Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are required for tissue remodelling processes, including angiogenesis. MMP activity is generally proangiogenic but MMP-12 is suggested to be antiangiogenic and its precise role is still unclear. The work in this thesis describes the synthesis of an MMP-12 inhibitor and activity probe to address the hypothesis that MMP-12 inhibits angiogenesis. An inhibitor, synthesised in-house, selectively inhibited MMP-12 in in vitro recombinant enzyme assays. An activity probe, also synthesised in-house, was selective for MMP-12 in in vitro recombinant enzyme assays. The function of MMP-12 during angiogenesis was assessed using murine models of angiogenesis; the in vivo sponge implantation, and the ex vivo aortic ring assays. Angiogenesis and MMP activity were imaged in vivo in sponges in C57Bl6/J mice over 7 − 21 days (D) using commercial probes (MMPSense™ and AngioSense™). MMP-12 protein concentration and activity were higher in sponges during early angiogenesis (D 3 − 7) when gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (a proangiogenic marker) was also high. Gene expression for MMP-12 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (a marker of vascular maturation) were both higher on D 21 as angiogenesis started to stabilise. The MMP-12 activity probe was unsuccessful in selectively detecting MMP-12 activity in sponge lysate mixtures from D 7 − 21. Administration of an MMP-12 inhibitor did not increase angiogenesis in the sponges in vivo. Additionally, sponges implanted in MMP-12-/- mice did not exhibit significant changes in angiogenesis or MMP activity when imaged in vivo using commercial probes (MMPSense™ and AngioSense™) on D 7. Supporting this, histological analysis of the sponges (removed on D 21) showed that deletion of MMP-12 also did not increase angiogenesis within the sponges.

Compelling evidence indicated that major risk factors for atherosclerosis such as oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein (oxLDL), high glucose, and reactive oxygen species promote endothelial cell apoptosis and thereby may contribute to the initiation of atherosclerotic lesion formation. Using fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), plasma LDL from familial hypercholesterolemic (FH) patients were separated into five subfractions, L1¡VL5. Among them, L5 subfraction was highly electronegative and suppressed DNA synthesis in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) and stimulated mononuclear cell adhesion to cultured endothelial cells in vitro. Because impaired angiogenesis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the anti-angiogenic functions of LDL subfractions from FH subjects were examined. Subconfluent BAEC (6 to 10 passages) maintained in DMEM containing 10% serum were treated with LDL subfractions at a dose of 20 £gg/ml, and the effects on anti-angiogenic functions, including cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, tube formation, and secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) were determined. Similar to Cu2+ ox-LDL, FH-L4 and FH-L5 inhibited cell proliferation to 80.9¡Ó2.4% (p<0.05) and 58.5¡Ó4.3% of control (p<0.001), respectively, while the other FH (L1-L3) and all subfractions isolated from normocholesterolemic (N) subjects had negligible effects. Similarly, FH-L4 and -L5, but not FH-L1 to -L3, retarded cell migration to 326.9 ¡Ó 19.4 (p<0.05) and 215¡Ó16 cells (p<0.001 with the control values of 402¡Ó34 cells), respectively. FH-L5 induced almost 20% of BAEC to undergo apoptosis; FH-L4 caused very mild effects, and other subfractions did not affect apoptosis In addition, FH-L4 and -L5 perturbed tube formation by BAEC in culture (5.8¡Ó0.2 and 3.4¡Ó0.4, respectively, versus control 8.5¡Ó1.5 tubes). Finally, FH-L4 and -L5 inhibited secretion of MMP-2 by BAEC (72.7¡Ó6.9 and 18.9¡Ó4.8% of control, respectively). The results demonstrate that FH-L5 potently affects multiple processes that are vital to normal angiogenesis, FH-L4 had milder effects, and other FH and N subfractions had negligible effects. In turn, these effects in vitro on processes pivotal to angiogenesis are consistent with potential effects of ox-LDL on endothelial dysfunction during atherogenesis in vivo.

Μελετήθηκε η επίδραση ουραιμικού ορού στο σύστημα των μεταλλοπρωτεϊνασών MMP-2 και MMP-9 και των αναστολέων τους TIMP-1 και TIMP-2 καθώς και σε βασικές βιολογικές δράσεις των ενδοθηλιακών κυττάρων σε καλλιέργειες HUVEC. Ο ορός συλλέχθηκε από ασθενείς που υποβάλλονταν σε συνεδρίες αιμοκάθαρσης (πριν και μετά τις συνεδρίες). Διαπιστώθηκε πως ο ουραιμικός ορός μειώνει την ικανότητα πολλαπλασιασμού, μετανάστευσης και επούλωσης τρύματος, ενώ επάγει την απόπτωση. Επιπλέον, ο ουραιμικός ορός επάγει τις μεταλλοπρωτεϊνάσες MMP-2 και MMP-9, καταστέλλει τους αναστολείς τους TIMP-1 και TIMP-2 και μειώνει την παραγωγή κολλαγόνου τύπου IV και ελαστίνης. / -

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Chemistry / Stefan H. Bossmann / Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Billions of dollars are spent to treat cancer every year. This clearly shows the need for developing improved treatment techniques that are affordable to every person. Early diagnosis and imaging of tumors is equally important for the battle against this disease. This dissertation will discuss new approaches for discovering and developing novel detection and treatment techniques for cancer using organic ligands, and Fe/Fe3O4 core/shell magnetic nanoparticles. A series of o-phenylenediamine derivatives with nitro-, methyl- and chloro- substituents were synthesized and studied their ability to act as anticancer agents by using steady-state, UV/Vis-, and fluorescence spectroscopy. In the absence of zinc(II), intercalation with DNA is the most probable mode of interaction. Upon addition of zinc(II), DNA-surface binding of the supramolecular aggregates was observed. The interaction of the supramolecular (-ligand-Zn2+-)n aggregates with MDA 231 breast cancer cells led to significant cell death in the presence of UVA at λ=313 nm displaying their potential as anticancer agents. Bimagnetic Fe/Fe3O4 core/shell nanoparticles (MNPs) were designed for cancer targeting after intratumoral or intravenous administration. Their inorganic center was protected by dopamine-oligoethylene glycol ligands. TCPP (4-tetracarboxyphenyl porphyrin), a fluorescent dye, was attached to the dopamine-oligoethylene glycol ligands. These modified nanoparticles have the ability to selectively accumulate within the cancerous cells. They are suitable candidates for local hyperthermia treatment. We have observed a temperature increase of 11 ºC in live mice when subcutaneously injecting the MNPs at the cancer site and applying an alternating magnetic field The system is also suitable for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), which is a diagnostic tool to obtain images of the tumors. Our superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have the ability to function as T1 weighted imaging agents or positive contrasting agents. We were able to image tumors in mice using MRI. Various proteases are over-expressed by numerous cancer cell lines and, therefore, of diagnostic value. Our diagnostic nanoplatforms, designed for the measurement of protease activities in various body fluids (blood, saliva, and urine), comprise Fe/Fe3O4 core/shell nanoparticles featuring consensus sequences, which are specific for the target protease. Linked to the consensus sequence is a fluorescent organic dye (e.g. TCPP). Cleavage of the sequence by the target protease can be detected as a significant increase in fluorescence occurring from TCPP. We were able to correlate our diagnostic results with cancer prognosis.

As metaloproteinases da matriz (MMPs) são enzimas proteolíticas dependentes de zinco que degradam componentes da matriz extracelular, facilitando a remodelação tecidual e a migração celular. MMPs secretadas por osteoclastos exercem papel central na absorção óssea fisiológica e estão também associadas a processos de degradação patológica do osso. No entanto, o papel essencialmente degradador de osso das MMPs, particularmente da MMP-2, vem sendo questionado em anos recentes por estudos que evidenciam sua importância na diferenciação de células da linhagem osteoblástica e na formação de tecido ósseo em cultura. Neste sentido, é possível que a MMP-2 exerça um papel importante na formação de tecido ósseo em processo de reparação. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar a pretensa ação osteo-estimulatória da rhMMP-2 ligada à monoleína (usada como carreador) implantada em defeito confeccionado na calvária de ratos. Foram confeccionados defeitos ósseos unilaterais de 4 mm de diâmetro na calvária de ratos adultos; nos animais controles o defeito ósseo foi mantido com o preenchimento natural de coágulo sanguíneo e nos animais implantados o defeito foi preenchido com monoleína ou com rhMMP-2 ligada à monoleína. Os animais foram eutanasiados após 2 e 4 semanas e a taxa de neoformação óssea foi estimada em cortes histológicos por um método histométrico de contagem diferencial de pontos. A taxa de neoformação óssea foi semelhante nos animais dos grupos controle e monoleína e significativamente maior nos animais do grupo MMP-2, em ambos os períodos analisados. Os resultados permitem concluir que a monoleína não interferiu com o processo reparacional e pareceu eficaz como carreador da rhMMP-2, e adicionam evidências á hipótese da importância da atividade da MMP-2 para a formação óssea, em um modelo experimental in vivo de reparo ósseo. / Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent proteolytic enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix components, facilitating cell migration and tissue remodeling. MMPs secreted by osteclasts are important in the physiological bone resorption as in pathological bone degradation. However, the essentially bone absorbing hole of MMPs, particularly of the MMP-2, has been questioned in recent years by studies that show its importance in osteoblastic cells differentiation and in vitro bone formation. Therefore, the MMP-2 may have also an important hole in reparational bone formation. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the pretense osteostimulatory effect of the rhMMP-2 linked to monoolein (used as a carrier) implanted into rat calvarial defects. Bone defects of 4mm in diameter were created unilaterally in rats calvaria and filled with natural blood clot (control), monoolein or rhMMP-2 linked to monoolein. The animals were killed 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively and the rate of new bone formation was estimated in histological sections by a histometric differential point-counting method. The rate of reparational bone formation was similar in the animals from control and monoolein groups and was significantly greater in the MMP-2 group, in both periods. From the results it may be concluded that monoolein did not interfere with the reparacional process and seemed effective as a rhMMP-2 carrier. In addition, the results add evidence to the importance of MMP-2 activity for bone formation, in an in vivo bone healing experimental model.

As metaloproteinases da matriz (MMPs) são enzimas proteolíticas dependentes de zinco que degradam componentes da matriz extracelular, facilitando a remodelação tecidual e a migração celular. MMPs secretadas por osteoclastos exercem papel central na absorção óssea fisiológica e estão também associadas a processos de degradação patológica do osso. No entanto, o papel essencialmente degradador de osso das MMPs, particularmente da MMP-2, vem sendo questionado em anos recentes por estudos que evidenciam sua importância na diferenciação de células da linhagem osteoblástica e na formação de tecido ósseo em cultura. Neste sentido, é possível que a MMP-2 exerça um papel importante na formação de tecido ósseo em processo de reparação. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar a pretensa ação osteo-estimulatória da rhMMP-2 ligada à monoleína (usada como carreador) implantada em defeito confeccionado na calvária de ratos. Foram confeccionados defeitos ósseos unilaterais de 4 mm de diâmetro na calvária de ratos adultos; nos animais controles o defeito ósseo foi mantido com o preenchimento natural de coágulo sanguíneo e nos animais implantados o defeito foi preenchido com monoleína ou com rhMMP-2 ligada à monoleína. Os animais foram eutanasiados após 2 e 4 semanas e a taxa de neoformação óssea foi estimada em cortes histológicos por um método histométrico de contagem diferencial de pontos. A taxa de neoformação óssea foi semelhante nos animais dos grupos controle e monoleína e significativamente maior nos animais do grupo MMP-2, em ambos os períodos analisados. Os resultados permitem concluir que a monoleína não interferiu com o processo reparacional e pareceu eficaz como carreador da rhMMP-2, e adicionam evidências á hipótese da importância da atividade da MMP-2 para a formação óssea, em um modelo experimental in vivo de reparo ósseo. / Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent proteolytic enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix components, facilitating cell migration and tissue remodeling. MMPs secreted by osteclasts are important in the physiological bone resorption as in pathological bone degradation. However, the essentially bone absorbing hole of MMPs, particularly of the MMP-2, has been questioned in recent years by studies that show its importance in osteoblastic cells differentiation and in vitro bone formation. Therefore, the MMP-2 may have also an important hole in reparational bone formation. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the pretense osteostimulatory effect of the rhMMP-2 linked to monoolein (used as a carrier) implanted into rat calvarial defects. Bone defects of 4mm in diameter were created unilaterally in rats calvaria and filled with natural blood clot (control), monoolein or rhMMP-2 linked to monoolein. The animals were killed 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively and the rate of new bone formation was estimated in histological sections by a histometric differential point-counting method. The rate of reparational bone formation was similar in the animals from control and monoolein groups and was significantly greater in the MMP-2 group, in both periods. From the results it may be concluded that monoolein did not interfere with the reparacional process and seemed effective as a rhMMP-2 carrier. In addition, the results add evidence to the importance of MMP-2 activity for bone formation, in an in vivo bone healing experimental model.

Bone Cancer Research Trust / The full text will be available at the end of the embargo: 6th October 2027

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) network with other biological molecules to maintain the extracellular matrix (ECM) in normal physiology and perform different roles. Understanding and assigning specific role to each of 24 members of these endoproteinases is impeded because of lack of specific and efficient detection methods in biological samples. Moreover, MMP-based anti-cancer drug development has also been challenged because, currently, there is no robust methodology to distinguish the inactive pro-enzymes, active enzymes or those complexed with endogenous inhibitors in biological specimens. The objective of this project is to develop a chemical proteomics strategy based on Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS/MS) to help identify and discriminate the various MMP forms. Firstly, a triazine dye-based ligand immobilized on chromatography beads was utilized to assess whether it binds to recombinant human MMPs (rhMMPs). The results highlighted that the ligand interacts with latent forms of MMPs in agreement with the literature. Secondly, the potential of the ligand was assessed using MALDI-MS/MS based methodology in in vitro cancer models. Cell line culture supernatants were used in amounts to emulate the availability of tumour biopsies in clinical settings. The MS/MS spectral peaks specific to MMPs (MMP-2 and MMP- 14), and two endogenous inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were found in affinity chromatography eluates of cell culture supernatants with higher Mascot scores for the latter. While western blot detected MMP-2 in cell extracts, MALDI-MS/MS did not detect MMPs because of amounts below the limit of detection (LOD) of the instrument. Although the ligand was found to be interacting with MMPs and detergent-free salt elution buffers improved MALDI analysis, recovery of MMPs from biological samples was sub-optimal. The dye ligand was observed to bind other enzymes and despite various strategies to reduce non-specific binding of proteins or enable selective elution did not improve MMP enrichment. Further work using methodology described in this study is required after scaling up the MMP amounts in biological specimen and to resolve the issue of non-specific binding of proteins to the ligand by understanding its structure.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) network with other biological molecules to maintain the extracellular matrix (ECM) in normal physiology and perform different roles. Understanding and assigning specific role to each of 24 members of these endoproteinases is impeded because of lack of specific and efficient detection methods in biological samples. Moreover, MMP-based anti-cancer drug development has also been challenged because, currently, there is no robust methodology to distinguish the inactive pro-enzymes, active enzymes or those complexed with endogenous inhibitors in biological specimens. The objective of this project is to develop a chemical proteomics strategy based on Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS/MS) to help identify and discriminate the various MMP forms. Firstly, a triazine dye-based ligand immobilized on chromatography beads was utilized to assess whether it binds to recombinant human MMPs (rhMMPs). The results highlighted that the ligand interacts with latent forms of MMPs in agreement with the literature. Secondly, the potential of the ligand was assessed using MALDI-MS/MS based methodology in in vitro cancer models. Cell line culture supernatants were used in amounts to emulate the availability of tumour biopsies in clinical settings. The MS/MS spectral peaks specific to MMPs (MMP-2 and MMP- 14), and two endogenous inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were found in affinity chromatography eluates of cell culture supernatants with higher Mascot scores for the latter. While western blot detected MMP-2 in cell extracts, MALDI-MS/MS did not detect MMPs because of amounts below the limit of detection (LOD) of the instrument. Although the ligand was found to be interacting with MMPs and detergent-free salt elution buffers improved MALDI analysis, recovery of MMPs from biological samples was sub-optimal. The dye ligand was observed to bind other enzymes and despite various strategies to reduce non-specific binding of proteins or enable selective elution did not improve MMP enrichment. Further work using methodology described in this study is required after scaling up the MMP amounts in biological specimen and to resolve the issue of non-specific binding of proteins to the ligand by understanding its structure. / Shaukat Khanam Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Pakistan and University of Bradford

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), such as collagenases, are a family of enzymes capable of degrading most constituents of the extracellular matrix. MMPs are thought to be involved in the aetiopathogenesis of tendon rupture. Additionally, failure of healing has in some instances been associated with elevated levels of MMPs. We have studied (a) the effects of the MMP-inhibitor doxycycline on healing of tendons and intestines in experimental models and (b) systemic levels of MMPs and their endogenous inhibitors (TIMPs) in patients with tendon rupture. In the first study, systemic doxycycline treatment lead to weakened rat Achilles tendons during healing after injury. Subsequently, systemic doxycycline was shown to improve biomechanical properties of tendon suture fixation in the rat Achilles tendon. Sutures were also coated with doxycycline, leading to similar improvement in mechanical strength of the suture construct during healing. In the third study, doxycycline-coated sutures improved the strength of healing intestinal anastomoses in an experimental model. Finally, we showed that patients with a history of Achilles tendon rupture had elevated levels of MMP-2, MMP-7 and TIMP-2 in serum. In addition, MMP-7 correlated inversely to mechanical strength of the tendon during healing. In conclusion, MMP-inhibitors can be administered systemically and locally to manipulate healing of tendons and intestines. Generalised alterations in the MMP-TIMP system may be involved in the pathogenesis of Achilles tendon rupture and associated with differences in outcome of healing.