Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) have high content of dietary fiber and protein of high quality, so it can be considered a functional food. The objectives of this work were: (1) to verify if occurs maternal effect for the insoluble fiber, soluble fiber, methionine and cysteine content in grains common bean; (2) to estimate the heritability and gain from selection for these traits; (3) to assess the composition of amino acids of early generations of common bean obtained from controlled crosses with genitor of high cysteine content. Six generations were obtained (F1, F1 reciprocal, F2, F2 reciprocal, retrocruzamento 1 - RCP1 and retrocruzamento 2 - RCP2) from crosses between genitors contrasting to the insoluble fiber (Guateian 6662 x Guapo Brilhante), soluble fiber (Guapo Brilhante x Pérola), methionine (BRS Valente x Iapar 44) and cysteine (TPS Nobre x Minuano) content. The soluble and insoluble fiber contents were determined by enzyme-gravimetric method and the amino acids content were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The experimental design was a completely randomized, with variable number of replications for generations obtained. The results showed presence of genetic variability for the insoluble fiber, methionine and cysteine contents. No was observed effect maternal significant for insoluble fiber, soluble fiber, methionine and cysteine contents in grains of common bean. Estimates of heritability moderate in the broad sense of 45.22% and gain from selection predicto of 10.15% was obtained for the insoluble fiber. Unable to estimate the heritability in the broad sense and in the narrow sense for soluble fiber, because of lack of genetic variability in different generations, and for the methionine and cysteine content, because genetic negative variances were obtained. The selection of plants F2 obtained from crosses between Guateian 6662 x Guapo Brilhante and between BRS Valente x Iapar 44 may result in superior genotypes for the insoluble fiber and methionine content, respectively. The genitors TPS Nobre and Minuano and F1 and F1r generations showed essential amino acids and nonessential contents suitable for use in food. For the cysteine content, it is not possible to select any plant in the F2 generation due to the low contents of this amino acid sulfur. / O feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) apresenta alto teor de fibra alimentar e proteína de alta qualidade, por isso pode ser considerado um alimento funcional. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram: (1) investigar a ocorrência de efeito materno para os teores de fibra insolúvel, fibra solúvel, metionina e cisteína em grãos de feijão; (2) obter estimativas de herdabilidade e de ganho por seleção para esses caracteres; (3) avaliar a composição de aminoácidos de gerações precoces de feijão obtidas a partir de cruzamentos controlados com genitor de alto teor de cisteína. Sendo assim, foram obtidas seis gerações (F1, F1 recíproco, F2, F2 recíproco, retrocruzamento 1 - RCP1 e retrocruzamento 2 - RCP2), a partir de cruzamentos entre genitores contrastantes para os teores de fibra insolúvel (Guateian 6662 x Guapo Brilhante), fibra solúvel (Guapo Brilhante x Pérola), metionina (BRS Valente x Iapar 44) e cisteína (TPS Nobre x Minuano). Os teores de fibra insolúvel e solúvel foram determinados pelo método enzimático-gravimétrico e os teores dos aminoácidos foram quantificados por cromatografia líquida de alta performance (HPLC). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com número de repetições variável para as diferentes gerações. Os resultados obtidos revelaram presença de variabilidade genética para a fibra insolúvel, metionina e cisteína. Não foi verificado efeito materno significativo para os teores de fibra insolúvel, fibra solúvel, metionina e cisteína em grãos de feijão. Estimativa moderada de herdabilidade, em sentido amplo, de 45,22% e ganho por seleção predicto de 10,15% foram obtidos para a fibra insolúvel. Não foi possível estimar a herdabilidade, em sentido amplo, e em sentido restrito para a fibra solúvel, devido à ausência de variabilidade genética nas diferentes gerações, e para os teores de metionina e de cisteína, pois variâncias genéticas negativas foram obtidas. A seleção de plantas F2 obtidas a partir do cruzamento entre Guateian 6662 x Guapo Brilhante e entre BRS Valente x Iapar 44 poderá resultar em genótipos superiores quanto aos teores de fibra insolúvel e de metionina, respectivamente. Os genitores TPS Nobre e Minuano e as gerações F1 e F1r apresentaram teores de aminoácidos essenciais e não-essenciais adequados para uso na alimentação. Para o teor de cisteína, não é possível selecionar nenhuma planta na geração F2 devido aos baixos teores desse aminoácido sulfurado.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The acceptance of the beans by consumers is related to seed coat color and nutritional value. The objectives of this work were: (1) to verify the existence of maternal effect for the color parameters "L", a* and b* and for the iron concentration in Middle American and Andean common bean seeds; (2) to investigate the distribution of iron in the seed coat and embryo of the Middle American and Andean common bean seeds; (3) to estimate heritability and gain with the selection for the parameters "L", a* and b* and for the iron concentration in common bean seeds of different gene pools; and (4) to select recombinant with seed coat color of highest commercial demand and with high iron concentration in the seeds. To do this, were performed controlled crosses between Middle American lines CNFP 10104 and CHC 01-175, and Andean lines Cal 96 and Hooter to obtain F1, F1 reciprocal, F2, F2 reciprocal and backcrosses (RC11 e RC12) generations for each hybrid combination. Parents and generations obtained were evaluated in two field experiments (normal rainy and dry season) in Santa Maria - RS. Significant maternal effect was obtained for all color parameters in the Middle American and Andean gene pool. In CNFP 10104 x CHC 01-175 crossing high broad sense heritability estimates were obtained for luminosity (h2b: 76.66 to 78.09%), chromaticity a* (h2b: 73.08 to 89.31%) and chromaticity b* (h2b: 88.63 to 90.11%) values in normal rainy and dry season. In Cal 96 x Hooter crossing the parameters luminosity (h2b: 95.07%), chromaticity a* (h2b: 86.19%) and chromaticity b* (h2b: 92.50%) showed high broad sense in dry season. For iron concentration, maternal effect was significant only for the Middle American gene pool. The iron concentration was higher in seed coat of Middle American lines, and superior in embryo of Andean lines. Estimates of narrow sense heritability for the iron concentration of 54.69% and broad sense heritability of 70.20% for CNFP 10104 x CHC 01-175 crossing and broad sense heritability of 62.27% for Cal 96 x Hooter crossing were observed. A F2 plant with iron concentration of 132.99 mg kg- 1 of dry matter was obtained from CNFP 10104 x CHC 01-175 crossing. The selection of F3 seeds (seed coat in F2) from the crossings performed should be promising to obtain common bean lines with seeds colored according to the market demand and with high iron concentration in seeds. / A aceitação dos grãos de feijão pelos consumidores está relacionada à coloração do tegumento e ao valor nutricional. Assim, foram objetivos desse trabalho: (1) verificar a existência de efeito materno para os parâmetros de coloração L , a* e b* e a concentração de ferro em sementes de feijão Mesoamericano e Andino; (2) investigar a distribuição do ferro no tegumento e no embrião das sementes de feijão Mesoamericano e Andino; (3) obter estimativas de herdabilidade e de ganho com a seleção para os parâmetros L , a* e b* e para a concentração de ferro em sementes de feijão de diferentes grupos gênicos; e (4) selecionar recombinantes com coloração de tegumento de maior demanda no comércio e com alta concentração de ferro nas sementes de feijão. Para tanto, realizaram-se cruzamentos controlados entre as linhagens Mesoamericanas CNFP 10104 e CHC 01-175 e entre as linhagens Andinas Cal 96 e Hooter para a obtenção das gerações F1, F1 recíproco, F2, F2 recíproco e retrocruzamentos (RC11 e RC12) para cada combinação híbrida. Os genitores e as gerações obtidas foram avaliados em dois experimentos a campo (safra e safrinha) em Santa Maria - RS. Efeito materno significativo foi obtido para todos os parâmetros de coloração no grupo Mesoamericano e Andino. No cruzamento CNFP 10104 x CHC 01-175 foram obtidas estimativas de herdabilidade em sentido amplo de alta magnitude, nos cultivos de safra e de safrinha, para os valores de luminosidade (h2a: 76,66 a 78,09%), cromaticidade a* (h2a: 73,08 a 89,31%) e cromaticidade b* (h2a: 88,63 a 90,11%). No cruzamento Cal 96 x Hooter, também, se obteve alta herdabilidade em sentido amplo, no cultivo de safrinha, para luminosidade (h2a: 95,07%), cromaticidade a* (h2a: 86,19%) e cromaticidade b* (h2a: 92,50%). Para a concentração de ferro foi observado efeito materno significativo somente para o grupo Mesoamericano. A concentração de ferro nas sementes de feijão foi maior no tegumento das linhagens Mesoamericanas e no embrião das linhagens Andinas. Estimativas de herdabilidade para a concentração de ferro em sentido restrito de 54,69% e em sentido amplo de 70,20% foram observadas para o cruzamento CNFP 10104 x CHC 01-175 e em sentido amplo de 62,27% para o cruzamento Cal 96 x Hooter. Uma planta F2 com concentração de ferro de 132,99 mg kg-1 na matéria seca foi obtida a partir do cruzamento CNFP 10104 x CHC 01-175. A seleção de sementes F3 (tegumento em F2) a partir dos cruzamentos realizados deverá ser promissora para a obtenção de linhagens de feijão com coloração de tegumento com maior demanda no comércio e com alta concentração de ferro nas sementes.

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Die Körpergröße ist von großer Bedeutung für die Fitness vieler Tiere, weil sie positiv mit Überleben und Reproduktionserfolg korreliert ist. Große Rogner vieler Fischarten sind fruchtbarer und produzieren Nachkommen von höherer Qualität verglichen mit kleineren Weibchen. Auch für Milchner einiger Fischarten wurde ein Einfluss der Körpergröße auf frühe Lebensstadien nachgewiesen. Der größenabhängige paternale Effekt verglichen mit maternalen Effekten ist weniger gut untersucht. Das Verständnis der Variation im Reproduktionserfolg als Funktion der Körpergröße der Laicher ist wichtig, weil die Fischerei die Durchschnittsgröße des Laicherbestands reduziert. In vorliegender Dissertation wurden in Laborversuchen an Zebrafischen (Danio rerio) größenabhängige paternale und maternale Effekte auf den Reproduktionserfolg und die Auswirkungen größenselektiver Entnahme auf Körperlänge, Reifung und Reproduktionserfolg untersucht. Die Köperlänge und Kondition waren wichtige Determinanten der Reifung bei Zebrafischen. Größere Rogner zeigten höheren Reproduktionserfolg als kleinere Fische und ein signifikanter Einfluss der Milchnerkörperlänge auf die frühen Lebensstadien ihrer Nachkommen wurde dokumentiert. Längere Männchen wurden von Rognern auch bei der Paarung bevorzugt. Die größenabhängigen maternalen und paternalen Effekte waren ausschlaggebend für den erhöhten Reproduktionserfolg von Zebrafischlaichbeständen, die, verglichen mit kleinen Laichern, aus großen oder zufällig zusammengesetzten Individuen zusammengesetzt waren. Die größenselektive Entnahme führte zu phänotypischen und genetischen Veränderungen, die nach Einstellung der experimentellen Befischung persistierten. Das deutet an, dass die durch die Fischerei ausgelöste Evolution schwierig umkehrbar sein könnte. Die Köpergröße ist von überragender Bedeutung in der Reproduktionsbiologie des Zebrafisches und der Schutz großer Laichfische kann wichtig für den Erhalt der Reproduktionskapazität von befischten Beständen sein. / Body size is a fundamentally important trait for fitness in many animal species because it correlates positively with survival and reproductive success. In many fish species, large females exhibit higher fecundity and produce higher quality offspring compared to small females. Similarly, male body size can affect offspring quality and early life-history traits but the importance of these effects to the reproductive biology of fish is poorly studied. The extent to which variation in reproductive success is explained by parental body size is an important research topic because size-selective fishing usually reduces the average size of reproducing adults in a population. In my dissertation, I studied the parental size effects on reproductive success in a model species (zebrafish, Danio rerio). I also studied the effects of size-selective harvesting on body size, maturation and reproductive output. Body size and condition factor were important determinants of the initiation of maturation in zebrafish. Large females were found to have higher reproductive success compared to small females and a significant effect of male body size on early life-history traits was documented. I found that large males were also favored by the females resulting to differential allocation of reproductive resources toward large males. The maternal- and paternal-size effects ultimately led to elevated reproductive success of experimental spawning stocks consisting of large or random-sized individuals compared to spawning stocks consisting of small individuals. Size-selective harvesting induced rapid phenotypic and genetic changes, which persisted after selection was halted. This suggests that fishing-induced changes might be hard to reverse. My results emphasize the importance of body size to the reproductive biology of zebrafish and suggest that protecting large fish might be important to maintain the reproductive potential of exploited fish stocks.