As cochonilhas farinhentas (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) têm se tornado pragas importantes em diversas culturas. Na videira, são responsáveis por causar danos diretos, resultando em perdas na produção e danos indiretos como vetoras de vírus. Entretanto, poucas informações estão disponíveis sobre a biologia das espécies na cultura. Neste trabalho, foi estudado em laboratório, o efeito de diferentes estruturas vegetativas, cultivares e porta-enxertos de videira no desenvolvimento, sobrevivência e reprodução de Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell, 1893) e Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret, 1875). As exigências térmicas de D. brevipes foram determinadas, sendo estimado o número anual de gerações da espécie nas principais regiões produtoras de uvas de mesa do Brasil. A biologia de D. brevipes foi estudada em folhas de videira das cultivares de uva de mesa Itália (Vitis vinifera) e Niágara Rosada (Vitis labrusca) e em raízes dos porta-enxertos Paulsen 1103 (Vitis berlandieri X Vitis rupestris) e IAC 572 (Vitis caribaea X 101-14 Mgt). As exigências térmicas foram estimadas com base nos dados de biologia obtidos em cinco temperaturas constantes (15, 20, 25, 28 e 30°C) em folhas de videira da cultivar Itália. A biologia de P. viburni foi estudada em folhas de videira das cultivares de uva de mesa Itália e Niágara Rosada. D. brevipes se desenvolveu em diferentes estruturas vegetativas da planta, bem como em diferentes cultivares e porta-enxertos de videira; no entanto, folhas da cultivar Itália foram as mais adequadas ao desenvolvimento da espécie, considerando-se a menor duração do período ninfa-adulto. A taxa líquida de reprodução (Ro) de D. brevipes foi maior em folhas da cultivar Itália (19,82) em relação à cultivar Niágara Rosada (13,78). As ninfas de D. brevipes que sobreviveram nas raízes do porta-enxerto Paulsen 1103, se desenvolveram melhor do que em folhas. Raízes do porta-enxerto IAC 572 foram inadequadas para o desenvolvimento de D. brevipes, originando fêmeas que não se reproduziram. A velocidade de desenvolvimento de D. brevipes aumentou com a elevação da temperatura, sendo a faixa de temperatura entre 20ºC e 30ºC a mais adequada para a espécie. O limiar térmico inferior e superior de desenvolvimento e a constante térmica para o período ninfa-adulto de D. brevipes em folhas de videira da cultivar Itália, foram de 8,2ºC, 34,5°C e 678,42 graus-dia, respectivamente. De acordo com as exigências térmicas de D. brevipes foi possível estimar a ocorrência de 3,4 gerações anuais em Bento Gonçalves (RS), 3,1 em Caxias do Sul (RS), 4,4 em Marialva (PR), 4,8 em Jales (SP) e 5,2 em Petrolina (PE). Através dos dados de longevidade dos adultos e de viabilidade das diferentes fases do ciclo biológico (ninfa-adulto) de fêmeas de P. viburni, verificou-se que a cultivar Niágara Rosada foi mais adequada para o desenvolvimento da espécie. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que a planta hospedeira afeta o desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência de D. brevipes e P. viburni e que a escolha da cultivar ou do porta-enxerto a ser utilizado na implantação do vinhedo, pode auxiliar na redução da infestação destas pragas, sendo um componente adicional a ser utilizado em programas de Manejo Integrado na cultura. / Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) have become increasingly important pests in many crops. In vineyards, they cause direct damage resulting in production losses and also indirect damages through virus transmission. However, little information is available about the species biology. The effects of different vegetative structures, cultivars and vine rootstocks on the development, survival and reproduction of Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell, 1893) and Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret, 1875) were studied under laboratory conditions. The thermal requirements of D. brevipes were determined and the annual number of generations was estimated for the principal grape-growing regions of Brazil. Biological aspects of D. brevipes were studied using table grape leaves (Itália: Vitis vinifera and Niágara Rosada: Vitis labrusca) and grapevine rootstocks (Paulsen 1103: Vitis berlandieri X Vitis rupestris and IAC 572: Vitis caribaea X 101-14 Mgt). The thermal requirements were estimated using five constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 28 and 30°C) on Itália table grape leaves. The biology of P. viburni was studied on Itália and Niágara Rosada table grape leaves. D. brevipes developed on different vegetative structures, cultivars and vine rootstocks. However, table grape leaves of V. vinifera Itália were the most suitable for D. brevipes development, considering the shortest developmental period. The net reproductive rate (Ro) of D. brevipes was higher on Itália table grape leaves (19.82) than on Niágara Rosada (13.78). D. brevipes nymphs that survived on Paulsen 1103 roots developed better than on the leaves. Roots of IAC 572 were unsuitable for the development of D. brevipes, resulting in non-reproductive females. The developmental rate of D. brevipes increased with increasing temperature and the range between 20 to 30°C was the most suitable for this species. The predicted upper lethal temperature was 34,5°C, with a minimum threshold for total development at 8,2°C. D. brevipes required 678,42 degree-days to complete development from first instar nymph to the adult stage. According to the thermal requirements, D. brevipes can complete 3.4 annual generations per year in Bento Gonçalves (RS), 3.1 in Caxias do Sul (RS), 4.4 in Marialva (PR), 4.8 in Jales (SP) and 5.,2 in Petrolina (PE). From the the data on adult longevity and the viability of the different female life stages of P. viburni, table grape leaves of V. labrusca Niágara Rosada were the most suitable for development of this species. We conclude that the host plant can affect the development and survival of D. brevipes and P. viburni and that the right choice of the cultivar or vine rootstock to be used in the vineyard can help to reduce pest infestation and is, therefore, an additional component to be included in the integrated pest management of the crop.

Background: Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV), Cacao swollen shoot CD virus (CSSCDV), and Cacao swollen shoot Togo A virus (CSSTAV) cause cacao swollen shoot disease (CSSD) in West Africa. During 2000-2003, leaf and shoot-swelling symptoms and rapid tree death were observed in cacao in Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana. Molecular tests showed positive infection in only similar to 50-60% of symptomatic trees, suggesting the possible emergence of an unknown badnavirus. Methods: The DNA virome was determined from symptomatic cacao samples using Illumina-Hi Seq, and sequence accuracy was verified by Sanger sequencing. The resultant 14, and seven previously known, full-length badnaviral genomic and RT-RNase H sequences were analyzed by pairwise distance analysis to resolve species relationships, and by Maximum likelihood (ML) to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships. The viral coding and non-coding sequences, genome organization, and predicted conserved protein domains (CPDs) were identified and characterized at the species level. Results: The 21 CSSD-badnaviral genomes and RT-RNase H sequences shared 70-100% and 72-100% identity, respectively. The RT-RNase H analysis predicted four species, based on an >= 80% species cutoff. The ML genome sequence tree resolved three well-supported clades, with >= 70% bootstrap, whereas, the RT-RNase H phylogeny was poorly resolved, however, both trees grouped CSSD isolates within one large clade, including the newly discovered Cacao red vein virus (CRVV) proposed species. The genome arrangement of the four species consists of four, five, or six predicted open reading frames (ORFs), and the CPDs have similar architectures. By comparison, two New World cacao-infecting badnaviruses encode four ORFs, and harbor CPDs like the West African species. Conclusions: Three previously recognized West African cacao-infecting badnaviral species were identified, and a fourth, previously unidentified species, CRVV, is described for the first time. The CRVV is a suspect causal agent of the rapid decline phenotype, however Koch's Postulates have not been proven. To reconcile viral evolutionary with epidemiology considerations, more detailed information about CSSD-genomic variability is essential. Also, the functional basis for the multiple genome arrangements and subtly distinct CPD architectures among cacao-infecting badnaviruses is poorly understood. New knowledge about functional relationships may help explain the diverse symptomatologies observed in affected cacao trees.

Mealybugs (Planococcus citri) and thrips (Scirtothrips aurantii) are common and extremely damaging citrus crop pests which have proven difficult to control via conventional methods, such as chemical pesticides and insect growth regulators. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi against these pests in laboratory bioassays. Isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana from citrus orchards in the Eastern Cape, South Africa were maintained on Sabouraud Dextrose 4% Agar supplemented with Dodine, chloramphenicol and rifampicin at 25°C. Infectivity of the fungal isolates was initially assessed using 5th instar false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta, larvae. Mealybug bioassays were performed in 24 well plates using 1 x 107 ml-1 conidial suspensions and kept at 26°C for 5 days with a photoperiod of 12 L:12 D. A Beauveria commercial product and an un-inoculated control were also screened for comparison. Isolates GAR 17 B3 (B. bassiana) and FCM AR 23 B3 (M. anisopliae) both resulted in 67.5% mealybug crawler mortality and GB AR 23 13 3 (B. bassiana) resulted in 64% crawler mortality. These 3 isolates were further tested in dose-dependent assays. Probit analyses were conducted on the dose-dependent assays data using PROBAN to determine LC₅₀ values. For both the mealybug adult and crawlers FCM AR 23 B3 required the lowest concentration to achieve LC₅₀ at 4.96 x 10⁶ conidia ml-1 and 5.29 x 10⁵ conidia ml-1, respectively. Bioassays on adult thrips were conducted in munger cells with leaf buds inoculated with the conidial suspensions. Isolate GAR 17 B3 had the highest mortality rate at 70% on thrips while FCM AR 23 B3 resulted in 60% mortality. Identification of the isolates, FCM AR 23 B3, GAR 17 B3 and GB AR 23 13 3, were confirmed to be correct using both microscopic and molecularly techniques. ITS sequences were compared to other sequences from GenBank and confirmed phylogenetically using MEGA6. Mealybug infection was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, mycosis was confirmed but the infection process could not be followed due to the extensive waxy cuticle. These results indicate that there is potential for the isolates FCM AR 23 B3 and GAR 17 B3 to be developed as biological control agents for the control of citrus mealybug and thrips. Further research would be required to determine their ability to perform under field conditions.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), the vine mealybug, is of economic importance to the wine and table grape (viticulture) industries, as it characteristically causes more damage than other mealybug species. Mealybug infestations contaminate grapes with their waxy secretions, egg-sacs and honeydew production, on which sooty mould grows, resulting in the fruit being unmarketable. Many export grapes are rejected, prior to shipment, as a result of infestations and phytosanitary concerns with regard to mealybug infestations. They are also vectors for various plant viruses. Up to date, the most common method of mealybug control in South Africa has been the use of chemical insecticides. Unfortunately, mealybugs are difficult to control chemically, due to their secretive/hidden lifestyle, where chemicals do not reach them. Of great concern is the ability of mealybugs to rapidly build up resistance to insecticides as well as the negative environmental effects associated with chemical pesticide use. Alternatively, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), belonging to the families Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae, have been identified as lethal insect pathogens and their insecticidal action, towards a variety of insect pests, has proven them to be valuable and effective biocontrol agents. Laboratory bio-assays, to determine the ability of eight different EPN isolates to infect and kill P. ficus, were conducted. Six of the isolates were indigenous species and the other two, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema feltiae, were produced in Germany and are commercially available in South Africa. Planococcus ficus was highly susceptible to two indigenous species, Heterorhabditis zealandica and Steinernema yirgalemense; responsible for 96% ± 2% and 65% ± 10% mealybug mortalities, respectively. Biological studies illustrated that both H. zealandica and S. yirgalemense are able to complete their life cycles within adult female P. ficus. There was no significant difference in the pathogenicity of commercially produced H. bacteriophora, recycled through an insect host, and those from the formulated commercial product. However, commercially produced S. feltiae individuals, that were recycled through an insect host, were statistically more effective than those that were not. The LC50 and LC90 values for H. zealandica, in the current study, were 19 and 82 infective juveniles (IJs) respectively, which were similar to the LC50 and LC90 values for S. yirgalemense at 13 and 80, respectively. The LC50 and LC90, for commercially available H. bacteriophora, were greater than they were for both H. zealandica and S. yirgalemense, with values of 36 and 555, respectively. Such results indicate that there is a definite positive relationship which exists between the concentration of IJs of all three nematode species, used for inoculation, and the percentage mortality of P. ficus. Sand column tests resulted in S. yirgalemense outperforming H. zealandica significantly, with average mortalities of 95% ± 1.4% and 82% ± 4.1%, respectively. As a result S. yirgalemense was chosen for further studies in the field. IJs of commercially produced H. bacteriophora and S. feltiae were exposed to imidacloprid in laboratory bioassays to determine the effect on survival and infectivity. This study established the fact that these two EPN species can be applied, in combination with imidacloprid, in an integrated pest management scheme. Soil application field trials at Welgevallen and Nietvoorbij, using S. yirgalemense and mealybugs in Eppendorf tubes, buried 15 cm in the soil, resulted in 50% ± 10% and 52% ± 12% mealybug mortalities, respectively, when applying IJs at a concentration of 80 IJs/cm2. No significant difference was found between mealybug mortalities as a result of the three IJ concentrations applied (20, 40 and 80 IJs/cm2) for both vineyards. Persistence trials indicated that after four months post application, Cydia pomonella larval mortalities showed no significant reduction in infectivity on the Welgevallen vineyard, while on the Nietvoorbij vineyard there were no larval mortalities. Tests to establish whether or not S. yirgalemense and H. zealandica produced ant deterrent factors, showed no significant differences between the number of intact cadavers for both nematode species and for cadavers that were either four or six days old. There is, however, indication that deterrent factors may be in action in cadavers that were used six days after inoculation with 60% and 49% remaining intact for H. zealandica and S. yirgalemense infected cadavers respectively. All freeze killed cadavers were consumed by Linepithema humile (Mayr) (Argentine ant). The effects of low temperatures on EPN movement and infectivity were tested for H. zealandica and S. yirgalemense in the laboratory. The mortality of P. ficus at 14˚C, as opposed to 25˚C, for S. yirgalemense and H. zealandica were found to be 9.1% ± 2.6% and 2.5% ± 1.2% respectively. Vertical sand column tests were also conducted at 14˚C for S. yirgalemense and H. zealandica, which produced low mealybug mortalities of 3.5% ± 2.4% and 8.5% ± 1.4% respectively. This illustrates the low infectivity of the two local species at low temperatures. Laboratory persistence trials, conducted over a period of four months with S. yirgalemense, showed steady persistence of 100%, while H. zealandica had a statistically significant decrease of codling moth mortalities to 44% ± 5%. A three armed olfactometer was designed to establish if S. yirgalemense responds and moves towards chemical cues in the soil. A significant greater average number of IJs moved towards the grape vine roots (246 ± 0.124 IJs), than to the mealybugs (133 ± 0.168 IJs) and to the control (4 ± 1.02 IJs). This demonstrates that S. yirgalemense does actively seek out its hosts and that volatile cues produced by damaged grape vine roots, are more attractive to the EPN than cues produced by P. ficus. This study illustrates that S. yirgalemense has great potential as a biopesticide for controlling P. ficus in the soil of South African grape vineyards. Emphasis was placed on soil application of S. yirgalemense in the field, which produced good results, while laboratory tests indicate the potential for further aerial field application trials on grape vines. As the EPNs are not negatively affected by the agrochemical imidacloprid, the simultaneous use and combined action of both agents will potentially provide the farmer with excellent control against P. ficus. Further field- and aerial application studies will complement the current study and hopefully provide positive results for the efficient control of P. ficus found on grape vines. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), die wingerd witluis, is van groot ekonomiese belang vir die wyn en tafeldruif industrieë, aangesien dit kenmerkend meer skade veroorsaak as enige ander witluis spesies. Witluis infestasies besmet druiwe met hulle wasagtige afskeidings, eierssakke en heuningdou produksie, waarop swamme groei, wat tot gevolg het dat die druiwe onbemarkbaar is. Baie besendings druiwe, bestem vir uitvoer, word afgekeur weens witluis besmettings en ook as gevolg van fitosanitêre oorwegings. Hulle tree ook op as vektore van verskeie plantvirusse. Die mees algemene manier waarmee witluis in Suid-Afrika beheer word, is chemiese behandeling. Ongelukkig is witluis baie moeilik om chemies te beheer vanweë hulle verskuilde lewenswyse wat dit moeilik maak vir chemikalieë om hulle te bereik. Die vermoë van witluis om vinnig weerstand op te bou teen insekdoders, asook die negatiewe effek van chemiese middels op die omgewing, is kommerwekkend. Alternatiewelik, kan entomopatogeniese nematodes (EPNs) van die families Heterorhabditidae en Steinernematidae gebruik word vir die beheer van witluis. Hierdie nematodes is geïdentifiseer is as dodelike insek patogene, vir ʼn groot verskeidenheid van pes insekte en daar is bewys dat hulle as waardevolle en effektiewe biologiese beheer agente kan optree. Laboratorium biotoetse is gedoen om die vermoë van agt EPN isolate te evalueer om P. ficus te beheer. Ses van die EPN isolate is inheems, terwyl die ander twee, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora en Steinernema feltiae, in Duitsland produseer is en kommersieel beskikbaar is in Suid-Afrika. Planococcus ficus is hoogs vatbaar vir die twee inheemse EPN spesies, naamlik Heterorhabditis zealandica en Steinernema yirgalemense en hulle is verantwoordelik vir 96% ± 2% en 65% ± 10% van witluis mortaliteit. Biologiese studies het aangetoon dat beide H. zealandica en S. yirgalemense in staat is om hul lewensiklus te voltooi in volwasse wyfies van P. ficus. Daar is geen beduidende verskil gevind in die patogenisiteit van die geformuleerde kommersiële produk H. bacteriophora en dié wat in vivo geproduseer is nie. Daar is egter in die geval van S. feltiae, gevind dat die nematodes, wat in insekte produseer is, statisties beduidend meer effektief was, as dié wat kommersieel beskikbaar was. Die LC50 en die LC90 waardes van H. zealandica, in die huidige studie, was 19 en 82 infektiewe larwes (IJs), wat baie naby die LC50 en LC90 waarders van S. yirgalemense van 13 en 80 was. Die LC50 en LC90 vir die kommersieel beskikbare H. bacteriophora was groter as vir beide H. zealandica en S. yirgalemense, met waardes van 36 en 555 onderskeidelik. Hierdie resultate dui daarop dat daar ʼn positiewe verwantskap bestaan tussen die konsentrasie van die IJs van drie EPN spesies en die persentasie mortaliteit van P. ficus. Sand kolomtoetse dui daarop dat S. yirgalemense baie beter vaar as H. zealandica met gemiddelde mortaliteite van 95% ± 1.4% en 82% ± 4.1% onderskeidelik. Op grond van hierdie resultate is S. yirgalemense gebruik vir verdere veld studies. IJs van kommersieel geproduseerde H. bacteriophora en S. feltiae is in laboratorium biotoetse blootgestel aan imidacloprid om die effek op die oorlewing en infektiewe vermoë vas te stel. Hierdie studie het aangetoon dat die twee EPN spesies aangewend kan word saam met imidacloprid in ʼn geïntegreerde plaagbestuur opset. Grond aanwendings is in veld proewe by Welgevallen en Nietvoorbij gedoen deur gebruik te maak van S. yirgalemense en P. ficus volwasse wyfies in Eppendorf buisies, 15 cm in die grond begrawe, het albei 50% ± 10% en 52% ± 10% witluis mortaliteit, respektiewelik, tot gevolg gehad, met die toediening van nematodes teen ʼn konsentrasie van 80 IJs/cm2. Geen beduidende verskille is gevind tussen die witluismortaliteit en die resultate van die verskillende EPN konsentrasies (20, 40 en 80 IJs/cm2) wat op beide wingerde toegedien is nie. Oorlewings toetse het aangedui dat, drie maande na toediening, met Cydia pomonella as indikator, geen beduidende verskille in die infeksie potensiaal van die Welgevallen wingerd to gevolg gehad het nie, terwyl daar op die Nietvoorbij wingerd geen verdere larvale mortaliteit gevind is was nie. Toetse om vas te stel of S. yirgalemense en H. zealandica afkrikmiddels vir miere in besmette insek kadawers produseer het aangetoon dat daar geen beduidende verskil is tussen die getal kadawers wat intakt is vir beide EPN spesies en kadawers wat vier of ses dae oud is nie. Daar is egter aangetoon dat die afskrikmiddels wel ses dae na infeksie deur insek kadawers afgeskei word; aangesien 60% en 49% van die oorblywende kadawers nog volledig was toe dit geïnfekteer was met H. zealandica en S. yirgalemense, onderskeidelik. Al die insek kadawers, wat deur bevriesing doodgemaak is, was deur Linepithema humile (Mayr) (Argentynse mier) verorber.

The cacao swollen shoot disease of Theobroma cacao L. (cacao) is caused by Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV; genus, Badnavirus, family, Caulimoviridae). The virus is endemic to West Africa, where it poses a serious threat to cocoa production. Despite efforts to control CSSV spread by replacement of infected trees with tolerant cultivars and mealybug vector management, the disease is widespread in West Africa. In Trinidad, leaf mosaic and vein-banding symptoms have been observed in cacao plants in the field since the 1940s, and recently at the International Cocoa Genebank (ICGT), a custodian of cacao germplasm resources. The strains A and B of the suspect Cacao Trinidad virus (CTV) caused the symptoms, and were thought to be related to CSSV, however, viral causality was not demonstrated, until now. To develop molecular detection methods for CSSV in infected plants, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of eight regions of the CSSV genome was implemented. The PCR results showed variable amplification frequencies of 19 - 42% at each region, for 124 isolates collected in Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana. Pairwise nucleotide (nt) analyses of the eight regions showed 66-99% shared identities, indicating that CSSV isolates exhibit extensive variability with respect to primer design. The results provided preliminary evidence for the existence of a CSSV complex consisting of four divergent species. The full length genome of 14 CSSV isolates from cacao determined using the Illumina HiSeq platform showed 70-99% shared nt identities. The pairwise nt identities placed CSSV sequences into a group of four distinct species, one of which represented a previously undescribed species. Moreover, the full-length genomes grouped phylogenetically with other badnaviruses and revealed two CSSV subclades with three types of genome arrangements; four, five or six open reading frames (ORFs). Predicted functional protein domains were conserved on each ORF. Two distinct, full-length genome sequences were determined using the Illumina HiSeq platform, from DNA isolated from cacao leaves exhibiting distinct symptoms in Trinidad. The sequences were validated by PCR-amplification and sequencing of overlapping viral genome fragments. Pairwise nt analysis indicated that each genome shared 52-62% nt identities with CSSV and other badnaviruses, suggesting that the two are distinct species. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the two sequences are not strains of the same virus, as supposed, but they represent two previously undescribed species in the genus, Badnavirus, and they have been named Cacao mild mosaic virus (CaMMV) and Cacao yellow-vein-banding virus (CYVBV). Despite sharing the same host and causing similar symptoms in cacao, CSSV, CaMMV, and CYVBV are phylogenetically-distinct species. The discovery of a CSSV species complex and the identification of three new cacao-infecting badnavirus species will support the development of molecular detection tools using the partial and complete genome sequences determined in this study. The ability to develop validated molecular tools for the detection of CSSV and related viruses, CaMMV and CYVBV, in cacao will aid quarantine efforts and safe movement of germplasm from the ICGT in Trinidad to cacao-growing countries, worldwide. Also, molecular diagnostics tools are expected to be useful in efforts underway to develop CSSV-resistant planting material for countries in West Africa, which are currently experiencing continued or new disease outbreaks.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar, por meio de variáveis fisiológicas vegetais como fotossíntese, condutância estomática, transpiração foliar, concentração interna de CO2 e temperatura foliar, o efeito de insetos pragas de diferentes hábitos alimentares em suas plantas hospedeiras. Foram estimados os níveis de dano de um sugador, Orthezia praelonga Douglas, 1891, em limão cravo (Citrus limonia L.), e de Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mènevile, 1842), um mastigador, em mudas de café 'Obatã'. Os ensaios foram realizados em condições ótimas de temperatura, com luz e CO2 saturantes, e diferentes porcentagens de área foliar lesionada, obtidas pela variação do número de insetos por folha, no caso de O. praelonga em limão cravo (de 0 a 35 cochonilhas/folha (0-6%), de 40 a 70 cochonilhas/folha (7-13%), de 80 a 220 cochonilhas/folha (14-40%) e >220 cochonilhas/folha (>40%)) ou por tecido vegetal consumido (intervalos de 0-25%, 26-36% e >37%), no caso de L. coffeella em mudas de cafeeiro. As leituras das variáveis fisiológicas vegetais foram feitas com um medidor portátil de fotossíntese (IRGA). Os dados foram analisados por meio de uma regressão não linear, e, nos dois casos, existe uma correlação negativa entre fotossíntese e área foliar lesionada, ou seja, quanto maior a área foliar lesionada, menor a fotossíntese; e o ponto de inflexão negativo da curva, no qual um pequeno aumento na área foliar lesionada resultou em uma grande perda fotossintética, é tomado como referência de nível de dano, sendo que o nível de controle destas pragas, esta abaixo destes valores. A condutância estomática, a transpiração foliar, a concentração interna de CO2 e a temperatura foliar, em ambos os casos, não demonstram uma correlação definida com a intensidade de danos. A transpiração foliar em limão cravo atacado por O. praelonga é maior nos pontos onde também é maior a condutância estomática, e nas folhas de café com ataque de L. coffeella a transpiração foliar mantem-se constante durante toda a curva, semelhante à variável condutância estomática. As relações matemáticas de fotossíntese/concentração interna de CO2, e fotossíntese/condutância estomática são, em ambos os casos, decrescentes, o que demonstra respectivamente queda na eficiência instantânea de carboxilação da rubisco e redução da eficiência intrínseca do uso da água em função do aumento da área foliar lesionada. A análise conjunta dos dados demonstrou que O. praelonga afeta o fotossistema I (PS I) de folhas de limão cravo; enquanto L. coffeella afeta, em primeiro plano, o fotossistema II (PS II). No caso de O. praelonga em limão cravo, determina-se a faixa de 7 a 13% de área foliar lesionada (de 40 a 70 cochonilhas/folha) como sendo o valor de nível de dano, e para L. coffeella em cafeeiro este valor ficou na faixa de 25 a 36% de área foliar lesionada (tecido consumido pelo inseto). Os valores obtidos em laboratório, necessitam ajustes efetivos na determinação do nível de controle destas pragas no campo. A técnica de leitura de fotossíntese mostrou-se adequada a este propósito, e a análise dessa variável demonstrou ser a melhor opção para tal correlação. / The goal of this work was to evaluate the effect of insect pests of different feeding habits in their host plants through readings of plant physiological variables as photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration, internal carbon dioxide concentration and leaf temperature. Thus, one estimated the injury level of a sucking insect, Orthezia praelonga Douglas, 1891, in 'Rangpur' lime (Citrus limonia L.), and Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mènevile, 1842), a chewing insect, in 'Obatã' coffee seedlings. The trials were carried out under optimum temperature conditions, with saturating light and CO2 , with different injured leaf area percentages, obtained by the variation of the number of insects per leaf, in the case of O. praelonga in 'Rangpur' lime (0-35 mealybugs/leaf (0-6%), 40-70 mealybugs/leaf (7-13%), 80-220 mealybugs/leaf (14-40%), and >220 mealybugs/leaf (>40%)), or through plant tissue consumed (0-25%, 26-36% and > 37% intervals), in the case of L. coffeella in coffee seedlings. Plant physiological variables readings were performed through a portable photosynthesis meter(IRGA). The data were analyzed by means of nonlinear regression, and, in both cases, a negative correlation was observed between photosynthesis and the injured leaf area, that is, the larger the injured leaf area, the lesser the photosynthesis; the negative inflection point of the curve, upon which a slight increase in the injured leaf area resulted in great photosynt hesis loss is taken as a damage level reference, and the control level of these pests is below these values. The stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration, internal CO2 concentration and the leaf temperature, in both cases, showed no defined correlation with the damage intensity. The leaf transpiration in 'Rangpur' lime attacked by O. praelonga is higher in points where the stomatal conductance is higher as well, and in coffee leaves attacked by L. coffeella the leaf transpiration remains constant throughout the curve, similarly to the stomatal conductance variable. The mathematical relationships of photosynthesis/internal CO2 concentration, and photosynthesis/stomatal conductance are, in both cases, decreasing, which respectively shows drop in instant Rubisco carboxylation efficiency and reduction of the intrinsic efficiency of water use according to the increase of the injured leaf area. The joint data analysis showed that O. praelonga affects photosystem I (PS I) of 'Rangpur' lime, while L. coffeella affects, at first, photosystem II (PS II). In the case of O. praelonga in 'Rangpur' lime the 7-13% range of the injured leaf area (40-70 mealybugs/leaf) is determined as the damage level value, and for L. coffeella in coffee the value ranges 25-36% of the injured leaf area (tissue consumed by the insect). The values found in laboratory require field validation for effective adjustments to determine the level to control these insect pests. Overall, the photosynthesis reading technique was shown adequate to this purpose, and the analysis of this variable was the best choice for such correlation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-04-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:24:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 colmenarez_yc_dr_botfca.pdf: 347218 bytes, checksum: 747fc5e53cda509203cb294e255130cc (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Empresa Privada / Este estudo teve como objetivo estudar a biologia de Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara-de-Willink (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) e de seu parasitóide Acerophagus papayae Noyes & Shauff (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), verificando a influência dos diferentes hospedeiros no desenvolvimento da praga e do parasitóide, assim como realizar um levantamento dos inimigos naturais da praga em Barbados. No estudo foram testados 3 hospedeiros: mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.), feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) e algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum H.). O experimento foi realizado nas instalações do Ministério de Agricultura de Barbados. A biologia de P. marginatus foi desenvolvida tanto em casa de vegetação como em condições de laboratório (26 l 2 oC; UR: 70 l 10% e fotofase de 14 h). A biologia de A. papayae foi desenvolvida em condições de laboratório. Para a infestação foram utilizadas 10 mudas de cada uma das plantas avaliadas. Cada uma delas foi infestada com 70 ninfas recém-eclodidas/planta. As observações foram feitas diariamente até o inseto atingir seu estado adulto. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: a) Fase imatura: longevidade ninfal para machos e fêmeas e viabilidade, b) Fase adulta: longevidade de machos e fêmeas, viabilidade e número de posturas por fêmea, viabilidade e número de ovos por fêmea, razão e proporção sexual, c) Fase de ovo: período de incubação e viabilidade dos ovos, d) Ciclo total: duração. No experimento sobre a biologia de A. papayae, para a avaliação da preferência do instar ninfal pelo parasitóide foram separadas 70 ninfas de 1o., 2o. e 3o. ínstares para cada hospedeiro, com 10 repetições. Essas ninfas foram oferecidas para 10 casais de A. papayae. As observações foram diárias. Para determinar o número de ninfas parasitadas por fêmea foram colocadas 30 ninfas do terceiro instar, sendo oferecidas... / The objective of this work was to study the biology of Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and its primary parasitoid Acerophagus papayae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) evaluating the influence of different hosts tested both on the pest development and on the parasitoid and assess the natural enemy complex of P. marginatus. Three hosts were tested: papaya (Carica papaya L.), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The experiment was carried out in the facilities of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Barbados. The biology of P. marginatus was carried out in greenhouse and laboratory conditions (temperature of 26 2oC ; RH: 70 10 % and photophase 14 h). The biology of Acerophagus papayae was studied just in the laboratory. Ten plants of each host were used to the infestation procedure. They were infested with 70 nymphs/plant. The observations were daily until the insects became adults. The parameters evaluated were: a) Imature phase: longevity of female and male and viability, b) Mature phase: female and male longevity, viability and oviposition number by female, viability and eggs number by female, sex proportion, c) Egg phase: period of emergence of the nymphs and eggs viability. Lifespan: duration. Studying the biology of A. papayae, to evaluate the host preferred host of the parasitoid, it was separated 70 nymphs of 1st., 2nd. and 3rd. instars, maintained in each host, with 10 replications. Nymphs were offered for 10 parasitoid couples for 24 hours. The observation of the material was daily. To determinate the number of nymphs parasitized by each female, 30 nymphs were maintained in leaves and offered to a parasitoid couple for 24 hours. Evaluations were daily. To determinate other biological parameters, 70 nymphs were taken apart from the 3rd. instar and offered to 10 parasitoids for 24 hours. The parasitoid...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Carlos Frederico Wilcken / Banca: Wilson Badiali Crocomo / Banca: Arlindo Leal Boiça Junior / Banca: Luiz Alexandre Nogueira de Sá / Banca: Valmir Antonio Costa / Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo estudar a biologia de Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara-de-Willink (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) e de seu parasitóide Acerophagus papayae Noyes & Shauff (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), verificando a influência dos diferentes hospedeiros no desenvolvimento da praga e do parasitóide, assim como realizar um levantamento dos inimigos naturais da praga em Barbados. No estudo foram testados 3 hospedeiros: mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.), feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) e algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum H.). O experimento foi realizado nas instalações do Ministério de Agricultura de Barbados. A biologia de P. marginatus foi desenvolvida tanto em casa de vegetação como em condições de laboratório (26 l 2 oC; UR: 70 l 10% e fotofase de 14 h). A biologia de A. papayae foi desenvolvida em condições de laboratório. Para a infestação foram utilizadas 10 mudas de cada uma das plantas avaliadas. Cada uma delas foi infestada com 70 ninfas recém-eclodidas/planta. As observações foram feitas diariamente até o inseto atingir seu estado adulto. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: a) Fase imatura: longevidade ninfal para machos e fêmeas e viabilidade, b) Fase adulta: longevidade de machos e fêmeas, viabilidade e número de posturas por fêmea, viabilidade e número de ovos por fêmea, razão e proporção sexual, c) Fase de ovo: período de incubação e viabilidade dos ovos, d) Ciclo total: duração. No experimento sobre a biologia de A. papayae, para a avaliação da preferência do instar ninfal pelo parasitóide foram separadas 70 ninfas de 1o., 2o. e 3o. ínstares para cada hospedeiro, com 10 repetições. Essas ninfas foram oferecidas para 10 casais de A. papayae. As observações foram diárias. Para determinar o número de ninfas parasitadas por fêmea foram colocadas 30 ninfas do terceiro instar, sendo oferecidas...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this work was to study the biology of Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and its primary parasitoid Acerophagus papayae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) evaluating the influence of different hosts tested both on the pest development and on the parasitoid and assess the natural enemy complex of P. marginatus. Three hosts were tested: papaya (Carica papaya L.), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The experiment was carried out in the facilities of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Barbados. The biology of P. marginatus was carried out in greenhouse and laboratory conditions (temperature of 26 2oC ; RH: 70 10 % and photophase 14 h). The biology of Acerophagus papayae was studied just in the laboratory. Ten plants of each host were used to the infestation procedure. They were infested with 70 nymphs/plant. The observations were daily until the insects became adults. The parameters evaluated were: a) Imature phase: longevity of female and male and viability, b) Mature phase: female and male longevity, viability and oviposition number by female, viability and eggs number by female, sex proportion, c) Egg phase: period of emergence of the nymphs and eggs viability. Lifespan: duration. Studying the biology of A. papayae, to evaluate the host preferred host of the parasitoid, it was separated 70 nymphs of 1st., 2nd. and 3rd. instars, maintained in each host, with 10 replications. Nymphs were offered for 10 parasitoid couples for 24 hours. The observation of the material was daily. To determinate the number of nymphs parasitized by each female, 30 nymphs were maintained in leaves and offered to a parasitoid couple for 24 hours. Evaluations were daily. To determinate other biological parameters, 70 nymphs were taken apart from the 3rd. instar and offered to 10 parasitoids for 24 hours. The parasitoid...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar, por meio de variáveis fisiológicas vegetais como fotossíntese, condutância estomática, transpiração foliar, concentração interna de CO2 e temperatura foliar, o efeito de insetos pragas de diferentes hábitos alimentares em suas plantas hospedeiras. Foram estimados os níveis de dano de um sugador, Orthezia praelonga Douglas, 1891, em limão cravo (Citrus limonia L.), e de Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mènevile, 1842), um mastigador, em mudas de café 'Obatã'. Os ensaios foram realizados em condições ótimas de temperatura, com luz e CO2 saturantes, e diferentes porcentagens de área foliar lesionada, obtidas pela variação do número de insetos por folha, no caso de O. praelonga em limão cravo (de 0 a 35 cochonilhas/folha (0-6%), de 40 a 70 cochonilhas/folha (7-13%), de 80 a 220 cochonilhas/folha (14-40%) e >220 cochonilhas/folha (>40%)) ou por tecido vegetal consumido (intervalos de 0-25%, 26-36% e >37%), no caso de L. coffeella em mudas de cafeeiro. As leituras das variáveis fisiológicas vegetais foram feitas com um medidor portátil de fotossíntese (IRGA). Os dados foram analisados por meio de uma regressão não linear, e, nos dois casos, existe uma correlação negativa entre fotossíntese e área foliar lesionada, ou seja, quanto maior a área foliar lesionada, menor a fotossíntese; e o ponto de inflexão negativo da curva, no qual um pequeno aumento na área foliar lesionada resultou em uma grande perda fotossintética, é tomado como referência de nível de dano, sendo que o nível de controle destas pragas, esta abaixo destes valores. A condutância estomática, a transpiração foliar, a concentração interna de CO2 e a temperatura foliar, em ambos os casos, não demonstram uma correlação definida com a intensidade de danos. A transpiração foliar em limão cravo atacado por O. praelonga é maior nos pontos onde também é maior a condutância estomática, e nas folhas de café com ataque de L. coffeella a transpiração foliar mantem-se constante durante toda a curva, semelhante à variável condutância estomática. As relações matemáticas de fotossíntese/concentração interna de CO2, e fotossíntese/condutância estomática são, em ambos os casos, decrescentes, o que demonstra respectivamente queda na eficiência instantânea de carboxilação da rubisco e redução da eficiência intrínseca do uso da água em função do aumento da área foliar lesionada. A análise conjunta dos dados demonstrou que O. praelonga afeta o fotossistema I (PS I) de folhas de limão cravo; enquanto L. coffeella afeta, em primeiro plano, o fotossistema II (PS II). No caso de O. praelonga em limão cravo, determina-se a faixa de 7 a 13% de área foliar lesionada (de 40 a 70 cochonilhas/folha) como sendo o valor de nível de dano, e para L. coffeella em cafeeiro este valor ficou na faixa de 25 a 36% de área foliar lesionada (tecido consumido pelo inseto). Os valores obtidos em laboratório, necessitam ajustes efetivos na determinação do nível de controle destas pragas no campo. A técnica de leitura de fotossíntese mostrou-se adequada a este propósito, e a análise dessa variável demonstrou ser a melhor opção para tal correlação. / The goal of this work was to evaluate the effect of insect pests of different feeding habits in their host plants through readings of plant physiological variables as photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration, internal carbon dioxide concentration and leaf temperature. Thus, one estimated the injury level of a sucking insect, Orthezia praelonga Douglas, 1891, in 'Rangpur' lime (Citrus limonia L.), and Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mènevile, 1842), a chewing insect, in 'Obatã' coffee seedlings. The trials were carried out under optimum temperature conditions, with saturating light and CO2 , with different injured leaf area percentages, obtained by the variation of the number of insects per leaf, in the case of O. praelonga in 'Rangpur' lime (0-35 mealybugs/leaf (0-6%), 40-70 mealybugs/leaf (7-13%), 80-220 mealybugs/leaf (14-40%), and >220 mealybugs/leaf (>40%)), or through plant tissue consumed (0-25%, 26-36% and > 37% intervals), in the case of L. coffeella in coffee seedlings. Plant physiological variables readings were performed through a portable photosynthesis meter(IRGA). The data were analyzed by means of nonlinear regression, and, in both cases, a negative correlation was observed between photosynthesis and the injured leaf area, that is, the larger the injured leaf area, the lesser the photosynthesis; the negative inflection point of the curve, upon which a slight increase in the injured leaf area resulted in great photosynt hesis loss is taken as a damage level reference, and the control level of these pests is below these values. The stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration, internal CO2 concentration and the leaf temperature, in both cases, showed no defined correlation with the damage intensity. The leaf transpiration in 'Rangpur' lime attacked by O. praelonga is higher in points where the stomatal conductance is higher as well, and in coffee leaves attacked by L. coffeella the leaf transpiration remains constant throughout the curve, similarly to the stomatal conductance variable. The mathematical relationships of photosynthesis/internal CO2 concentration, and photosynthesis/stomatal conductance are, in both cases, decreasing, which respectively shows drop in instant Rubisco carboxylation efficiency and reduction of the intrinsic efficiency of water use according to the increase of the injured leaf area. The joint data analysis showed that O. praelonga affects photosystem I (PS I) of 'Rangpur' lime, while L. coffeella affects, at first, photosystem II (PS II). In the case of O. praelonga in 'Rangpur' lime the 7-13% range of the injured leaf area (40-70 mealybugs/leaf) is determined as the damage level value, and for L. coffeella in coffee the value ranges 25-36% of the injured leaf area (tissue consumed by the insect). The values found in laboratory require field validation for effective adjustments to determine the level to control these insect pests. Overall, the photosynthesis reading technique was shown adequate to this purpose, and the analysis of this variable was the best choice for such correlation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:07:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Wilson_Morandi_Filho.pdf: 463965 bytes, checksum: 4f011d565e10b13a07b93ccabfb80913 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-24 / Mealybugs of the Pseudococcidae family have been reported as causing direct damage (losses in production) and indirect (transmission of virus) in vineyards. Few information is available about the species occuring in the vineyards and the bioecology of pseudococidae in Brazil. In this work we identified the species of Pseudococcidae associated with vineyards in Serra Gaúcha region; studied the biology and determined the thermal requirements of Planococcus citri estimating the number of annual generations in different producing regions and, evaluated the effect of insecticides alternative to phosphorous for the control of the species. P. citri, Planococcus minor, Pseudococcus viburni, Pseudococcus maritimus, Dysmicoccus brevipes were found associated with the vineyards in the region. P. citri was the most abundant species. The biology of P. citri was studied in leaves of the vine cultivars Cabernet Sauvignon, Italy and Isabel, in fruits of cultivar Italy, in roots of cultivars Isabel and in 101-14 and IAC-572 rootstocks. On roots of the rootstock IAC-572, P. citri was unable to complete the life cycle. The average period from egg to adult males was 24.63 ± 0.10 days with viability of 32% while females lasted 32.00 ± 0.11 days with viability of 56% when fed on leaves of vine cultivars. In roots, the cycle duration of the females and males was 32.45±0.19 and 29.50±0.51 days, respectively. The lowest viability of the nymphal cycle was found in roots of Isabel, 8.1% for females and 4.0% for males while the high viability was obtained in leaves of Cabernet Sauvignon, 62.7% and 32.7% for females and males, respectively. The mealybug P. citri completed the life cycle in leaves of the vine cultivars Cabernet Sauvignon, Italy, Isabel; roots of the rootstocks 101-14 and Isabel. The Italy grape berries allowed the nymphal development of P. citri, however the adults were infertile. The roots of the door graft IAC-572 are immune to P. citri. The speed of development of P. citri increases with temperature elevation. The temperatures of 25°C and 28°C were the most appropriate for the insect development. The threshold temperature and thermal constant for the full cycle (egg-adult) of P. citri in vine leaves of the cultivar Italy was 8.16°C and 574.71 degree days, respectively. Based on the thermal requirements, we estimated that the insect may have 5.7 annual generations in Bento Gonçalves (RS), 6.2 in Bagé (RS), 6.9 in São Lourenço (MG), 7.9 in Londrina ( PR), 9.7 in Jales (SP) and 11.5 in Petrolina (PE). In the assessment of insecticides for the control of the insect, the neonicotinoids acetamiprid (0.60 g ai / plant), imidacloprid (0.70 g ai / plant) and thiamethoxam (0.75 g ai plant) were effective in the control of P. citri in vine plants with 1 year old. In adult plants (15 years) the same treatments and doses were not effective to pest control. Foliar spray of acetamiprid (6 20 ia/100L), imidacloprid (7 ia/100L), thiamethoxam (7.5 g ia/100L) and insect growth regulators buprofezin (25 ia/100L) and pyriproxyfen (10g ai 100L) were not effective to control P. citri. / Cochonilhas da família Pseudococcidae têm sido relatadas como causadoras de danos diretos (perdas na produção) e indiretos (transmissão de vírus) na cultura da videira. Poucas informações estão disponíveis sobre as espécies presentes nos vinhedos e a bioecologia das mesmas. Neste trabalho foram identificadas as espécies de Pseudococcidae associados à cultura da videira na região da Serra Gaúcha; estudado a biologia e determinado as exigências térmicas de Planococcus citri, estimado o número de gerações anuais nas diferentes regiões produtoras e avaliado o efeito de inseticidas alternativos aos fosforados para o controle da espécie. P. citri, Planococcus minor, Pseudococcus viburni, Pseudococcus maritimus, Dysmicoccus brevipes foram constatadas associadas à cultura da videira na região da Serra Gaúcha, sendo que P. citri foi a espécie mais abundante nos vinhedos. A biologia de P. citri foi estudada em folhas de videira das cultivares Cabernet Sauvignon, Itália e Isabel, bagas da cultivar Itália e raízes da cultivar Isabel e porta-enxertos 101-14 e IAC-572. Em raízes do porta-enxerto IAC-572 a cochonilha não completou o ciclo biológico. Em bagas de uva Itália, o inseto completou a fase de ninfa, porém os adultos foram inférteis. Em folhas de videira das diferentes cultivares, a duração média do período ovo a adulto dos machos foi de 24,630,10 dias com viabilidade de 32% enquanto que as fêmeas duraram 32,000,11 dias com viabilidade de 56%. Em raízes, a duração do ciclo biológico das fêmeas e machos foi de 32,450,19 e 29,500,51 dias, respectivamente. A menor viabilidade do ciclo ninfal foi verificada em raízes de Isabel, sendo de 8,1% para fêmeas e 4,0% para machos enquanto a maior foi obtida em folhas de Cabernet Sauvignon, sendo de 62,70% e 32,7% para fêmeas e machos, respectivamente. Em folhas a fecundidade foi de 67,2710,70; 53,331,68 e 66,094,68 ovos por fêmea nas cultivares Cabernet Sauvignon, Itália e Isabel, respectivamente. Enquanto em raízes, foi obtido 30,406,12 e 70,0010,5 ovos por fêmea no porta-enxerto 101-14 e Isabel, respectivamente. A velocidade de desenvolvimento de P. citri aumenta com a elevação da temperatura sendo a faixa de temperatura entre 25 ºC e 28 ºC a mais adequada para a espécie. A temperatura base e a constante térmica para o ciclo total (ovo-adulto) de P. citri em folhas de videira da cultivar Itália foi de 8,16 ºC e 574,71 graus-dia, respectivamente. Com base nas exigências térmicas estimou-se que o inseto pode completar 5,7 gerações anuais em Bento Gonçalves (RS), 6,2 em Bagé (RS), 6,9 em São Lourenço (MG), 7,9 em Londrina (PR), 9,7 em Jales (SP) e 11,5 em Petrolina (PE). Na avaliação de inseticidas para o controle de P. citri verificou-se que os neonicotinóides acetamiprid (0,60g i.a./planta), imidacloprid (0,70g i.a./planta) e tiametoxam (0,75g i.a./planta) são eficazes no controle de P. citri em plantas de videira com um ano de idade. Entretanto, em plantas com 15 anos de idade de C. sauvignon os inseticidas neonicotinóides acetamiprid, imidacloprid e tiametoxam nas mesmas doses não foram eficazes para o controle da espécie. Ao estudar o efeito dos inseticidas neonicotinóides acetamiprid (6g i.a./100L), imidacloprid (7g i.a./100L), tiametoxam (7,5g i.a./100L) e os reguladores de crescimento buprofezin (25g i.a./100L) e pyriproxyfen (10g i.a./100L) aplicados via foliar observou-se que os mesmos não proporcionam mortalidade significativa de P. citri na cultura da videira após a pulverização nos vinhedos e avaliação da mortalidade em laboratório.