When creating a muffler to be installed on a noise generating machine, the design parameters as well as the placements of sound attenuating elements has to be optimized in order to minimize the sound coming out of the equipage. This is exemplified in a small project task for students of a basic course in optimization at KTH. The task is however flawed, since both the way in which the optimization problem is formed is overly simplistic and the algorithm used to solve the problem, fmincon, does not cope well with the mathematical complexity of the model, meaning it gets stuck in a local optimum that is not a global optimum. This thesis is about investigating how to solve both of these problems. The model is modified to combine several frequencies and adjusting them to the sensitivity to different frequencies in the human ear. By doing this, the objective is changed from the previous way of maximizing Dynamic Insertion Loss Dilfor a specific frequency to minimize the total perceived sound level LA.  The model is based on the modular design of TMM from four-pole theory. This divides the muffler into separate parts, with the sound attenuating elements being mathematically defined only by what T matrix it has. The element types to choose from are the Expansion Chamber, the Quarter Wave Resonator and the Helmholtz Resonator. The global optimization methods to choose from are Global Search, MultiStart, Genetic Algorithm, Pattern Search and Simulated Annealing. By combining the different types of sound attenuating elements in every way and solving each case with every global optimization method, the best combination to implement to the model is chosen. The choice is two Quarter Wave Resonators being solved by MultiStart, which provides satisfactory results. Further analysis is done to ensure the robustness of chosen implementation, which does not reveal any significant flaws. The purpose of this thesis is fulfilled. / När man skapar en ljuddämpare som ska installeras på en ljud-genererande maskin bör designparametrarna samt placeringarna av ljuddämpande element optimeras för att minimera ljudet som kommer ut ur ekipaget. Detta exemplifieras i en liten projektuppgift för studenter till en grundkurs i optimering på KTH. Uppgiften är dock bristfällig, eftersom både det sätt som optimeringsproblemet är utformat är alltför förenklat och den algoritm som används för att lösa problemet, fmincon, inte klarar av modellens matematiska komplexitet bra, vilket menas med att den fastnar i ett lokalt optimum som inte är ett globalt optimum. Detta examensarbete handlar om att undersöka hur man kan lösa båda dessa problem. Modellen är modifierad för att kombinera flera frekvenser och anpassa dem till känsligheten för olika frekvenser i det mänskliga örat. Genom att göra detta är målet ändrat från det tidigare sättet att maximera den dynamiska insatsisoleringen DIL för en specifik frekvens till att minimera den totala upplevda ljudnivån LA. Modellen bygger på den modulära designen av TMM från 4-polsteori. Detta delar upp ljuddämparen i separata delar, med ljuddämpande element som matematiskt endast definieras av vilken T matris de har. De elementtyper att välja mellan är expansionskammare, kvartsvågsresonator och Helmholtzresonator. De globala optimeringsmetoder att välja mellan är Global Search, MultiStart, Genetic Algorithm, Pattern Search och Simulated Annealing. Genom att kombinera de olika typerna av ljuddämpande element på alla sätt och lösa varje fall med varje global optimeringsmetod, blir den bästa kombinationen vald och implementerad i modellen. Valet är två kvartsvågsresonatorer som löses genom MultiStart, vilket ger tillfredsställande resultat. Ytterligare analyser görs för att säkerställa robustheten av den valda implementationen, som inte avslöjar några väsentliga brister. Syftet med detta examensarbete är uppfyllt.

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O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o comportamento dos campos eletromagnéticos no interior de câmaras reverberantes de modos misturados através do método numérico TLM (Transmission Line Matrix). Inicialmente, apresenta-se uma descrição dos diversos tipos de câmaras aplicáveis na avaliação de desempenho de compatibilidade eletromagnética de equipamentos e sistemas elétricos, destacando-se suas principais características físicas e geométricas, com ênfase nas câmaras reverberantes. Os aspectos teóricos relacionados à descrição do método TLM são detalhados e sua aplicação na avaliação do ambiente eletromagnético das câmaras é então abordada. Diversos resultados são apresentados, considerando-se configurações pré-definidas de câmaras reverberantes, ressaltando-se a definição e cálculo de índices de mérito, bem como os principais aspectos relacionados à representação e definição de critérios adotados nas simulações destas. / The aim of this report is the evaluation of the behavior of electromagnetic fields inside reverberation chambers by means of Transmission Line Modeling (TLM). Initially, it is presented a description of several kinds of chambers applicable for electromagnetic compatibility tests followed by a more detailed description regarding reverberation chambers. Theoretical aspects of TLM method and its application for electromagnetic fields solution are covered. Some results are presented, considering pre-defined reverberation chambers configurations, highlighting some merit indicators and the main aspects adopted on its simulation.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o comportamento dos campos eletromagnéticos no interior de câmaras reverberantes de modos misturados através do método numérico TLM (Transmission Line Matrix). Inicialmente, apresenta-se uma descrição dos diversos tipos de câmaras aplicáveis na avaliação de desempenho de compatibilidade eletromagnética de equipamentos e sistemas elétricos, destacando-se suas principais características físicas e geométricas, com ênfase nas câmaras reverberantes. Os aspectos teóricos relacionados à descrição do método TLM são detalhados e sua aplicação na avaliação do ambiente eletromagnético das câmaras é então abordada. Diversos resultados são apresentados, considerando-se configurações pré-definidas de câmaras reverberantes, ressaltando-se a definição e cálculo de índices de mérito, bem como os principais aspectos relacionados à representação e definição de critérios adotados nas simulações destas. / The aim of this report is the evaluation of the behavior of electromagnetic fields inside reverberation chambers by means of Transmission Line Modeling (TLM). Initially, it is presented a description of several kinds of chambers applicable for electromagnetic compatibility tests followed by a more detailed description regarding reverberation chambers. Theoretical aspects of TLM method and its application for electromagnetic fields solution are covered. Some results are presented, considering pre-defined reverberation chambers configurations, highlighting some merit indicators and the main aspects adopted on its simulation.

A new method to perform direct numerical simulations of wall-bounded flows has been developed and implemented. The method uses high-order compact finite differences in wall-normal (for channel flow) or radial direction (for pipe flow) on a collocated grid, which gives high-accuracy results without the effectfof filtering caused by frequent interpolation as required on a staggered grid. The use of compact finite differences means that extreme clustering near the wall leading to small time steps in high-Reynolds number simulations is avoided. The influence matrix method is used to ensure a completely divergence-freesolution and all systems of equations are solved in banded form, which ensures an effcient solution procedure with low requirements for data storage. The method is unique in the sense that exactly divergence-free solutions on collocated meshes are calculated using arbitrary dffierence matrices. The code is validated for two flow cases, i.e. turbulent channel and turbulent pipe flow at relatively low Reynolds number. All tests show excellent agreement with analytical and existing results, confirming the accuracy and robustness ofthe method. The next step is to eciently parallelise the code so that high-Reynolds number simulations at high resolution can be performed. We furthermore investigated rare events occurring in the near-wall region of turbulent wall-bounded flows. We find that negative streamwise velocities and extreme wall-normal velocity uctuations are found rarely (on the order of 0:01%), and that they occur more frequently at higher Reynolds number. These events are caused by strong vortices lying further away from the wall and it appears that these events are universal for wall-bounded flows. / <p>QC 20150303</p>

Le grand collisionneur de Hadron (LHC), plus grand accelerateur au monde situe au CERN (Organisation Europeenne pour la recherche Nucleaire), produit des collisions proton proton collectees depuis 2009 par le detecteur ATLAS a une energie atteignant 8TeV dans le centre de masse en 2012 (Run1) et 13 TeV en 2015 et 2016 (Run2). Les modeles theoriques SuperSymetrique (SUSY), extension du Modele Standard (SM), relient chaque boson (de spin entier) a un fermion specifique (de spin demi entier) comme super partenaire. De nouvelles particules elementaires sont ainsi introduites. Apres une breve presentation du SM et des principaux modeles SUSY, the LHC et le detecteur ATLAS sont decrits suivi par une etude de performance sur l'isolation des taus. La partie principale du memoire decrit ensuite en detail deux recherches de particules SUSY avec le detecteur ATLAS et les resultats obtenus.La premiere recherche decrite est celle de production directe de stau avec un etat final a deux tau de signes opposes et plusieurs jets dans des collisions pp a 8TeV et une luminosite integree de 20.1 fb-1. Des techniques d’analyse multi variables ont ete utilisees pour ameliorer la sensibilite. Aucun exces significatif par rapport au SM n’a ete observe. Dans une recherche directe de stau, un signal avec m(LSP) = 0 GeV et m(stau) = 100 GeV est exclus.La deuxieme recherche presentee est celle de la production forte de squarks et de gluions avec des etats finaux, a deux leptons de memes signes ou a trois leptons, associees a des jets dans des collisions proton-proton a $\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV$ et une luminosite integree de 13.2 fb-1. Aucun exces significatif par rapport au SM n’a ete observe. / The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), largest collider located at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). produces proton-proton collisions collected by the ATLAS detector since 2009 at a collision center of mass energy up to 8 TeV before 2012 (Run1) and 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016 (Run2). Supersymmetry (SUSY) theory models, extension of the Standard Model (SM), link each boson (of integer spin) to a certain fermion (of half integer spin) as super-partner. New elementary particles are then introduced.After a brief presentation of the Standard Model and of the main SUSY models, the LHC and the ATLAS detector are described followed by a performance study on tau isolation. The main part of the document finally describes in details two searches for SUSY particles with the ATLAS detector and the obtained results.The first one is a search for direct stau production with final state of two opposite sign taus and multi-jets in 8 TeV pp collision and 20.1 fb-1 integrated luminosity. Multivariable analysis techniques are used to improve the sensitivity. No significant excess over the SM expectation was observed. Upper-limit was set on the cross-section of the signal models. For “direct stau” search, we excluded the signalpoint with m(LSP) = 0 GeV and m(stau) = 100 GeV.The second one is a search for squarks and gluinos strong production in final states with jets and two same-sign leptons or three leptons at 13 TeV and 13.2 fb-1 integrated luminosity. No significant excess over the SM expectation was observed. Upper-limit was set on the cross-section of all the models involved. Region with gluino mass up to 1.7 TeV have been excluded.

The master thesis deals with the possibility of using dynamic damper in hydrodynamics. Specifically, the assessment of the impact of dynamic damper on the dynamic stability of the fluid system when the system exhibited unstable behaviour prior to damper installation due to self-excited vibration. In the thesis is presented the algorithm for the calculation of pressure and flow pulsations based on the transfer matrix method, the transition matrices for different damper designs variants are derived. Using the algorithm, the effect of a damper placed in a stable and unstable fluid system is solved. The output of this work is software for solution of pressure and flow pulsations in the system with serially arranged hydrodynamic elements created in the MATLAB program.

The thesis discusses the fiber Bragg gratings simulations, analysis and design. In the present time, there are several methods to simulate fiber gratings response based on the stated parameters that define their dimensions and material features. However, this work deals with a different issue, that is the synthesis of the input parameters for demanded spectral responses. The main aim of the work is to achieve a synthesis method that would help to discover parameters describing advanced grating structure, based on the required spectral reflectivity. The basic demand for the parameter synthesis is an achievement of the real values in terms of the consequent production of the suggested structure. The described synthesis method considers advanced fiber grating structure as a structure of several uniform grating sections. The input parameters are estimated in steps, using the well-known direct methods in order to obtain grating responses and feedback to establish the parameters changes. The principle methods involve establishment of initial input parameter values and necessary subsequent algorithm leading to optimize the required spectral response. The initial values are calculated by a simplified model based on the coupled theory equations that are handled for the periodic disturbances in cylindrical waveguide. The following optimization uses the multiple thin film stack and transfer matrix methods. The properties of grating structure spectral reflectivity are step by step calculated while using these direct methods. Input parameters are established in the next several steps. Establishment of input parameters is done subsequently, based on the demanded and calculated output spectral reflectivity properties. Optimizing process is limited by possibilities of the grating manufacture technology. It is possible to assemble arbitrary fiber grating structure taking in term the demanded spectral response. Nevertheless, the calculated input parameters are real for the following manufacture. This method could be used to design optical band stop filter, high-pass and low-pass filters or filters for special applications.

Acoustic absorbing liners are efficient and commonly used measures to reduce sound levels in many fields of application. The sound reducingperformance of the liners is dependent on the acoustic state, defined by e.g. the flow and sound field interacting with the liner. To enable liner optimization the impact of these factors on the liner performance must be predictable. Studies of the impact of these factors were performed with existing experimental, analytical and numerical methods at low Mach number flows and material used in truck engine compartments. The study showed significant impact of both flow and sound field onthe liner performance. The size of the impact of the flow depends on which of the existing methods and models that was used, implying theneed of complementary methods. A new numerical method to model the boundary layer effect was for this reason developed in this work. The method was shown to predict the impact of flow correctly compared to the Pridmore-Brown solution and the method was computationally efficient. The sound reducing performance of a liner exposed to complex sound field and grazing flow can be predicted using existing methods together with the new proposed method. Extra care has to be taken when bulk reacting liners are considered since additional complications compared to locally reacting surfaces occur in presence the of grazing flow. / <p>QC 20130916</p>

Företaget Nobel Biocare tillverkar tandimplantat. Då tandimplantat används i munnen är den medicinska nivån hög och strikt. För att benet runt implantatet ska läka snabbare används en saltlösning på tandimplantaten. Saltlösningen appliceras i nuläget genom ett saltbad och sen ett justeringssteg för att avlägsna överflödigt salt. Detta arbete är en förstudie för att hitta en eller flera metoder som skulle kunna lösa denna process på ett enklare sätt.En fördjupad undersökning av sprayningsmetoder, sköljlackering samt physical vapor deposition gjordes för att finna eventuellt fungerande lösningar. Slutligen utvärderades dessa metoder för att föreslå en kandidat för prototypstudier. / The Company Nobel Biocare is a producer of dental implants. As implants are used in the mouth the medical restrictions are high. A saline solution is used to help the bone around the implants heal faster. The saline solution is currently applied using a salt bath followed by an adjustment step to remove superfluous salt.This report describes a pre-study to find one or more methods that could simplify the salt application. The focus was on spraying methods, flow coating and physical vapor deposition. Finally, a ranking was done to suggest the top candidate for prototype testing.