A series of seven experiments were conducted to evaluate the risk of acute (sudden death syndrome; SDS) or chronic (congestive heart failure; CHF) heart failure associated with dietary over-supplementation of vitamin A, vitamin D3, vitamin E, vitamin C or cardiotoxic factors present in meat meal. The risk of heart failure associated with the above mentioned dietary factors was tested followed by gross, microscopic, ultrastructural and biochemical investigation for mechanisms associated with mentioned risk factors. Simultaneously, the molecular mechanisms underlying the deterioration of heart function in fast-growing commercial broilers were studied. Each compound was tested separately at a concentration higher than the recommended levels. The basic experimental unit comprised groups of 40 to 50 day old male broiler chickens at the start of experiment. Lowered thermal brooding temperature protocol, an approach resulting in clinical manifestation of heart failure in practically all broilers predisposed to heart disease, was used.<p> Broilers fed the vitamin D3 enriched diet were 2.5 fold more likely to succumb to acute heart failure (p<0.05). Simulated stress challenge with epinephrine revealed that broilers fed excess of vitamin D3 were more susceptible to ventricular arrhythmia. The risk of CHF was higher (P<0.05) in broilers fed the vitamin D3, vitamin A and methanol soluble extract from meat meal enriched diets as compared to groups fed the control diet. The incidence of CHF in broilers fed the diet fortified with vitamin E was not significantly different as compared to the control group, whereas supplementation of vitamin C in the diet tended (p=0.10) to reduce the incidence of CHF. The level of malondialdehyde equivalents, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, was significantly higher (p<0.05) in myocardium of broilers developing CHF irrespective of dietary factors. Antioxidant vitamins (E and C) did not prevent lipid peroxidation in broilers developing CHF. <p>In conclusion, the present findings indicate that over-supplementation of vitamin A and D3 increases the risk of heart failure in broilers. Meat meal contains some unknown cardiotoxic factors, capable of precipitating heart conditions in susceptible broilers. Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of heart failure in broilers, but supplementation of antioxidant vitamins did not prevent oxidative damage in broilers that developed CHF. The oversupplementation of vitamins (A and D3) should not be encouraged in broilers diet as they may increase the economic losses to broilers industry subsequent to heart related mortalities/morbidities.

A series of seven experiments were conducted to evaluate the risk of acute (sudden death syndrome; SDS) or chronic (congestive heart failure; CHF) heart failure associated with dietary over-supplementation of vitamin A, vitamin D3, vitamin E, vitamin C or cardiotoxic factors present in meat meal. The risk of heart failure associated with the above mentioned dietary factors was tested followed by gross, microscopic, ultrastructural and biochemical investigation for mechanisms associated with mentioned risk factors. Simultaneously, the molecular mechanisms underlying the deterioration of heart function in fast-growing commercial broilers were studied. Each compound was tested separately at a concentration higher than the recommended levels. The basic experimental unit comprised groups of 40 to 50 day old male broiler chickens at the start of experiment. Lowered thermal brooding temperature protocol, an approach resulting in clinical manifestation of heart failure in practically all broilers predisposed to heart disease, was used.<p> Broilers fed the vitamin D3 enriched diet were 2.5 fold more likely to succumb to acute heart failure (p<0.05). Simulated stress challenge with epinephrine revealed that broilers fed excess of vitamin D3 were more susceptible to ventricular arrhythmia. The risk of CHF was higher (P<0.05) in broilers fed the vitamin D3, vitamin A and methanol soluble extract from meat meal enriched diets as compared to groups fed the control diet. The incidence of CHF in broilers fed the diet fortified with vitamin E was not significantly different as compared to the control group, whereas supplementation of vitamin C in the diet tended (p=0.10) to reduce the incidence of CHF. The level of malondialdehyde equivalents, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, was significantly higher (p<0.05) in myocardium of broilers developing CHF irrespective of dietary factors. Antioxidant vitamins (E and C) did not prevent lipid peroxidation in broilers developing CHF. <p>In conclusion, the present findings indicate that over-supplementation of vitamin A and D3 increases the risk of heart failure in broilers. Meat meal contains some unknown cardiotoxic factors, capable of precipitating heart conditions in susceptible broilers. Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of heart failure in broilers, but supplementation of antioxidant vitamins did not prevent oxidative damage in broilers that developed CHF. The oversupplementation of vitamins (A and D3) should not be encouraged in broilers diet as they may increase the economic losses to broilers industry subsequent to heart related mortalities/morbidities.

Orientador: Antonio Carlos de Laurentiz / Resumo: Dois experimentos foram conduzidos no Setor de Avicultura da Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (Unesp), Faculdade de Engenharia do Campus de Ilha Solteira, sendo um de desempenho zootécnico na fase de na fase inicial (1 a 14 dias de idade) e um de digestibilidade na fase de 15 a 21 dias. Os experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de avaliar o uso de fontes proteicas nas rações para frangos de corte na fase inicial, avaliando características de desempenho e de digestibilidade das fontes proteicas. No experimento I 390 pintos de corte machos, com um dia de idade da linhagem Cobb® ,foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (3x2), com seis tratamentos e cinco repetições de 13 aves por parcela experimental. No experimento I avaliou-se a inclusão de três fontes proteicas (farelo de soja e duas farinhas de carnes e ossos bovina – FCOB - de diferentes fornecedores) em dietas com e sem inclusão de enzima protease. Para o experimento de digestibilidade, ensaio II, foi utilizado o mesmo delineamento do experimento de desempenho, alterando somente a inclusão de mais um tratamento, dieta referência, para determinar a digestibilidade dos alimentos testes (3x2)+1, totalizando sete tratamentos e quatro repetições de 5 aves cada, totalizando 140 aves. Para os parâmetros de desempenho foram observadas diferença significativa (p<0,05), onde a FCOB-2 proporcionou queda no ganho de peso e consequentemente piorou a conversão alim... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Two experiments were carried out in the poultry sector at the “Universidade Estadual Paulista de Ilha Solteira”, being the zootechnical development in the initial fase(from 01 to 14 days of birth) and digestibility in the phase of 15 to 21 days at the phase with the purpose to evaluate the use of protein sources at the feed of poultry, broilers at the begining, to evaluate aspect of performance and digestibility from protein sources. At the experimente of 1390 male chicks, into a day born from Cobb lineage, were distributed in na entirely designeranized (2 x3), six treatments and 5 repetitions to 13 chicks per experimental plat. At the experimente it was evaluated the inclusion of three proteic (source of soybean meal and two kinds of meal: meat and bovine bone – FCOB – from different providers), on diet and six inclusion of protease enzyme. At the digestibility, essay II, it was used the same lineage from the experiment of performance replacing only the inclusion from more than one treatment, diet driven, to determine the feed digestibility (2x3) +1, add up to seven treatments and four repettion to 5 chicks each, total of 140 chicks. For the performance parameter it was noticed significant diferences (p>0,05), which the FCOB – 2 provided weight loss and then got worse food conversion, to the treatments with and without protease enzyme, there weren’t any significant diferences. In the protein sources digestibility essay, the FCOB – 2 provided reduction of digiestibility coffi... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work was carried out to evaluate the performance and carcass characteristics of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) juveniles in response to dietary protein levels and sources. For this, two experiments were conducted: the first (80 days), evaluating four crude protein (CP) levels (22, 30, 36 and 44%) and the second (60 days), comparing protein sources in the diet: FCS (porcine meat meal - control); FC: canola meal; FG: sunflower meal and FCG: canola meal + sunflower meal. Both experiments were conducted in a water re-use system composed of 12 tanks (850 L), with three replicates per treatment. In experiment 1, 10 fish by tank (initial weight 153,0±1,5g) were fed 3% of body weight, twice daily, and the experiment 2 was provided ration (2% of biomass) in the morning and forage (Napier grass ad libitum) in the afternoon, to 15 fish by tank (initial weight 54,6±1,0g). Growth parameters (weight, specific growth rate, daily weight gain, relative weight gain and feed conversion ratio) and carcass (carcass and fillet yield, digestive somatic index, hepatic somatic index and visceral fat index, intestinal quotient, protein retention, protein efficiency rate and whole body and fillet protein and fat deposition) were evaluated. Moreover, the proximate composition (moisture, ash, fat and protein) in fillet and whole fish and blood parameters (glucose, total triglycerides, total cholesterol and total protein in both experiments and hematocrit in Experiment 1) were also evaluated. In experiment 2 was also determined the daily consumption of forage and the instrumental color. In experiment 1, linear positive effect of protein level for all growth variables was observed. However, the same effect was observed to whole body and fillet fat deposition, triglycerides and total cholesterol in serum, indicating that the protein from the diet was used as energy source. To feed conversion ratio and fat in whole fish, the effect was quadratic, with maximum response with 40.6 and 37.1% CP, respectively. Protein retention, protein efficiency ratio, protein deposition in whole body and fillet and hematocrit also showed linear positive effect, while the other parameters were not affected. In experiment 2, the growth parameters and the daily consumption of forage (1.24 to 2.11% of body weight) did not differ among the treatments. About proximate composition of whole fish, higher fat content and lower protein content, besides fillet ash, were obtained in the treatment FCG. The diet FCS presented the highest values of serum protein, triglycerides and total cholesterol. The fillet yield was higher in the treatments FCG and FC, while the digestive somatic index was higher in treatment FG and FCG. In the instrumental evaluation of color, the fillets from FCS and FCG diets showed higher value of L (brightness), differing only treatment FC. The other parameters did not differ among them. Based on this results, we can conclude that: the minimum protein level for maximum growth of grass carp in the growing phase, with practical diets, is 44%; the variation in dietary protein level promotes changes in metabolism of juvenile grass carp, reflected in hematological and carcass parameters; canola meal and sunflower meal can be used in diets for grass carp growing phase, when supplemented with limiting essential amino acids, without compromising growth. / Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho produtivo e qualidade de pescado de juvenis de carpa capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella) em resposta a níveis e fontes de proteína da dieta. Para isso, foram conduzidos dois experimentos: o primeiro, com 80 dias, avaliando quatro níveis de proteína bruta (22, 30, 36 e 44%) e o segundo, com 60 dias, avaliando fontes protéicas na dieta, em combinação com farelo de soja: FCS: farinha de carne suína; FC: farelo de canola; FG: farelo de girassol e FCG: farelo de canola + farelo de girassol. Ambos os experimentos foram conduzidos em sistema de recirculação de água com temperatura controlada, composto de 12 unidades experimentais (850 L), com três repetições por tratamento. No experimento 1, 10 animais por unidade experimental (peso inicial 153,0 ± 18,2g) foram alimentados com ração (3% da biomassa) duas vezes ao dia. No experimento 2, foram utilizados 15 animais por unidade experimental (peso inicial 54,7 ± 7,8g), alimentados com ração (2% da biomassa) pela manhã e capim elefante (à vontade) à tarde. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de crescimento (peso, taxa de crescimento específico, ganho em peso diário e relativo e conversão alimentar aparente) e de carcaça (rendimento de carcaça e filé, índices digestivossomático, hepatossomático e de gordura visceral, quociente intestinal, coeficiente de retenção protéica e deposições de proteína e gordura corporal e no filé). Além disso, a composição centesimal (umidade, cinzas, gordura e proteína) no filé e no peixe inteiro e os parâmetros sangüíneos (glicose, triglicerídeos totais, colesterol total e proteínas totais nos dois experimentos e hematócrito no experimento 1) também foram avaliados. No experimento 2 também foi determinado o consumo diário de forragem e a medida instrumental da cor. No experimento 1, houve efeito linear positivo do nível de proteína para todas as variáveis de crescimento. Entretanto, o mesmo efeito foi observado para a deposição de gordura corporal e no filé, triglicerídeos totais e colesterol total no soro, indicando que a proteína proveniente da dieta estava sendo utilizada como fonte de energia. Para conversão alimentar aparente e gordura no peixe inteiro, o efeito foi quadrático, com ponto de máxima em 40,6% de PB e 37,1%, respectivamente. Coeficiente de retenção protéica, taxa de eficiência protéica, deposição de proteína corporal e no filé e hematócrito também apresentaram efeito linear positivo. No experimento 2, os parâmetros de crescimento não diferiram estatisticamente entre os tratamentos. O consumo de forragem variou entre 1,24 e 2,11% do PV por dia, não diferindo entre os tratamentos. Na composição centesimal do peixe inteiro, maior teor de gordura e menor teor de proteína foram obtidos no tratamento FCG, bem como para cinzas no filé. A dieta FCS foi a que apresentou maiores valores de proteínas, triglicerídeos e colesterol total circulantes. O rendimento de filé foi maior nos tratamentos FC e FCG, enquanto o índice digestivossomático foi maior nos tratamentos FG e FCG. Na avaliação instrumental da cor, os filés obtidos dos tratamentos FCS e FCG apresentaram maior valor de L (luminosidade), diferindo apenas do tratamento FC. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que: o nível mínimo de proteína para o máximo crescimento da carpa capim na fase de recria, com dietas práticas, é de 44%; a variação do nível de proteína da dieta promove alterações no metabolismo dos juvenis de carpa capim, refletido nos parâmetros sangüíneos e de carcaça; farelo de canola e farelo de girassol podem ser utilizados em dietas para recria da carpa capim, quando for feita a suplementação com lisina e forragem, sem comprometer o crescimento.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing dietary porcine meat meal by different plant-protein sources on the growth, carcass yield, carcass quality, blood parameters and sensory evaluation of the fillets of common carp juveniles. Two experiments were conducted using water re-use system with 15 tanks (280L). In experiment 1, five experimental diets containing plant-protein sources were evaluated (soybean meal - FS, canola meal - FC, sunflower meal - FG and linseed meal - FL) to replace porcine meat meal (FCS - control diet). Common carp juveniles (195, initial weight 43.41g), were randomly distributed in the experimental units, and fed twice daily (09:00 and 15:00) with each of experimental diets, in triplicate. At the end of the trial (71 days), the best growth results were obtained in FCS, followed by FC and FS treatments that did not differ among each other. FCS, FG and FS had the highest values of corporal fat, while FC and FL diets did not show difference. The FL diet showed the worst growth, retention of protein and protein and fat deposition in whole body and fillet. About blood parameters, lower cholesterol was observed in the FG diet and lower aspartate aminotransferase activity was observed in the FL. The other variables did not differ significantly among themselves. Based on the results of experiment 1, the diets of experiment 2 were formulated, which were levels of replacement (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) of porcine meat meal by mixing canola meal + soybean meal. The juveniles (135, initial weight 238.05g), were fed 3% of biomass twice daily (09:00 and 15:00). At 18, 36, 54 and 72 days, linear negative effect of plant-protein inclusion for all parameters of growth was observed, except for condition factor. The same result was obtained for whole body fat deposition, fat and protein deposition in fillet and the total cholesterol in serum. Hemoglobin and hematocrit presented quadratic effect. The other measured parameters were not influenced by diets. Based on this results, we can conclude that a diet based on porcine meat meal provides better growth of common carp juveniles compared to plant-protein based diets, besides increased protein deposition in whole body and fillet; the carcass parameters (yield and digestive indexes) are not affected by the dietary protein sources; color and taste are not affected by the plant-protein based diets; there is linear negative effect of replacing porcine meat meal by the mixture of canola and soybean meal on the growth of common carp juveniles. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta de diferentes fontes protéicas de origem vegetal em substituição à farinha de carne suína da dieta, sobre o crescimento, rendimento e qualidade de carcaça, parâmetros sangüíneos e avaliação sensorial dos filés de juvenis de carpa húngara. Foram realizados dois experimentos, utilizando sistema de recirculação de água com 15 unidades experimentais (280L). No experimento 1, foram avaliadas cinco dietas experimentais. Uma dieta controle (FCS) com apenas farinha de carne suína como fonte protéica e quatro contendo fontes protéicas de origem vegetal (farelo de soja - FS, farelo de canola - FC, farelo de girassol - FG e farelo de linhaça - FL) substituindo 50% da proteína proveniente da farinha de carne suína. Foram utilizados 195 juvenis de carpa húngara (peso médio inicial 43,41g), distribuídos ao acaso nas unidades experimentais, sendo alimentados duas vezes ao dia (9 e 15 horas), em três repetições por tratamento. Ao final do experimento (71 dias), os melhores resultados de crescimento foram obtidos no tratamento FCS, seguido dos tratamentos FC e FS que não diferiram entre si. Para gordura corporal, os tratamentos FCS, FG e FS apresentaram os maiores valores, enquanto as dietas FC e FL não diferiram entre si. O tratamento FL apresentou os piores resultados de desempenho e coeficiente de retenção protéica, bem como as menores deposições de proteína e gordura corporal no filé. Nos parâmetros sangüíneos, menor colesterol foi observado no tratamento FG e menor atividade de aspartato aminotransferase no tratamento FL. As demais variáveis não diferiram significativamente entre si. Em função dos resultados do experimento 1, foram formuladas as dietas do experimento 2, que constituíam níveis de substituição (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) da farinha de carne suína pela mistura de farelo de canola + farelo de soja. Foram utilizados 135 animais (238,05g de peso médio inicial), que receberam 3% da biomassa em ração, duas vezes ao dia (9 e 15 horas). Aos 18, 36, 54 e 72 dias, foi observado efeito linear negativo da inclusão de farelos vegetais para todos os parâmetros de crescimento, exceto fator de condição. O mesmo resultado foi obtido para as deposições de gordura corporal e de gordura e proteína no filé, bem como para o colesterol total no soro. Hemoglobina e hematócrito apresentaram comportamento quadrático. Os demais parâmetros avaliados não foram influenciados pelas dietas. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a dieta à base de farinha de carne suína proporciona maior crescimento de juvenis de carpa húngara comparada às dietas com farelos vegetais, além de levar a maior deposição de proteína no peixe inteiro e no filé; os parâmetros de carcaça (rendimentos e índices digestivos) não são afetados pelas fontes protéicas da dieta; A cor, tanto na análise sensorial como por determinação instrumental, bem como o sabor dos filés, não são afetados pelas fontes protéicas de origem vegetal. Há efeito linear negativo da substituição da farinha de carne suína pela mistura dos farelos de canola e soja, sobre o crescimento dos juvenis de carpa húngara.