-lasting changes within maternal circuitry established in early life are reflected in regionally specific enhanced estrogen sensitivity and latency to display maternal behaviour, but the effects are less clear with respect to astroglia.

Postnatal handling of rat litters during the first week of life greatly decreases behavioural fearfulness to novelty in the adult offspring. Our first question was to what extent the Benzodiazepine/GABAA receptor complex, a system critical for the expression of fear, might be involved in mediating the observed reduced fearfulness in handled animals (H). Benzodiazepine receptor (BZ) binding was reduced in the amygdala and locus coeruleus (LC), regions important for the expression of fear in non-handled (NH) and maternally separated animals (MS). Moreover, levels of the mRNA for the gamma2 sub-unit of the GABAA receptor complex, which confers high affinity BZ binding, were higher in the amygdaloid nuclei as well as in the LC of handled compared with both NH and MS animals. / Studies with the handling paradigm have lead to the idea that variations mother-pup interactions may actually be the cause of the handling effects. As adults, the offspring of mothers which exhibited high levels of licking/grooming and arched-back nursing (LG-ABN) showed substantially reduced behavioral fearfulness in response to novelty compared to the offspring of low LG-ABN mothers. In addition, the adult offspring of the high and low LGABN mothers showed the same receptor and molecular profiles as H and NH adult offspring. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and alpha2 norepinephrine receptor levels, additional receptor systems thought to be important in the expression of fearfulness, differed in these animals too. Adoption studies give further support to the maternal hypothesis in the finding that the expression mRNA for the gamma2 sub-unit of the GABAA receptor complex can be differentially expressed as a result of different offspring to mother combinations. / Taken together, these findings suggest that early life events (ie: naturally occurring differences in maternal care) during the first few days of life have long-term effects on the development of central neurotransmitter systems, which mediate the expression of fearfulness to novelty.

This study assessed how early motherhood influences maternal behavior and infant healthin Ethiopia. Data from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2011 were used.Descriptive and Multinomial analysis were performed to observe the determinants of antenatalcare visits and birth weight. Cox regression model was employed for analyzing the risk of infantmortality. Findings clearly show that young maternal age at birth was associated with asignificantly lower number of ANC visits and increased the risk of infant mortality. However,there was no significant difference in the incidence of having babies with a low birth weight byage. Apart from maternal age at birth, education, wealth status, place of residence and ethnicityhad a stronger significant effect on outcome variables.In conclusion, this study demonstrated that young age at birth has an effect on utilizationof ANC service and infant health. For a favorable maternal behavior and infant health outcomewe strongly suggest that the following should be considered-: strong enforcement of minimumage at marriage abided by law, promoting young women’s education, and adequate andaffordable health care services in remote rural areas where health clinics are inaccessible.

Dissertation (Ph.D.).--University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at San Antonio, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.P.H.M. (Primary Health Care Management))--Mahidol University, 2003.