Thèse (M.Sc.) -- Université Laval, 1997. / Bibliogr.: f. 75-91. Publié aussi en version électronique.

The aim of the thesis on the Effect of 1-MCP on the extension of the shelf-life of peach and plum fruits was to determine the effect of 1-MCP on the peach fruits of the 'Redhaven' variety and plum fruits of the 'TOP' variety. The practical part consisted of harvesting the fruits of harvest maturity, an analysis of quality parameters (weight, firmness, sensory evaluation, titratable acid, soluble solids, ethylene production, respiration), 1-MCP treatment and storage at 2 °C and 20°C. After 7 and 14 days (10 days in the case of peaches stored at 20 °C) the quality parameters of all fruits were determined. Using the measured values, the effect of 1-MCP on various parameters influencing the prolongation of life was considered for treated and control fruits. The theoretical part dealt with different fruit species and varieties, material components important for fruit ripening, ethylene, 1-MCP and storage of fruit.

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RESUMO: O complexo Irre Recognition Module (IRM) é um importante subgrupo de proteínas transmembranares da superfamília das imunoglobulinas que desempenham função de adesão celular e participam de diversos processos do desenvolvimento de Drosophila melanogaster, tais como: direcionamento axonal, fusão de mioblastos, espaçamento dos órgãos sensoriais, autofagia das glândulas salivares, eliminação de células suplementares e especificação de destino celular na retina pupal. A família IRM é composta por quatro membros bem caracterizados: roughest (rst; irregular-chiasmC); kin-of-irre (kirre); hibris (hbs) e sticksand-stones (sns). Uma característica marcante entre dois membros deste grupo, kirre e rst, é a ocorrência de redundância funcional durante o processo de fusão de mioblastos na musculatura somática embrionária e na fase de \"cell sorting\" das células interomatidiais na etapa final de padronização da retina pupal de Drosophila. Neste contexto, foi observado que kirre pode suprir a ausência ou diminuição nos níveis de expressão de mRNA de rst para manter o fenótipo selvagem destes tecidos. Em glândulas salivares larvais de Drosophila, modelo amplamente utilizado para estudo da morte celular programada (MCP), mutantes rstD, um alelo semidominante de rst, apresentaram fenótipo de persistência deste tecido mesmo após 12 horas à sua eliminação observada em animais selvagens. Considerando o importante processo de redundância funcional promovido por membros do grupo IRM, durante o desenvolvimento de tecidos de Drosophila melanogaster, avaliamos a correlação entre os 4 membros deste grupo durante o processo de autofagia da glândula salivar larval. Para tanto, os níveis de transcrição de genes do complexo foram analisados por RT-qPCR após a formação do pupário até o desfecho do processo de histólise. Verificamos uma diminuição a nível transcricional de rst após o pico no título de ecdisona que leva a histólise da glândula em animais selvagens, e níveis alterados dos mRNAs dos membros do complexo em animais mutantes rstD. Contudo, a superexpressão de rst não foi suficiente para gerar glândulas persistentes. Além disso, descrevemos a localização espacial, por imunohistoquímica, dos membros do complexo, enfatizando a colocalização de rst e kirre, contrariamente aos membros sns e hbs. / ABSTRACT: The complex Irre Recognition Module (IRM) is an important subgroup of transmembrane proteins of the immunoglobulin superfamily that play a role in cell adhesion and participates in several processes of development of Drosophila melanogaster, such as: axonal targeting, fusion of myoblasts, spacing of sensory organs , autophagy of the salivary glands, elimination of supplementary cells and specification of cellular target in the pupal retina. The IRM family is composed of four well-characterized members: roughest (rst; irregular-chiasmC); kin-of-irre (kirre); hibris (hbs) and sticks-and-stones (sns). A striking feature of this group is the occurrence of functional redundancy during the process of fusion of myoblasts in the embryonic somatic musculature and in the phase of cell sorting of the interomatid cells in the final step of standardization of the pupal retina of Drosophila. In this context, it can be concluded that it can not provide an absence or decrease the mRNA expression levels of maintaining the wild tissue phenotype. In larval salivary glands of Drosophila, a widely used model for the study of programmed cell death (MCP), rstD mutants, a semidominant rst allele, showed persistence phenotype of this tissue after 12 hours for its observed elimination in wild animals. During the development of Drosophila melanogaster tissues, we evaluated a correlation between the 4 members of this group during the autophagy process of the salivary gland. To that end, transcription levels of complex genes were analyzed by RT-qPCR after patient formation until the end of the histolysis process. We have seen a transcriptional decrease in the first unpronounced postdoc peak of ecdysone leading to histolysis of the gland in wild animals, and altered levels of mRNAs of the complex members in rstD mutant animals. However, a first overexpression was not enough to generate persistent glands. In addition, we describe a spatial location, by immunohistochemistry, of two members of the complex, emphasizing a first and second hand colocalization, unlike the sns and hbs members.

1. A quantitive understanding of the nucleosynthesis process requires the knowledge of the production rates, the masses and the ?-decay characteristics of exotic neutron-rich nu- clei. Nuclear fission is a suitable method of producing such nuclei with masses from 60 - 150. Neutron-rich nuclei close to the r-process path can be produced via photo-fission at the Rossendorf superconducting linear accelerator of high brilliance and low emittance (ELBE) or by means of nuclear reactions at relativistic energies (for example at GSI). If the fission prod- ucts are identified and also their charge numbers are obtained, it will be principally possible to investigate their structure by means of beta-gamma spectroscopy. 2. For the purpose of fission-fragment detection a double time-of-flight (TOF) spectrometer has been developed. The key component of the TOF spectrometer is a TOF detector consisting of multichannel-plate (MCP) detectors with a position-sensitive readout, a foil for secondary electron (SE) production and an electrostatic mirror. The fission fragments are detected by measuring the SEs impinging on the position-sensitive anode after emission from the foil, ac- celeration and deflection by the electrostatic mirror. 3. In the first part of the work, special attention is paid to the relevant methods of building a spectrometer of such type. The functionality of the different detector components is proven in detail. A unique method for the determination of the SE foil thickness with ?-particles is pre- sented. Values for the mirror transmission and scattering are deduced. A dedicated SIMION 3D simulation showed that introducing serpentine like wires with pitch distance of 1 mm is capable of providing transparency of more than 90% without significant impact on the time resolution. 4. Since the performance of the MCP detectors is crucial, optimised schemes for their high- voltage supplies have been implemented successfully. Further enhancement of the setup was achieved by introducing surface-mount device (SMD) elements for signal decoupling, positioned close to the detector surface. Thus, we succeeded in avoiding signal deterioration coming from the additional capacitances and inductivities caused by extra cable lengths. Because the MCP signal decoupling takes place by means of rings with not well-defined impedance, impedance- matching problems arise, causing signal ringing and distortion. An approach towards solving this problem was to build a special fast, wide-band transimpedance amplifier. Using its circuit mounted close to the detectors, a significant reduction of the signal ringing was observed while maintaining the rise time of the detector signal. In order to process the multichannel-plate de- tector signals optimally, a new state-of-the-art constant-fraction discriminator (CFD) based on the amplitude and rise time compensated (ARC) technique with very low threshold capabilities and optimised walk properties has been developed and incorporated into the setup. 5. In our first laboratory test measurements conducted with an ?-particle source, we demonstrated ability of the setup to resolve pattern images placed directly in front of the MCP detector or reflected by the electrostatic mirror. The obtained position resolution for the second case is in the order of 2 mm. We showed that the detection efficiency of the system for ions like He is less than 30 %. This is mainly due to the low number of the electrons liberated from the SE foil. In a setup consisting of two mirror MCP detectors, we could successfully observe the TOF spectrum of a mixed (226Ra, 222Rn, 210Po, 218Po, 214Po) ?-source and found a good agreement with a SRIM simulation. 6. Measurements performed at the FZ Dresden-Rossendorf 5 MV tandem accelerator en- abled us to learn more about the response of the TOF detectors to various beams of heavy ions. The first in-beam experiments clearly showed that the applied setup consisting of two mirror detectors is capable of resolving different 35Cl beam charge states. In a combination with the specially designed wide-band amplifier and dedicated CFDs based on the ARC technique, we managed to achieve an in-beam time resolution of 170 ps per TOF detector. Measurements with ions of Z > 30 resulted in detection efficiencies of greater than 90%. At foil accelerating potentials approximately two times larger than the mirror deflection voltage, most of the SEs gain enough energy to pass through the electrostatic mirror without being deflected towards the MCP surface. Thus, an abrupt drop of the efficiency curve was observed - the “transparent” mode of the mirror. 7. Properties of electrons ejected from thin foils from heavy ions have been also investigated. From the MCP pulse-height-distribution spectra, a number for the forward-emitted SEs ejected by 35Cl beam was deduced. A method for obtaining widths of the SE energy distributions from the drop of the efficiency curve for various ions has been proposed. Assuming that the efficiency curve as a function of the accelerating voltage follows an error function, its standard deviation gives the standard deviation of the SE energy distribution. Another method based on the TOF technique for reconstructing the secondary electron velocity and energy distribution was also invented. It was found that the resulting mean SE velocity closely approaches the one of the beam ions. This phenomenon was attributed to the so-called “convoy” electrons. 8. The obtained position resolution for beams like 35Cl, 79Br and 107Ag at stable detection efficiency was better than 1.8 mm. It was demonstrated that with increasing the foil accelerat- ing voltage, the position resolution improves due to the minimised SE angular spread. Such a mode of operation was favoured until the mirror “semi-transparency” regime was reached, after which increasing further the accelerating potential could lead to a position resolution worsen- ing. An explanation of the fact could be the deterioration of the anode timing signals or some defocusing effects arising from the mirror wires field at high accelerating voltages. 9. Testing photo-fission experiments were performed at the bremsstrahlung facility at the ELBE accelerator. For the first time a spectrometer of this kind was successfully employed for bremsstrahlung-induced photo-fission measurements. The setup consisted of two mirror detectors (first arm) and a 80 mm diameter MCP detector (second arm) with a 238U target positioned in between. TOF measurements with two bremsstrahlung end-point energies of 12.9 and 16.0 MeV were carried out. A clear cut separation of the TOF peaks for the medium- mass and heavy fission fragments was observed. At these experimental test runs, we did not aim at one-by-one fission fragment mass resolution, since this may be the purpose of a more specific experiment utilising a much thinner fissile source than the one applied here (minimum straggling of the fragments inside the target is required) and considerably better statistics. It was possible to estimate the photo-fission production rate for the two measuring cases and to compare the obtained results with data from other measurements.

Εισαγωγή: Η κλινική πορεία της οξείας παγκρεατίτιδας (ΟΠ) αντανακλά την ένταση της φλεγμονώδους αντίδρασης και ταξινομείται σε ήπια ΟΠ (ΗΟΠ) και βαριά ΟΠ (ΒΟΠ). Η έκφραση του γονιδίου της χημειοτακτικής πρωτεΐνης των μονοκυττάρων (MCP-1) επηρεάζεται από έναν A/G πολυμορφισμό (-2518) με το G αλληλόμορφο να αυξάνει την παραγωγή της MCP-1. Παχύσαρκοι ασθενείς εμφανίζουν αυξημένο κίνδυνο για επιπλοκές από ΟΠ. Το σύστημα APACHE-O έχει προταθεί ότι βελτιώνει την ακρίβεια του συστήματος APACHE-ΙΙ στην πρόγνωση της ανάπτυξης ΒΟΠ. Στόχοι: 1) Να διευκρινίσουμε αν ο πολυμορφισμός στο γονίδιο της MCP-1 στη θέση -2518 επηρεάζει την βαρύτητα της ΟΠ, 2) αν το σύστημα APACHE-O βελτιώνει την προγνωστική αξία του συστήματος APACHE-ΙΙ και 3) να διερευνήσουμε την υπόθεση ότι οι παχύσαρκοι ασθενείς βρίσκονται σε αυξημένο κίνδυνο για την ανάπτυξη ΒΟΠ λόγω της μεγαλύτερης φλεγμονώδους απόκρισης που παρουσιάζουν στην παγκρεατική προσβολή. Μέθοδοι: Μελετήθηκαν 102 ασθενείς με ΟΠ και 116 άτομα αποτέλεσαν την ομάδα των υγιών μαρτύρων. Ο A/G γονότυπος της MCP-1 ανιχνεύθηκε με την μέθοδο της αλυσιδωτής αντίδρασης της πολυμεράσης και με προσδιορισμό της αλληλουχίας του DNA. Τα επίπεδα της MCP-1 στον ορό μετρήθηκαν με φθορίζουσα ανοσολογική μέθοδο. Υπολογίσθηκαν οι καμπύλες ROC των συστημάτων APACHE-II και APACHE-O. Η παχυσαρκία και άλλες κλινικές παράμετροι εκτιμήθηκαν ως παράγοντες κινδύνου για την ανάπτυξη ΒΟΠ με τη χρήση ανάλυσης λογισμικής παλινδρόμησης. Συγκρίναμε τα επίπεδα των IL-6, MCP-1 και CRP στον ορό και των κριτηρίων του Ranson σε παχύσαρκους και μη-παχύσαρκους ασθενείς με ΟΠ. Αποτελέσματα: 19 ασθενείς ανέπτυξαν ανεπάρκεια οργάνων και ταξινομήθηκαν ως ΒΟΠ. Οι ασθενείς με ΒΟΠ βρέθηκαν να έχουν σημαντικά υψηλότερο ποσοστό του G αλληλομόρφου (86%) σε σχέση με τους ασθενείς με ΗΟΠ (46%) (p<0,007). Οι ασθενείς με ΒΟΠ είχαν επίσης υψηλότερα επίπεδα της MCP-1 στον ορό σε σχέση με τους ασθενείς με ΗΟΠ (p=0,002). Το 28% των ασθενών ήταν παχύσαρκοι (BMI >30). Τα συστήματα APACHE-O (AUC: 0,895) και APACHE-ΙΙ (AUC: 0,893) έδειξαν παρόμοια ακρίβεια στην πρόγνωση της ανάπτυξης ΒΟΠ. Η παχυσαρκία βρέθηκε να αποτελεί παράγοντα κινδύνου για την ανάπτυξη ΒΟΠ (OR: 2,8, p=0,048) και θνητότητας (OR: 11,2, p=0,022). Τα επίπεδα της CRP (p=0,0001) και τα κριτήρια Ranson (p=0,021) βρέθηκαν σημαντικά υψηλότερα στους παχύσαρκους ασθενείς. Τα επίπεδα των IL-6 και MCP-1 βρέθηκαν υψηλότερα στους παχύσαρκους ασθενείς, χωρίς όμως να είναι στατιστικώς σημαντικά. Συμπεράσματα: Το -2518 G αλληλόμορφο της MCP-1 αποτελεί παράγοντα κινδύνου για την ανάπτυξη ΒΟΠ. Τα επίπεδα της MCP-1 δείχνουν να αποτελούν ακριβή προγνωστικό δείκτη για την ανάπτυξη ΒΟΠ και θανάτου. Η παχυσαρκία αποτελεί επίσης ανεξάρτητο παράγοντα κινδύνου για την ανάπτυξη ΒΟΠ. Το σύστημα APACHE-O κατά την εισαγωγή των ασθενών δεν είναι πιο ακριβές από το σύστημα APACHE-ΙΙ. Τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης μας προτείνουν ότι η παχυσαρκία αυξάνει την βαρύτητα της ΟΠ λόγω της μεγαλύτερης ανοσολογικής απόκρισης στην παγκρεατική προσβολή. / Background: Acute pancreatitis (AP) reflects the intensity of the inflammatory response and is divided into mild AP (MAP) or severe AP (SAP). Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) gene expression is altered by an A/G polymorphism (-2518), with the G allele increasing MCP-1 production. Obese patients appear to be at risk for complications of AP. APACHE-O score has been suggested to improve APACHE-II accuracy in predicting severe outcome in AP. Aims: Τo determine whether: 1) the MCP-1 −2518 A/G polymorphism affects the severity of AP, 2) if APACHE-O score adds any predictive value to APACHE-II score and 3) to test the hypothesis that obese patients are at increased risk of SAP because of a more intense inflammatory response to pancreatic injury. Methods: 102 consecutive AP patients and 116 controls were evaluated. The A/G genotype was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction amplification and DNA sequencing. MCP-1 serum levels were quantified using a fluorescence bead-based immunoassay. Receiver operating curves (ROC) for prediction of SAP were calculated using admission APACHE-II and APACHE-O scores. Binary logistic regression was performed to assess if obesity is a risk for SAP and to determine the clinical factors associated with severe disease. Serum levels of IL-6, MCP-1 and CRP as well as Ranson’s scores were compared between obese and non-obese patients. Results: Nineteen patients developed organ dysfunction and were classified as SAP. Patients with SAP had a significantly greater proportion of the G allele (86%) than did MAP patients (46%) (p<0.007). As predicted by the genotype, the serum MCP-1 levels were significantly higher in the SAP patients when compared with the MAP patients (p=0.002). Using a body mass index (BMI) >30, 28% of the subjects were obese. Admission APACHE-O (Area under the curve AUC: 0.895) and APACHE-II (AUC: 0.893) showed similar accuracy in predicting severe outcome. BMI>30 was identified as a significant risk for SAP (OR: 2.8, p=0.048) and mortality (OR: 11.2, p=0.022). CRP levels were significantly higher in obese AP patients (p=0.0001) as well as Ranson’s score (p=0.021). IL-6 and MCP-1 levels were higher in obese patients but did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: MCP-1 −2518 G allele is a risk factor for severe AP. MCP-1 serum levels, measured early in the course of AP, appear to be an accurate predictor of severity of acute pancreatitis and death. Obesity is an independent risk for severe acute pancreatitis. Admission APACHE-O score is not more accurate than APACHE-II score. Our study results suggest that obesity increases the severity of AP by amplifying the immune response to injury.

RESUMO: O complexo Irre Recognition Module (IRM) é um importante subgrupo de proteínas transmembranares da superfamília das imunoglobulinas que desempenham função de adesão celular e participam de diversos processos do desenvolvimento de Drosophila melanogaster, tais como: direcionamento axonal, fusão de mioblastos, espaçamento dos órgãos sensoriais, autofagia das glândulas salivares, eliminação de células suplementares e especificação de destino celular na retina pupal. A família IRM é composta por quatro membros bem caracterizados: roughest (rst; irregular-chiasmC); kin-of-irre (kirre); hibris (hbs) e sticksand-stones (sns). Uma característica marcante entre dois membros deste grupo, kirre e rst, é a ocorrência de redundância funcional durante o processo de fusão de mioblastos na musculatura somática embrionária e na fase de \"cell sorting\" das células interomatidiais na etapa final de padronização da retina pupal de Drosophila. Neste contexto, foi observado que kirre pode suprir a ausência ou diminuição nos níveis de expressão de mRNA de rst para manter o fenótipo selvagem destes tecidos. Em glândulas salivares larvais de Drosophila, modelo amplamente utilizado para estudo da morte celular programada (MCP), mutantes rstD, um alelo semidominante de rst, apresentaram fenótipo de persistência deste tecido mesmo após 12 horas à sua eliminação observada em animais selvagens. Considerando o importante processo de redundância funcional promovido por membros do grupo IRM, durante o desenvolvimento de tecidos de Drosophila melanogaster, avaliamos a correlação entre os 4 membros deste grupo durante o processo de autofagia da glândula salivar larval. Para tanto, os níveis de transcrição de genes do complexo foram analisados por RT-qPCR após a formação do pupário até o desfecho do processo de histólise. Verificamos uma diminuição a nível transcricional de rst após o pico no título de ecdisona que leva a histólise da glândula em animais selvagens, e níveis alterados dos mRNAs dos membros do complexo em animais mutantes rstD. Contudo, a superexpressão de rst não foi suficiente para gerar glândulas persistentes. Além disso, descrevemos a localização espacial, por imunohistoquímica, dos membros do complexo, enfatizando a colocalização de rst e kirre, contrariamente aos membros sns e hbs. / ABSTRACT: The complex Irre Recognition Module (IRM) is an important subgroup of transmembrane proteins of the immunoglobulin superfamily that play a role in cell adhesion and participates in several processes of development of Drosophila melanogaster, such as: axonal targeting, fusion of myoblasts, spacing of sensory organs , autophagy of the salivary glands, elimination of supplementary cells and specification of cellular target in the pupal retina. The IRM family is composed of four well-characterized members: roughest (rst; irregular-chiasmC); kin-of-irre (kirre); hibris (hbs) and sticks-and-stones (sns). A striking feature of this group is the occurrence of functional redundancy during the process of fusion of myoblasts in the embryonic somatic musculature and in the phase of cell sorting of the interomatid cells in the final step of standardization of the pupal retina of Drosophila. In this context, it can be concluded that it can not provide an absence or decrease the mRNA expression levels of maintaining the wild tissue phenotype. In larval salivary glands of Drosophila, a widely used model for the study of programmed cell death (MCP), rstD mutants, a semidominant rst allele, showed persistence phenotype of this tissue after 12 hours for its observed elimination in wild animals. During the development of Drosophila melanogaster tissues, we evaluated a correlation between the 4 members of this group during the autophagy process of the salivary gland. To that end, transcription levels of complex genes were analyzed by RT-qPCR after patient formation until the end of the histolysis process. We have seen a transcriptional decrease in the first unpronounced postdoc peak of ecdysone leading to histolysis of the gland in wild animals, and altered levels of mRNAs of the complex members in rstD mutant animals. However, a first overexpression was not enough to generate persistent glands. In addition, we describe a spatial location, by immunohistochemistry, of two members of the complex, emphasizing a first and second hand colocalization, unlike the sns and hbs members.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O envolvimento renal na esquistossomose mansoni à raramente descrito e pode ser caracterizada principalmente por alteraÃÃes glomerulares, podendo permanecer assintomÃtica, daà a importÃncia de biomarcadores que possam detectar precocemente alteraÃÃes da funÃÃo renal. O objetivo foi caracterizar as alteraÃÃes renais em pacientes portadores de esquistossomose mansoni, antes e apÃs tratamento na fase intestinal, procedentes de uma Ãrea de baixa endemicidade no Estado do CearÃ. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de carÃter avaliativo e de natureza quantitativa e intervencionista, incluindo 85 pacientes com diagnÃstico parasitolÃgico (Kato-Katz) confirmado de esquistossomose mansoni. Os pacientes foram divididos em trÃs grupos: Grupo I (G-I) - grupo controle com 24 indivÃduos nÃo infectados; Grupo II (G-II) - grupo com 30 indivÃduos infectados por S. mansoni e Grupo III (G-III) - grupo com 31 indivÃduos infectados por S. mansoni, tratados e avaliados apÃs o tratamento. A funÃÃo renal foi avaliada atravÃs de marcadores renais tubular e glomerular, incluindo dosagem do pH urinÃrio, estimativa da fraÃÃo de excreÃÃo dos eletrÃlitos (FE), estimativa do ritmo de filtraÃÃo glomerular (eRFG), albumina urinÃria e MCP-1/CCL2 urinÃrio (proteÃna quimiotÃtica de monÃcitos-1). Dados do presente estudo mostram que a maioria dos indivÃduos estavam dentro da faixa etÃria em torno de 23,2 &#61617; 13 anos, sendo 39 (45,88%) homens e 46 (54,11%) mulheres. Quando os marcadores renais tubulares foram analisados verificou-se que nÃo houve diferenÃa entre os grupos. Com relaÃÃo aos marcadores renais glomerulares foi observado que MCP-1 foi o Ãnico que apresentou diferenÃa, sendo maior no G-II (178  97pg/mcg-Cr) e no G-III (175  87pg/mcg-Cr), quando comparado com o G-I (123  48pg/mcg-Cr), p=0,009 e p=0,007, respectivamente. NÃo houve diferenÃa quando os grupos G-II e G-III (p=0,892) foram comparados. Apesar da albumina urinÃria nÃo ter apresentado diferenÃa entre os trÃs grupos, ela correlacionou-se com MCP-1 (r=0,463; p=0,01). Em suma foi observado um aumento significativo dos nÃveis urinÃrios de MCP-1 nos pacientes com esquistossomose mansoni. Como esta proteÃna desempenha um importante papel no recrutamento de monÃcitos para os sÃtios de lesÃes e infecÃÃes, o seu aumento na urina sugere que hà uma inflamaÃÃo renal e isso nÃo se reverteu apÃs o tratamento desta doenÃa. / Renal involvement in schistosomiasis is rarely reported and can be characterized mainly by glomerular and may remain asymptomatic, hence the importance of biomarkers that can detect early changes in renal function. The objective was to characterize renal changes in patients with schistosomiasis mansoni before and after treatment in the intestinal phase, coming from an area of low endemicity in the state of CearÃ. This is a cross-sectional study of character evaluation, quantitative and interventionist, including 85 patients with parasitological (Kato-Katz) confirmed schistosomiasis. Patients were divided into three groups: Group I (GI) - control group of 24 uninfected individuals, Group II (G-II) - a group of 30 individuals infected with S. mansoni and Group III (G-III) - group with 31 individuals infected with S. mansoni, processed and evaluated after treatment. Renal function was assessed by renal tubular and glomerular markers, including measurement of urinary pH, estimation of fractional excretion of electrolytes (FE), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urinary albumin and urinary MCP-1/CCL2 ( Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1). Data from this study show that most subjects were within the age range around 23,2 Â13 years, 39 (45,88%) men and 46 (54,11%) women. When the renal tubular markers were analyzed it was found that there was no difference between groups. With respect to renal glomerular markers was observed that MCP-1 was the only one that was different, being higher in G-II (178  97pg/mcg-Cr) and G-III (175  87pg/mcg-Cr) when compared with the GI (123  48pg/mcg-Cr), p = 0,009 and p = 0,007, respectively. There was no difference among the groups G-G-II and III (p = 0,892) were compared. Although the albumin excretion did not provide a difference between the three groups, it was correlated with MCP-1 (r= 0,463, p= 0.01). In short there was a significant increase in urinary levels of MCP-1 in patients with schistosomiasis. As this protein plays an important role in the recruitment of monocytes to sites of injury and infection, its increase in urine suggests that there is an inflammation of the kidneys and this is not reversed after treatment of this disease.

Les bactéries sont capables de percevoir leur environnement et de s’y adapter grâce aux systèmes Che dont les récepteurs nommés MCPs (Methyl-accepting Chemotaxis Proteins) détectent des signaux transduits jusqu’à un régulateur de réponse qui agit sur différentes cibles pour conduire à une réponse cellulaire adaptée. Le génome de Myxococcus xanthus code pour huit opérons définissant huit systèmes Che putatifs et 13 mcp « orphelins » codés ailleurs dans le génome. Une combinaison de trois approches : de phylogénétique ; de localisation des MCPs et d’interaction protéine-protéine a révélé la présence d’un large module chimiotactique composé de trois systèmes Che et six MCPs. Nous avons aussi montré que tous ces modules ont un rôle clé dans la régulation de la motilité et du cycle développemental chez M. xanthus.L’étude des déterminants de la localisation du système Frz a ensuite montré que pour la première fois le MCP forme des foyers uniquement suite à sa liaison directe au nucléoide. Une analyse à haut débit des foyers Frz suggère que cette liaison au nucléoide permet aussi une ségrégation correcte des complexes Frz durant la division cellulaire. Ainsi comme chez E. coli la membrane sert de support pour la formation des foyers Che transmembranaires, notre modèle est que l’ADN lui-même qui servirait de support pour la formation de foyers cytoplasmiques Frz chez M. xanthus. Ce travail a donc mis en évidence une diversification des systèmes Che et une organisation encore jamais observée. Nous avons ainsi montré que l’ADN peut aussi être utilisé afin d’organiser, de structurer et de ségréger des complexes cytoplasmiques tels que les systèmes Che. / Bacteria are able to perceive their environment and adapt thanks to Che systems with receptors named MCPs (Methyl-accepting chemotaxis Proteins) detecting signals transduced to a response regulator which acts on different targets leading to an appropriate cellular response.Myxococcus xanthus genome encodes eight putative operons defining eight Che systems and 13 "orphans" mcp encoded elsewhere in the genome. A combination of three approaches: phylogenetic; MCPs localizations and protein-protein interactions have revealed the presence of a large chemotactic module composed of three Che systems and six MCPs. We have also shown that these MCPs have key roles in the regulation of the motility and the developmental cycle and in M. xanthus.The study of the determinants of the Frz system localization has shown that for the first time the MCP forms clusters only after its direct binding to the nucleoid. A high-throughput analysis of Frz clusters suggests that this nucleoid binding also allows a correct segregation of Frz complexes during cell division. As well as in E. coli membrane serves as support for the clustering of Che transmembrane systems, our model is that the nucleoid itself serves as a support for the formation of cytoplasmic Frz clusters in M. xanthus.This work has highlighted a diversification of Che systems and a new organization never observed. We have also shown that DNA can be used to organize, to structure and to segregate cytoplasmic complexes such as Che systems.

La Tomographie par Emission de Positrons (TEP) est une technique d’imagerie médicale utilisée largement dans le traitement du cancer et dans la recherche neurobiologique, afin d’imager l’activité biologique des organes. Il s’agit de détecter deux photons de 511 keV produits par l’annihilation d’un positron dans les tissus, ce qui permet d’en reconstruire la carte 3D. En mesurant avec une très bonne précision la différence de temps de détection des deux photons, il sera possible d’améliorer la qualité d’image (technique du temps de vol). Dans ce manuscrit, nous présentons le développement de deux détecteurs innovants, rapides et efficaces, pour la détection de la lumière Cherenkov produite par la conversion des photons de 511 keV. Le premier, destiné à un scanner clinique (cerveau) et pré-clinique à haute précision spatiale, utilise comme milieu de détection du TriMéthylBismuth. Le second, pouvant être utilisé pour construire un scanner corps entier, met en œuvre un cristal de PbF₂ comme radiateur Cherenkov. Dans les deux configurations, un photomultiplicateur à micro-canaux (MCP-PMT) est utilisé pour détecter les photons Cherenkov. Notre électronique de détection montre une résolution temporelle limitée à 5 ps (RMS). La chaîne de détection est limitée par les performances du MCP-PMT. Après étalonnage, nous avons mesuré une efficacité de 25 % (grande pour un détecteur Cherenkov), et de résolution temporelle de 200 ps (FWHM).Nous exposons les facteurs limitant la résolution temporelle des détecteurs et proposons des développements qui permettront d’en améliorer les performances. / Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a nuclear imaging technique widely used in oncology and neuroscience to observe biological activity in the body. Detection of two gamma quanta with the energy 511 keV emitted by positron annihilation in tissues allows one to reconstruct the tracer activity distribution in the body of the patient. Additional measurement of the difference in time detection between the two photons lets us to improve significantly the quality of the reconstructed image (time-of-flight method).In this manuscript, we present the development of two innovative detectors, fast and efficient, used to detect Cherenkov light produced by electrons from the photo-ionization conversions of 511 keV gamma quanta. The first one, intended for use in a brain PET scanner of a high spatial resolution, uses TriMethylBismuth for the detection medium. The second one, planned to be used to construct a whole-body PET scanner, enforces a PbF₂ crystal as Cherenkov radiator. In both configurations a micro-channel photo-multiplier (MCP-PMT) is used to detect Cherenkov photons. We commissioned an electronic detection chain with a time resolution limited to 5 ps (RMS). Using precise MCP-PMT calibration, we were able to develop simultaneously detectors with high efficiency, up to 25 %, and time resolution as good as 200 ps (FWHM).We highlight the limitations of detectors time resolution and suggest several developments in order to improve performances of Cherenkov light detectors.