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In this report we evaluated how the complexity of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), in terms of number of filters, size of filters and dropout, affects the performance on the rating prediction accuracy in a tightly coupled hybrid recommender system. We also evaluated the effect on the rating prediction accuracy for pretrained CNNs in comparison to non-pretrained CNNs. We found that a less complex model, i.e. smaller filters and less number of filters, showed trends of better performance. Less regularization, in terms of dropout, had trends of better performance for the less complex models. Regarding the comparison of the pretrained models and non-pretrained models the experimental results were almost identical for the two denser datasets while pretraining had slightly worse performance on the sparsest dataset. / I denna rapport utvärderade vi komplexiteten på ett neuralt faltningsnätverk (eng. Convolutional Neural Network) i form av antal filter, storleken på filtren och regularisering, i form av avhopp (eng. dropout), för att se hur dessa hyperparametrar påverkade träffsäkerheten för rekommendationer i ett hybridrekommendationssystem. Vi utvärderade även hur förträning av det neurala faltningsnätverket påverkade träffsäkerheten för rekommendationer i jämförelse med ett icke förtränat neuralt faltningsnätverk. Resultaten visade trender på att en mindre komplex modell, det vill säga mindre och färre filter, gav bättre resultat. Även mindre regularisering, i form av avhopp, gav bättre resultat för mindre komplexa modeller. Gällande jämförelsen med förtränade modeller och icke förtränade modeller visade de experimentella resultaten nästan ingen skillnad för de två kompaktare dataseten medan förträning gav lite sämre resultat på det glesaste datasetet.

In 1889, a representative of Thomas Edison recorded Johannes Brahms playing a piano arrangement of his piece titled “Hungarian Dance No. 1”. This recording acts as a window into how musical masters played in the 19th century. Yet, due to years of damage on the original recording medium of a wax cylinder, it was un-listenable by the time it was digitized into WAV format. This thesis presents machine learning approaches to an audio restoration system for historic music, which aims to convert this poor-quality Brahms piano recording into a higher quality one. Digital signal processing is paired with two machine learning approaches: non-negative matrix factorization and deep neural networks. Our results show the advantages and disadvantages of our approaches, when we compare them to a benchmark restoration of the same recording made by the Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics at Stanford University. They also show how this system provides the restoration potential for a wide range of historic music artifacts like this recording, requiring minimal overhead made possible by machine learning. Finally, we go into possible future improvements to these approaches.

The main challenge in studying genetics has evolved from identifying variations and their impact on traits to comprehending the molecular mechanisms through which genetic variations affect human biology, including disease susceptibility. Despite having identified a vast number of variants associated with human traits through large scale genome wide association studies (GWAS) a significant portion of them still lack detailed insights into their underlying mechanisms [1]. Addressing this uncertainty requires the development of precise and scalable approaches to discover how genetic variation precisely influences phenotypes at a molecular level. In this study, we developed a pipeline to automate the annotation of structural variant feature effects. We applied this pipeline to a dataset of 33,942 variants from the ClinVar and GnomAD databases, which included both pathogenic and benign associations. To bridge the gap between genetic variation data and molecular phenotypes, I implemented Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) on this large-scale dataset. This algorithm revealed 6 distinct clusters of variants with similar feature profiles. Among these groups, two exhibited a predominant presence of benign variants (accounting for 70% and 85% of the clusters), while one showed an almost equal distribution of pathogenic and benign variants. The remaining three groups were predominantly composed of pathogenic variants, comprising 68%, 83%, and 77% of the respective clusters. These findings revealed valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms contributing to pathogenicity. Further analysis of this dataset and the exploration of disease-related genes can enhance the accuracy of genetic diagnosis and therapeutic development through the direct inference of variants that are likely to affect the functioning of essential genes.

Recommender systems are information filtering tools that discover potential matchings between users and items and benefit both parties. This benefit can be considered a social resource that should be equitably allocated across users and items, especially in critical domains such as education and employment. Biases and unfairness in recommendations raise both ethical and legal concerns. In this dissertation, we investigate the concept of unfairness in the context of recommender systems. In particular, we study appropriate unfairness evaluation metrics, examine the relation between bias in recommender models and inequality in the underlying population, as well as propose effective unfairness mitigation approaches. We start with exploring the implication of fairness in recommendation and formulating unfairness evaluation metrics. We focus on the task of rating prediction. We identify the insufficiency of demographic parity for scenarios where the target variable is justifiably dependent on demographic features. Then we propose an alternative set of unfairness metrics that measured based on how much the average predicted ratings deviate from average true ratings. We also reduce these unfairness in matrix factorization (MF) models by explicitly adding them as penalty terms to learning objectives. Next, we target a form of unfairness in matrix factorization models observed as disparate model performance across user groups. We identify four types of biases in the training data that contribute to higher subpopulation error. Then we propose personalized regularization learning (PRL), which learns personalized regularization parameters that directly address the data biases. PRL poses the hyperparameter search problem as a secondary learning task. It enables back-propagation to learn the personalized regularization parameters by leveraging the closed-form solutions of alternating least squares (ALS) to solve MF. Furthermore, the learned parameters are interpretable and provide insights into how fairness is improved. Third, we conduct theoretical analysis on the long-term dynamics of inequality in the underlying population, in terms of the fitting between users and items. We view the task of recommendation as solving a set of classification problems through threshold policies. We mathematically formulate the transition dynamics of user-item fit in one step of recommendation. Then we prove that a system with the formulated dynamics always has at least one equilibrium, and we provide sufficient conditions for the equilibrium to be unique. We also show that, depending on the item category relationships and the recommendation policies, recommendations in one item category can reshape the user-item fit in another item category. To summarize, in this research, we examine different fairness criteria in rating prediction and recommendation, study the dynamic of interactions between recommender systems and users, and propose mitigation methods to promote fairness and equality. / Doctor of Philosophy / Recommender systems are information filtering tools that discover potential matching between users and items. However, a recommender system, if not properly built, may not treat users and items equitably, which raises ethical and legal concerns. In this research, we explore the implication of fairness in the context of recommender systems, study the relation between unfairness in recommender output and inequality in the underlying population, and propose effective unfairness mitigation approaches. We start with finding unfairness metrics appropriate for recommender systems. We focus on the task of rating prediction, which is a crucial step in recommender systems. We propose a set of unfairness metrics measured as the disparity in how much predictions deviate from the ground truth ratings. We also offer a mitigation method to reduce these forms of unfairness in matrix factorization models Next, we look deeper into the factors that contribute to error-based unfairness in matrix factorization models and identify four types of biases that contribute to higher subpopulation error. Then we propose personalized regularization learning (PRL), which is a mitigation strategy that learns personalized regularization parameters to directly addresses data biases. The learned per-user regularization parameters are interpretable and provide insight into how fairness is improved. Third, we conduct a theoretical study on the long-term dynamics of the inequality in the fitting (e.g., interest, qualification, etc.) between users and items. We first mathematically formulate the transition dynamics of user-item fit in one step of recommendation. Then we discuss the existence and uniqueness of system equilibrium as the one-step dynamics repeat. We also show that depending on the relation between item categories and the recommendation policies (unconstrained or fair), recommendations in one item category can reshape the user-item fit in another item category. In summary, we examine different fairness criteria in rating prediction and recommendation, study the dynamics of interactions between recommender systems and users, and propose mitigation methods to promote fairness and equality.

Extracting meaningful information from large collections of text data is problematic because of the sheer size of the database. However, automated analytic methods capable of processing such data have emerged. These methods, collectively called text mining first began to appear in 1988. A number of additional text mining methods quickly developed in independent research silos with each based on unique mathematical algorithms. How good each of these methods are at analyzing text is unclear. Method development typically evolves from some research silo centric requirement with the success of the method measured by a custom requirement-based metric. Results of the new method are then compared to another method that was similarly developed. The proposed research introduces an experimentally designed testing method to text mining that eliminates research silo bias and simultaneously evaluates methods from all of the major context-region text mining method families. The proposed research method follows a random block factorial design with two treatments consisting of three and five levels (RBF-35) with repeated measures. Contribution of the research is threefold. First, the users perceived a difference in the effectiveness of the various methods. Second, while still not clear, there are characteristics with in the text collection that affect the algorithms ability to extract meaningful results. Third, this research develops an experimental design process for testing the algorithms that is adaptable into other areas of software development and algorithm testing. This design eliminates the bias based practices historically employed by algorithm developers.

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No description available.

The Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) is one of the largest cities in the world, and as with many megacities worldwide, it experiences serious air quality and pollution problems, especially with ozone and particulate matter. Ozone levels exceed the health-based standard, which is equivalent to the U.S. standard, on approximately 80% of all days, and concentrations of particulate matter 10 μm and smaller (PM10) exceed the standard on more than 40% of all days in most years. Particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of semi-volatile compounds that are formed during combustion and many of these compounds are known or suspected carcinogens. Recent studies on PAHs in Mexico City indicate that very high concentrations have been observed there and may pose a serious health hazard. The first part of this thesis describes results from the Megacities Initiative: Local and Regional Observations (MILAGRO) study in Mexico City in March 2006. During this field campaign, we measured PAH and aerosol active surface area (AS) concentrations at six different locations throughout the city using the Aerodyne Mobile Laboratory (AML). The different sites encompassed a mix of residential, commercial, industrial, and undeveloped land use. The goals of this research were to describe spatial and temporal patterns in PAH and AS concentrations, to gain insight into sources of PAHs, and to quantify the relationships between PAHs and other pollutants. We observed that the highest measurements were generally found at sites with dense traffic networks. Also, PAH concentrations varied considerably in space. An important implication of this result is that for risk assessment studies, a single monitoring site will not adequately represent an individual's exposure. Source identification and apportionment are essential for developing effective control strategies to improve air quality and therefore reduce the health impacts associated with fine particulate matter and PAHs. However, very few studies have separated gasoline- versus diesel-powered vehicle emissions under a variety of on-road driving conditions. The second part of this thesis focuses on distinguishing between the two types of engine emissions within the MCMA using positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor modeling. The Aerodyne Mobile Laboratory drove throughout the MCMA in March 2006 and measured on-road concentrations of a large suite of gaseous and particulate pollutants, including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), benzene (C6H6), formaldehyde (HCHO), ammonia (NH3), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), PAHs, and black carbon (BC). These pollutant species served as the input data for the receptor model. Fuel-based emission factors and annual emissions within Mexico City were then calculated from the source profiles of the PMF model and fuel sales data. We found that gasoline-powered vehicles were responsible for 90% of mobile source CO emissions and 85% of VOCs, while diesel-powered vehicles accounted for almost all of NO emissions (99.98%). Furthermore, the annual emissions estimates for CO and VOC were lower than estimated during the MCMA-2003 field campaign. The number of megacities is expected to grow dramatically in the coming decades. As one of the world's largest megacities, Mexico City serves as a model for studying air quality problems in highly populated, extremely polluted environments. The results of this work can be used by policy makers to improve air quality and reduce related health risks in Mexico City and other megacities. / Master of Science

Diversos estudos tiveram como objetivo determinar e caracterizar o aerossol atmosférico na cidade de São Paulo, quanto a seu tamanho e composição química, bem como encontrar as suas fontes emissoras e contribuições em massa para a região estudada. A coleta dos constituintes atmosféricos foi realizada na estação de amostragem do Laboratório de Análises dos Processos Atmosféricos (LAPAt) do Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas (IAG) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), localizada na zona oeste da cidade de São Paulo, geograficamente em 23°3334 S e 46°4400 O. O experimento foi realizado de 15 de agosto a 16 de setembro de 2016. Foram realizadas coletas de material particulado para análise da concentração em massa de sua fração fina inalável e composição química. A distribuição de tamanho para massa de material particulado foi determinada através da coleta com um impactador em cascata. A distribuição de tamanho para número foi obtida a partir de medidas com um Scanning Mobility Particle Sampler (SMPS) com o cálculo da concentração número de partículas (PNC) para o intervalo de 9 a 450 nm de diâmetro. Para estudar as relações entre os gases presentes na região amostrada com a radiação ultravioleta e com o PNC utilizamos os valores horários de concentrações dos gases (O3, NO, NO2 e NOX) e UV medidos na Rede Telemétrica da CETESB (Companhia de Tecnologia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo). Os filtros coletados foram analisados pela técnica de Fluorescência de Raios-X dispersivo em energia (EDX). As concentrações de Black Carbon (BC) foram obtidas por refletância. Para a determinação das fontes de material particulado fino (MP2,5) foram utilizados os seguintes modelos receptores: Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) e Fatoração de Matriz Positiva (FMP). Para análise de dispersão do poluente, utilizamos dados meteorológicos da estação climatológica do IAG situada no Parque do Estado. A concentração média de MP2,5 foi de 18,6 (±12,5) g/m³ e a concentração média de BC foi de 1,9 (±1,5) g/m³. As principais fontes encontradas, por ambos modelos receptores ACP e FMP, foram: veículos pesados (a diesel), veículos leves, queima de biomassa, ressuspensão de poeira de solo, pavimentos e construção, processos secundários e misturas de fontes. Os elementos-traço foram definidos em diferentes modas de tamanho: Al, Ca, Si e Ti com picos nas modas de acumulação, traçadores de ressuspensão de pavimento; Fe, Mn, P, K e Cr com picos na fração mais grossa da moda de acumulação, traçadores de emissões veiculares e queima de biomassa. Cu, Zn, Br, Pb, S e BC apresentam picos na fração mais fina da moda de acumulação, traçadores de emissões veiculares e queima de biomassa. / Several studies aimed to determine and characterize the atmospheric aerosol in the city of São Paulo, not only to its size and chemical composition, but as well as to find its emitting sources and mass contributions in the studied area. The atmospheric constituents were collected at the Laboratório de Análise dos Processos Atmosféricos (LAPAt) of the Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences (IAG) of the University of São Paulo (USP), located in the western zone of the city of São Paulo Paulo, geographically at 23°33\'34\"S and 46°44\'00\" W. The experiment was conducted from August 15 to September 16 of 2016. Samples of particulate matter were collected to analyze the mass concentration and chemical composition of its inhalable fine fraction. The particulate mass size distribution was determined through the collection with a cascade impactor. The number size distribution was obtained from measurements with a Scanning Mobility Particle Sampler (SMPS) with the calculated number of particle concentration (PNC) for the range of 9 to 450 nm of the diameter. In order to study the relationships among the compounds present in the region and the PNC, we used the hourly values of the gaseous concentrations (O3, NO, NO2 and NOx) and UV measured in CETESB\'s Air Quality Telemetric Network in the State of São Paulo. The sampled filters were analyzed by the energy dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDX) technique to determine the elemental composition. The concentrations of Black Carbon (BC) were obtained by reflectance analysis. In order to determine the sources of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), the following Receptors Models were used: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). For air pollution dispersion analysis, we used meteorological data from the IAG climatological station located in the Southeast of the city. The mean MP2.5 concentration was 18.6 (± 12.5) g/m³ and the mean concentration of BC was 1.9 (± 1.5) g/m³ for the sampling period. The main sources found by both ACP and PMF models were heavy-duty vehicles (diesel), light-duty vehicles, biomass burning, resuspension of soil dust, pavements and construction, secondary processes and mixed sources. The trace elements were defined at different size distributions: Al, Ca, Si and Ti with peaks in accumulation fraction (related to pavement resuspension tracers); Fe, Mn, P, K and Cr with peaks in the largest fraction of accumulation mode, characteristic of vehicular emissions tracer and biomass burning. Cu, Zn, Br, Pb, S and BC presented peaks in the finer fraction of the accumulation mode, related to vehicle emissions tracer and biomass burning.