Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-11-28T16:17:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Roberto Ramos Barbosa.pdf: 763274 bytes, checksum: d1db37522ca460481761084d57a5e771 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-28T16:17:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Roberto Ramos Barbosa.pdf: 763274 bytes, checksum: d1db37522ca460481761084d57a5e771 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The lady beetles are an outstand predatory group among the natural enemies applied as biological control agents against arthropod pests. The lady beetle Tenuisvalvae notata (Mulsant), is a predator of Pseudococcidae and recently was found on cotton plants infested with Ferrisia virgata Cockerell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and on prickly pear infested with the false red cochineal Dactylopius opuntiae Cockerell (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae), both in the Semiarid of Pernambuco. Thus, the performance of T. notata preying upon D. opuntiae, F. virgata and eggs of Anagasta kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was studied. Further, the predation and reproduction when subjected to different condition of F. virgata availability and scarcity was also investigated. Although naturally collected on colonies of false red cocheneal from prickly pear, T. notata nor developed neither reproduced feeding exclusively on this pest. Likewise, eggs of A. kuehniella did not furnish development and reproduction of T. notata. On the other hand, F. virgata of different stages was successfully used as prey by larvae and adult of T. notata. Adult females of T. notata exhibited a type III functional response preying upon 1st-insar nymph of F. virgata and type II functional response when preying upon 3rd-instar and adults. Based on the functional response it is estimated predation rate of 157.8 1st-instar nymphs, 3.6 3rd-instar nymphs, and 2.2 females of F. virgata per day. Feeding on F. virgata 3rd-instar nymphs resulted in 1.23 eggs produced per each mealybug nymph consumed. However, female lady beetles subjected to prey scarcity exhibited switch on reproductive and survival output already with one day of feeding interval depicting a strong relationship of consumption, reproduction and survivorship between T. notata and F. virgata. The high performance of T. notata preying upon F. virgata and her functional response, in addition the balance of reproduction and survival showed when subjected to prey scarcity, portray T. notata as a feasible predator to control of F. virgata. / Os coccinelídeos predadores se destacam como um dos mais importantes grupos de inimigos naturais empregados no controle biológico de artrópodes pragas. A joaninha Tenuisvalvae notata (Mulsant), espécie nativa da América do sul e predadora de Pseudococcidae, foi recentemente constatada no Semiárido de Pernambuco associada a plantas de algodão infestadas com a cochonilha de listra, Ferrisia virgata Cockerell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), e em palma forrageira infestada com a falsa cochonilha do carmim, Dactylopius opuntiae Cockerell (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae). Assim, este trabalho avaliou o desempenho de T. notata sobre D. opuntiae, F. virgata e em ovos de Anagasta kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), bem como determinou seu potencial de predação e reprodução em diferentes condições de disponibilidade da cochonilha F. virgata. Mesmo sendo coletada em colônias da falsa cochonilha do carmim, T. notata não se desenvolveu e nem reproduziu ao predar exclusivamente esta cochonilha. Da mesma forma, ovos de A. kuehniella não foram adequados como alimento para T. notata. Por outro lado, F. virgata em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento mostrou-se adequada como presa de T. notata, sendo consumida tanto por larvas quanto por adultos desta joaninha. Fêmeas de T. notata exibiram resposta funcional tipo III predando F. virgata de primeiro instar, e tipo II para ninfas de terceiro instar e fêmeas adultas apresentando um consumo estimado de 157,8 ninfas neonatas, 3,6 ninfas de terceiro instar ou 2,2 fêmeas adultas de F. virgata por dia. A alimentação diária em ninfas de terceiro instar de F. virgata resulta na média de 1,23 ovos produzidos para cada ninfa da cochonilha consumida. No entanto, quando as joaninhas são submetidas a diferentes intervalos de oferta de presa, observa-se influência na produção de ovos e sobrevivência já com um dia de intervalo de alimentação, caracterizando uma estreita relação de consumo, reprodução e sobrevivência para a associação T. notata e F. virgata. O desempenho de T. notata predando F. virgata e sua resposta funcional, somado ao balanço reprodutivo e sobrevivência apresentados sob condição de escassez desta presa, demonstra que T. notata é um predador em potencial para o controle de F. virgata.

Phenacoccus peruvianus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is an invasive mealybug of Neotropical origin, first reported in the Mediterranean Basin in Almeria (Spain) in 1999. In the following years the mealybug spread into other Mediterranean regions and has also been recorded in Portugal and France, as well as in Sicily, Corsica and the Balearic Islands. Phenacoccus peruvianus is a polyphagous species and damages economically important ornamental plants. Since this was a relatively unknown species, during the first years of invasion, the mealybug was managed by the application of chemical treatments with wide-spectrum pesticides. However, the latest European directive on pesticide use reduces or even forbids pesticide applications in a wide range of urban green areas, giving significant priority to biological control (European Parliament and Council 2009). This thesis sets the basis for introducing biological control into a P. peruvianus management program in urban landscapes, focusing on its characterization, sampling, biology and control. In order to facilitate the identification of this and other mealybug species, we characterised 33 mealybug populations infesting crops and ornamental plants in Eastern Spain, using a combination of molecular and morphological techniques. This characterisation led to the identification of ten mealybug species and made routine identification possible through DNA sequencing or the use of derived species-specific molecular tools. The sequences obtained also add to the phylogenetic knowledge of the Pseudococcidae family and provide insight into the invasion history of some species. Phenacoccus peruvianus populations were high in bougainvillea plants during spring and summer, declining to almost undetectable levels in autumn and winter. The mealybug was mainly found in bracts and there were no significant migrations between plant strata. Phenacoccus peruvianus showed a high aggregated distribution on bracts, leaves and twigs. We recommend a binomial sampling of 200 leaves and an action threshold of 55% infested leaves for IPM purposes in urban landscapes. Its most abundant natural enemies were found to be the primary parasitoids Acerophagus n. sp. near coccois and Leptomastix epona Walker (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). We also identified several predator species from the Anthocoridae, Coccinellidae, Chamaemyiidae, and Chrysopidae families. Phenacoccus peruvianus populations were lower during the second and third year of the survey, coinciding with an increase in the parasitoid Acerophagus sp. populations, which displaced the native L. epona. Differential female offspring and resource preemption are discussed as the main reasons for this displacement. To obtain further information on the biology of the new parasitoid Acerophagus sp. we determined some traits of its reproductive and feeding strategies. Acerophagus sp. egg load reached its maximum when it was 5 days old with almost 30 mature eggs. Phenacoccus peruvianus second and third nymphal instars and adults were suitable for parasitism and efficient encapsulation was low (10.76 ± 0.31 %). The parasitoid always preferred older instars when different host instars were available. Acerophagus sp. developed as a solitary parasitoid in the second instar and as a gregarious parasitoid in older instars (2¿4 parasitoids per host). Moreover, it reproduced parthenogenetically and all the emerged offspring were females. Immature development lasted between 20 and 22 days at 25°C and 65% HR. Under these conditions, adults lived for longer than 20 days when fed on honey, but fewer than 3 days when fed on naturally occurring sugar sources (host honeydew and Bougainvillea glabra flowers). / Beltrà Ivars, A. (2014). Biology and management of the invasive mealybug Phenacoccus peruvianus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in urban landscapes [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/37233 / TESIS

Delottococcus aberiae (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) es un pseudocóccido invasor originario del África subsahariana que fue detectado causando graves daños en cítricos del este de España en el año 2009. Debido al desconocimiento existente sobre esta especie, la gestión de D. aberiae se ha llevado a cabo mediante el uso de tratamientos químicos autorizados contra este tipo de insectos. Sin embargo, la última Directiva Europea (2009/128/EC) sobre el uso sostenible de productos fitosanitarios estipula que la aplicación de plaguicidas en el ámbito agrícola debe reducirse, promoviendo estrategias de manejo más sostenibles como es la aplicación del control biológico de plagas. Además, cuando una especie invasora llega por primera vez a un territorio es necesario estudiar su biología, comportamiento, daños causados y posibilidades de control. En esta tesis se presentan por primera vez estos estudios de biología y comportamiento de la plaga así como un análisis de los daños producidos por D. aberiae. También se han realizado estudios con el objetivo de implementar la aplicación de un programa de control biológico clásico sobre esta especie en cítricos en España. Para analizar la biología y comportamiento de D. aberiae se han muestreado durante tres años varias parcelas de cítricos con poblaciones de D. aberiae en la Comunidad Valenciana. En estas parcelas se han recogido muestras y contabilizado todos los pseudocóccidos presentes, su estadío de desarrollo y el estrato y órgano del árbol donde se encontraban. El periodo de daños al fruto fue estudiado en semicampo y campo mediante la infestación artificial con D. aberiae de frutos de distintos tamaños de diámetro. Por último se estudió el comportamiento y las posibilidades de control biológico de D. aberiae muestreando diversas parcelas de cítricos en su zona de origen (Sudáfrica). Los resultados mostraron que la abundancia de las poblaciones de D. aberiae en cítricos es elevada en primavera y verano, reduciéndose a niveles mucho más bajos en otoño e invierno. Además el insecto completa varias generaciones a lo largo del año, estando dos de ellas muy claramente definidas y siendo las que dan lugar a elevadas poblaciones de la plaga. En cuanto a su distribución, D. aberiae se instaló principalmente en la copa del árbol y se observaron migraciones entre los distintos órganos, mostrando una clara preferencia por el fruto en desarrollo. Entre febrero y septiembre parte de las poblaciones de D. aberiae se encontraron en tronco y suelo, existiendo movimientos de subida y de bajada a la copa en función de la fenología de la planta y las condiciones climáticas. La comparativa entre técnicas de muestreo reveló que las trampas de cartón corrugado proporcionan una medida cuantitativa de la abundancia de D. aberiae en las parcelas. Por su parte, las trampas pegajosas, provistas de hembras de D. aberiae, fueron capaces de detectar los principales vuelos de machos. Por otro lado, D. aberiae causó daños directos al fruto (deformación y/o reducción de tamaño) al alimentarse del ovario de la flor o de los primeros estados de desarrollo de éste. Estos daños son posiblemente debidos a su interferencia con el proceso de división celular. Por último, en Sudáfrica, lugar de origen de la plaga, los mayores niveles poblaciones de D. aberiae se encontraron en verano y la tasa de parasitismo fue máxima en otoño. Entre el complejo de enemigos naturales de D. aberiae encontrados destacaron dos especies, Anagyrus sp. nov. 1 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) y Allotropa sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae). Ambos parasitoides podrían tener un papel importante en un programa de control biológico contra D. aberiae en España. Por ahora, Anagyrus sp. nov. 1 parece el mejor candidato por sus mayores tasas de parasitismo en Sudáfrica. / Delottococcus aberiae (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is an invasive mealybug native to sub-Saharan Africa that was detected causing significant damage to citrus fruits in eastern Spain in 2009. Due to the lack of knowledge about this species, the management of D. aberiae has been carried out by the application of authorized insecticides against mealybugs. However, the latest European Directive (2009/128 / EC) on the sustainable use of pesticides stipulates that chemical treatments in agroecosystems must be reduced, promoting more sustainable management strategies such as the application of biological control methodologies. In addition, when an invasive species arrives for the first time in a territory it is necessary to study its biology, behavior, damage caused and control possibilities. This thesis presents for the first time these studies of biology and behavior of the pest as well as a characterization of the damage produced by D. aberiae. The possibilities of implementing a classical biological control program against this species in citrus in Spain have also been studied. To analyze the biology and behavior of D. aberiae, several citrus orchards infested with the mealybug have been sampled for three years in the Valencian Community (eastern Spain). Samples have been collected periodically and the number of mealybugs, their developmental stage as well as the infested stratum and organ where they were present have being recorded. The period of damage to the fruit was studied in semi-field and field conditions by the artificial infestation with D. aberiae of fruits of different diameter. Finally, the behavior and possibilities of biological control of D. aberiae were studied by sampling several citrus orchards in the native area of the mealybug (South Africa). Results showed that the density of D. aberiae populations in citrus orchards is high in spring and summer, decreasing to lower levels in autumn and winter. In addition, the insect completes several generations throughout the year and two of them are clearly defined and result in high population levels. Regarding its distribution, D. aberiae was mostly installed in the canopy of the tree and migrations were observed between different organs, showing a clear preference for the developing fruit. From February to September some mealybugs were found in the trunk and soil, moving upwards or downwards depending on the phenology of the plant and the climatic conditions. The comparison between sampling techniques revealed that corrugated cardboard band traps provide a quantitative measurement of D. aberiae density in the orchards. On the other hand, sticky traps, baited with D. aberiae females were able to detect the main male flight periods. D. aberiae caused direct damage to the fruit (deformation and/or reduction in size) by feeding on the ovary of the flower or on small fruits in development. These damages are probably due to their interference with the process of cell division. Finally, in South Africa, native area of the pest, the highest density levels of D. aberiae were found in summer and the highest parasitism rates occurred in autumn. Among the complex of D. aberiae natural enemies, the two most abundant species were Anagyrus sp. nov. 1 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Allotropa sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae). Both parasitoids could play an important role in a biological control program against D. aberiae in Spain. For now, Anagyrus sp. nov. 1 seems the best candidate because of its higher rates of parasitism in South Africa. / Delottococcus aberiae (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) és un pseudocòccid invasor originari de l'Àfrica subsahariana que va ser detectat causant greus danys en cítrics de l'est d'Espanya l'any 2009. A causa del desconeixement existent sobre aquesta espècie, la gestió de D. aberiae s'ha dut a terme mitjançant l'ús de tractaments químics autoritzats contra aquest tipus d'insectes. No obstant això, l'última Directiva Europea (2009/128/EC) sobre l'ús sostenible de productes fitosanitaris estipula que l'aplicació de plaguicides en l'àmbit agrícola ha de reduir-se, promovent estratègies de maneig més sostenibles com és l'aplicació del control biològic de plagues. A més, quan una espècie invasora arriba per primera vegada a un territori és necessari estudiar la seua biologia, comportament, danys causats i possibilitats de control. En aquesta tesi es presenten per primera vegada els estudis de biologia i comportament de la plaga així com una anàlisi dels danys produïts per D. aberiae. També s'han realitzat estudis amb l'objectiu d'implementar l'aplicació d'un programa de control biològic clàssic sobre aquesta espècie en cítrics a Espanya. Per a analitzar la biologia i comportament de D. aberiae s'han mostrejat durant tres anys diverses parcel·les de cítrics amb poblacions de D. aberiae a la Comunitat Valenciana. En aquestes parcel·les s'han recollit mostres i comptabilitzat tots els pseudocòccids presents, el seu estadi de desenvolupament i l'estrat i òrgan de l'arbre on es trobaven. El període de danys al fruit va ser estudiat en semicamp i camp mitjançant la infestació artificial amb D. aberiae de fruits de diferents mides de diàmetre. Finalment es va estudiar el comportament i les possibilitats de control biològic de D. aberiae mostrejant diverses parcel·les de cítrics en la seua zona d'origen (Sud-àfrica). Els resultats van mostrar que l'abundància de les poblacions de D. aberiae en cítrics és elevada a la primavera i estiu, reduint-se a nivells molt més baixos a la tardor i hivern. A més l'insecte completa diverses generacions al llarg de l'any, estant dos d'elles molt clarament definides i sent les que donen lloc a elevades poblacions de la plaga. Quant a la seua distribució, D. aberiae es va instal·lar principalment en la copa de l'arbre i es van observar migracions entre els diferents òrgans, mostrant una clara preferència pel fruit en desenvolupament. Entre febrer i setembre part de les poblacions de D. aberiae es van trobar en tronc i sòl, existint moviments de pujada i de baixada a la copa en funció de la fenología de la planta i les condicions climàtiques. La comparativa entre tècniques de mostreig va revelar que les trampes de cartró corrugat proporcionen una mesura quantitativa de l'abundància de D. aberiae en les parcel·les. Per la seua banda, les trampes apegaloses proveïdes de femelles de D. aberiae van aconseguir detectar els principals vols de mascles. D'altra banda, D. aberiae va causar danys directes al fruit (deformació i/o reducció de mida) en l'alimentar-se de l'ovari de la flor o dels primers estats de desenvolupament d'aquest. Aquest danys són possiblement deguts a la seua interferència amb el procés de divisió cel·lular. Finalment, a Sud-àfrica, lloc d'origen de la plaga, els majors nivells poblacionals de D. aberiae es van trobar a l'estiu i la taxa de parasitisme va ser màxima a la tardor. Entre el complex d'enemics naturals de D. aberiae trobats van destacar dues espècies, Anagyrus sp. nov. 1 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) i Allotropa sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae). Tots dos parasitoides podrien tindre un paper important en un programa de control biològic contra D. aberiae a Espanya. Per ara, Anagyrus sp. nov. 1 sembla el millor candidat per les seues majors taxes de parasitisme a Sud-àfrica. / Martínez Blay, V. (2018). Biology and management, by application of classical biological control, of the invasive mealybug Delotoccoccus aberiae (Hemiptera:Pseudococcidae) in citrus orchards in Spain [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/106363 / TESIS

Thesis (MScConsEcol (Conservation Ecology and Entomology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) (obscure mealybug), is a common and serious pest of apples and pears in South Africa. Consumer and regulatory pressure to produce commodities under sustainable and ecologically compatible conditions has rendered chemical control options increasingly limited. Information on the seasonal occurrence of pests is but one of the vital components of an effective and sustainable integrated pest management system needed for planning the initiation of monitoring and determining when damage can be expected. It is also important to identify which orchards are at risk of developing mealybug infestations while development of effective and early monitoring tools for mealybug populations will help growers in making decisions with regards to pest management and crop suitability for various markets. It is also essential to determine the presence and efficacy of naturally occurring biological control agents in orchards so as to ascertain the potential of biological control as a viable alternative in orchards. However, under the current integrated pest management protocol, it has been difficult to determine this, due to the sporadic and relatively low incidence of mealybug infestations in some orchards, or by simply relying on naturally occurring field populations of biocontrol agents. Knowledge of the environmental conditions under which P. viburni population levels may become destructive is also essential for timing the release of insectary reared natural enemies as well as understanding the population ecology of this pest and its natural enemies. Information was gathered regarding the seasonal phenology of P. viburni and its natural enemies in pome fruit orchards in the Western Cape Province during the 2007/08 and 2008/09 growing seasons. Seasonal population studies showed that P. viburni has multiple overlapping generations with all life stages present throughout the year. The highest orchard infestations occurred during the summer period until early winter (January to early June). This was followed by a decrease in population from late June to November, before another increase in December. Presence-absence sampling of mealybugs on the host plant revealed that woody parts of the tree, such as the trunk and old stems were the most preferred sites for mealybug habitation, due to the availability of protected refuge sites. Migration of mealybug populations to newer growth and the upper sections of the tree crown, such as the new stems, leaves and eventually the fruit, was observed from December throughout the summer period until the early winter in June. Fruit colonization in both apples and pears commenced in January, when the fruit had developed a size sufficient for P. viburni to penetrate and occupy spaces such as the fruit core, calyx and stem end. There was no evidence of P. viburni occurring beneath the soil surface or on the roots of host trees. Two natural enemies of mealybugs, namely Pseudaphycus maculipennis (Mercet) and Coccidoxenoides perminutus (Girault), were found to be active in apple and pear orchards in the Western Cape. However, the status of C. perminutus as a parasite of P. viburni still needs to be verified despite evidence of emergence from P. viburni mummies, which was not sufficient enough to suggest that it is a useful biological control agent. Seasonal abundance trends of the two natural enemies revealed that their lifecycle is synchronized with that of the host. However, there was no evidence of P. maculipennis activity in Ceres. No predators were found during the course of this study. The rate of P. viburni parasitism at harvest was 46.52%, with P. maculipennis and C. perminutus constituting 98.966% and 1.034% of the parasitoids recovered from mealybug mummies, respectively. Studies on the use of pheromone traps as early monitoring tools for P. viburni showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between the fruit infestation and number of P. viburni adult males caught in pheromone-baited traps (r2 = 0.454). The action threshold level was estimated to be 2.5 male P. viburni caught per trap per fortnight at an economic threshold of 2% fruit infestation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) (ligrooswitluis), is ‘n algemene en ernstige plaag van appels en pere in Suid-Afrika. Druk deur verbruikers en regulasies om kommoditeite onder volhoubare en ekologies verenigbare toestande te produseer het chemiese beheeropsies toenemend beperk. Inligting oor die seisoenale voorkoms van plae is een van die essensiële komponente van ‘n effektiewe en volhoubare geïntegreerde plaagbestuurprogram. Dit is in die aanvanklike beplanning van monitering en om te bepaal wanneer skade verwag kan word. Dit is ook belangrik om boorde vroegtydig te identifiseer wat die risiko het om witluisbesmettings te ontwikkel. Die ontwikkeling van effektiewe en vroeë moniteringstegnieke vir witluisbevolkings sal produsente help met besluitneming rakende plaagbestuur en die geskiktheid van gewasse vir verskeie markte. Dit is ook noodsaaklik om die teenwoordigheid en effektiwiteit van biologiese beheer agente wat natuurlik in boorde voorkom te bepaal ten einde die potensiaal van biologiese beheer as ‘n lewensvatbare alternatief vas te stel. Onder die huidige geïntegreerde plaagbestuurprotokol was dit egter moeilik om laasgenoemde te bepaal weens die sporadiese en relatiewe lae voorkoms van witluisbesmettings in sommige boorde of deur bloot staat te maak op die veldpopulasies van biologiese beheer agente wat natuurlik voorkom. Kennis van die omgewingstoestande waaronder P. viburni bevolkingsvlakke skadelik raak is ook noodsaaklik vir die beplanning van vrylating van biologiese beheer agente, asook om die bevolkingsekologie van hierdie plaag en sy natuurlike vyande te verstaan. Inligting oor die seisoenale fenologie van P. viburni en sy natuurlike vyande in sagtevrugte boorde in die Westelike Kaapprovinsie is gedurende die 2007/08 en 2008/09 groeiseisoene versamel. Seisoenale bevolkingstudies het getoon dat P. viburni verskeie oorvleuelende generasies het met alle stadia teenwoordig regdeur die jaar.