Fasciolosis, caused by the trematode parasite Fasciola hepatica, is a multi-host parasitic disease affecting many countries worldwide. It is a well-recognized clinically and economically important disease of food producing animals such as cattle and sheep. In the UK, the incidence and distribution of fasciolosis has been increasing in the last decade while the timing of acute disease is becoming more variable and the season suitable for parasite development outside the mammalian host has been extended. Meanwhile control is proving increasingly difficult due to changing weather conditions, increased animal movements and developing anthelmintic resistance. Forecasting models have been around for a long time to aid health planning related to fasciolosis control, but studies identifying management related risk factors are limited. Moreover, the lack of information on the accuracy of meat inspection and available liver fluke diagnostic tests hinders effective monitoring of disease prevalence and treatment. So far, the evaluation of tests available for the diagnosis of the infection in cattle has mainly been carried out using gold standard approaches or under experimental settings, the limitations of which are well known. In cattle, the infection mainly manifests as a sub-clinical disease, resulting in indirect production losses, which are difficult to estimate. The lack of obvious clinical signs results in these losses commonly being attributed to other causes such as poor weather conditions or bad quality forage. This further undermines establishment of appropriate control strategies, as it is difficult to convince farmers to treat without demonstrating clear economic losses of sub-clinical disease. This project explores the value of slaughterhouse data in understanding the changing epidemiology of fasciolosis, identifying sustainable control measures and estimating the effect of infection on production parameters using data collected at one of the largest cattle and sheep abattoirs in Scotland. Data used in this study include; a) abattoir data routinely collected during 2013 and 2014, b) data collected during 3 periods of abattoir based sampling, c) data collected through administration of a management questionnaire and d) climatic and environmental data from various online sources. A Bayesian extension of the Hui Walter no gold standard model was used to estimate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of five diagnostic tests for fasciolosis in cattle, which were applied on 619 samples collected from the abattoir during three sampling periods; summer 2013, winter 2014 and autumn 2014. The results provided novel information on the performance of these tests in a naturally infected cattle population at different times of the year. Meat inspection was estimated to have a sensitivity of 0.68 (95% BCI 0.61-0.75) and a specificity of 0.88 (95% BCI 0.85-0.91). Accurate estimates of sensitivity and specificity will allow for routine abattoir liver inspection to be used as a tool for monitoring the epidemiology of F. hepatica as well as evaluating herd health planning. Linear regression modelling was used to estimate the delay in reaching slaughter weight in beef cattle infected with F. hepatica, accounting for other important factors such as weight, age, sex, breed and farm as a random effect. The model estimated that cattle classified as having fluke based on routine liver inspection had on average 10 (95% CI 9-12) days greater slaughter age, assuming an average carcass weight of 345 kg. Furthermore, estimates from a second model indicated that the increase in age at slaughter was more severe for higher fibrosis scores. More precisely, the increase in slaughter age was 34 (95% CI 11-57) days for fibrosis score of 1, 93 (95% CI 57-128) days for fibrosis score 2 and 78 (95% CI 30-125) days for fibrosis score 3. Similarly, in a third model comparing different burden categories with animals with no fluke burden, there was a 31 (95% CI 7-56) days increase in slaughter age for animals with 1 to 10 parasites and 77 (95% CI 32-124) days increase in animals with more than 10 parasites found in their livers. Lastly, a multi-variable mixed effects logistic regression model was built to estimate the association between climate, environmental, management and animal specific factors and the risk of an animal being infected by F. hepatica. Multiple imputation methodology was employed to deal with missing data arising from skipped questions in the questionnaire. Results of the regression model confirmed the importance of temperature, rainfall and cattle movements in increasing the risk for fasciolosis, while it indicated that the presence of deer can increase the risk of infection and that male cattle have a reduced risk of infection. Overall, this project has used slaughterhouse data to fill important knowledge gaps regarding F. hepatica infection in cattle. It has provided valuable information on the accuracy of routine abattoir meat inspection, as well as other diagnostic tests. It has also provided estimates of the effect of infection on the time cattle take to reach slaughter weight at different levels of infection and identified relevant risk factors related to the infection. In conclusion, knowledge of the effect of infection on slaughter age, as well as regional risk factors for F. hepatica infection, along with an improved use of abattoir inspection results in the evaluation of treatment strategies, can provide farmers and veterinarians with better incentives and tools to improve their herd health strategies and in the longer term help reduce the incidence of liver fluke in cattle.

Submitted by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-09-09T20:44:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Roque Fernando Pinheiro Bica.pdf: 1839472 bytes, checksum: dfe0b6a45640f99c718c3dbb5acd806f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-09-09T20:45:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Roque Fernando Pinheiro Bica.pdf: 1839472 bytes, checksum: dfe0b6a45640f99c718c3dbb5acd806f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-09T20:45:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Roque Fernando Pinheiro Bica.pdf: 1839472 bytes, checksum: dfe0b6a45640f99c718c3dbb5acd806f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-28 / A carne bovina é um alimento bastante presente na dieta da população brasileira, com um consumo per capita anual estimado em 40 Kg. O Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, localizado na região sul do Brasil, possui uma pecuária forte com um rebanho de aproximadamente 14 milhões de bovinos, tendo na pecuária de corte uma das bases da sua economia. É de conhecimento que a carne bovina é um alimento com potencial para transmissão de zoonoses se não passar por um adequado controle higiênico-sanitário no momento do abate e for consumida crua ou mal passada. Além disso, animais contaminados mantêm agentes de enfermidades no ambiente, favorecendo a continuidade dos ciclos infecciosos e colocando em risco a saúde humana. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um estudo epidemiológico sobre a ocorrência de lesões compatíveis com cisticercose, hidatidose e tuberculose em animais abatidos em frigoríficos sob inspeção sanitária da Coordenadoria de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal - CISPOA, do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul nos anos de 2009 a 2014. Os dados foram obtidos através do banco de dados da Secretaria da Agricultura Pecuária e Agronegócio (SEAPA) do Estado. O estudo analisou a ocorrência das lesões conforme o município de origem das carcaças, com os dados sendo apresentados conforme as microrregiões estabelecidas pela SEAPA. Um total de 4.460.880 bovinos foram abatidos sob inspeção do CISPOA. Foram encontradas 51.877 ocorrências de cisticercose com uma frequência média de 1,16%, os níveis médios mais baixos ao longo do período foram registrados em Santa Rosa (0,58%) e Soledade (0,60%). A regional de Osório apresentou a maior ocorrência, alcançando 4,21 % no ano de 2009 e a única a manter média de ocorrência superior à 2% nos 6 anos avaliados. A hidatidose apresentou os maiores índices com 345.727 ocorrências e média de 7,75%, com destaque para as regionais de Bagé com 22,18% e Pelotas com 19,01%, com status endêmico para a doença. A tuberculose apresentou 7.045 ocorrências sugestivas, gerando uma frequência de 0,16%. Todas as regiões mantiveram uma média abaixo de 1% para tuberculose bovina nos seis anos estudados, a regional de Estrela obteve o maior índice 0,86%. O conhecimento destes dados pode colaborar para a elaboração de planos de prevenção e erradicação dessas enfermidades que causam morbidade em humanos e animais, além de consideráveis perdas econômicas devido ao descarte de produtos. / Beef is a very present meat in the Brazilian population diet, with an annual per capita consumption estimated at 40 kg. The state of Rio Grande do Sul, located in southern Brazil, has a strong livestock with a herd of approximately 14 million cattle, and has in beef cattle one of the foundations of its economy. It is known that beef meat is a food with potential for zoonosis transmission if it is not going through a proper hygienic-sanitary control at slaughter and, if is consumed raw or undercooked. In addition, infected animals remain agents of diseases in the environment by promoting continuity of infectious cycles and endangering human health. The objective of this study was to conduct an epidemiological study on the occurrence of cysticercosis, hydatid disease and tuberculosis in animal slaughtered under sanitary inspection of the Coordination of Animal Products Inspection - CISPOA of Rio Grande do Sul state, betwen 2009 and 2014. Data were obtained from the Department of Agriculture, Livestock and Agribusiness (SEAPA) from Rio Grande do Sul state. The study examined the occurrence of lesions according to the county of origin of carcasses, with the data being presented according to the micro-regions established by SEAPA. A total of 4,460,880 cattle were slaughtered under inspection of CISPOA. We found 51,877 instances of cysticercosis with an average rate of 1.16%. The lowest average levels over the period were recorded in Santa Rosa (0.58%) and Soledade (0.60%). The regional Osorio presented the highest frequency of occurrence, reaching 4.21% in 2009 and only keep occurring average higher than 2% in the six years evaluated. Lesions suggestive of bovine tuberculosis were found in 7,045 carcasses, an average frequency of 0.16%. All regions studied have maintained an average of tuberculosis suggestive lesions below 1% in the six years studied, the regional Estrela had the highest rate 0.86%. Hydatidosis had the highest occurrence rates with 345,727 occurrences and average of 7.75%, highlighting the regional Bage with 22.18% and 19.01% in Pelotas, with endemic status to the disease. Knowledge of these data could assist in drawing up plans to prevent and eradicate these diseases which cause morbidity in humans and animals, as well as considerable economic losses due to the disposal of products.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 D36 / Master of Science

Die zunehmende Nachfrage nach Putenfleisch hat zu einer enormen Steigerung der Putenfleischerzeugung geführt. Puten werden heute überwiegend in spezialisierten Betrieben mit höher Tierkonzentration gemästet. Dabei werden auf hohe Mastleistung gezüchtete Rassen verwendet. Gesundheitsprobleme und Verhaltensbeeinträchtigungen in den Beständen sind die Folge, die auch aus Sicht des Tierschutzes erheblichen Anlass zur Kritik bieten. Es wird erwartet, dass Puten in ökologischer Haltung artgerecht aufgezogen werden und der Gesundheitszustand dadurch verbessert wird. Zu der Frage, inwiefern die ökologische Haltung in dieser Hinsicht der konventionellen überlegen ist, liegen kaum Daten vor. Die Zielstellung bestand deshalb darin, die Befunde aus der Fleischuntersuchung als Ausdruck der Tiergesundheit von konventionell und ökologisch gehaltenen Puten zu vergleichen. Es wurden die Fleischuntersuchungsbefunde von 307.100 Öko-Puten mit denen von 255.433 konventionell gehaltenen Puten, die im Zeitraum von 2004 bis 2009 an dem selben Schlachthof geschlachtet worden waren. Größtenteils wurde in der Öko-Haltung die auch in der konventionellen Haltung genutzte Rasse B.U.T. Big 6 eingesetzt. Erfasst wurden der Gesamtverwurf, der Verwurf untauglicher Tierkörper, der Verwurf untauglicher Tierkörperteile sowie der Verwurf untauglicher Organe. Ergebnisse: - Der Gesamtverwurf (kg) lag bei Bio-Puten mit 1,9% signifikant höher als konventionell gehaltenen Puten (1,43%). - Der Verwurf untauglich beurteilter Tierkörper (kg), bezogen auf den Gesamtverwurf (kg), war bei Bio-Puten mit 44,2% signifikant höher als bei konventionell gehaltenen Puten (34,2 %). - Der Anteil untauglich beurteilter Tierkörperteile (kg), bezogen auf den Gesamtverwurf (kg), war bei Bio-Puten mit 44,9% signifikant geringer als bei konventionell gehaltenen Puten (57,2%). - Bezüglich des Anteils genussuntauglich beurteilter Organe (kg), bezogen auf den Gesamtverwurf (kg), gab es keine Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Haltungsformen. - Es wurden mehr ganze Tierkörper von Bio-Puten wegen der Befunde Serositis und Gelenkentzündungen als untauglich beurteilt, während die Verwurfsursachen Hämatome, Verletzungen und infizierte Brustblasen bei konventionell gehaltenen Puten signifikant häufiger auftraten. - Es treten signifikante geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bzgl. des Verwurfes ganzer Tierkörper und von Teile der Tierkörper auf. - Unterschiede zwischen weiblichen und männlichen Puten innerhalb der Gruppen Bio- und konventionell sind signifikant, außer Gelenkentzündungen bei Bio-Tieren. Mit Serositis, Gelenkentzündung und Brustblasen waren am häufigsten männliche Puten aus beiden Haltungssystem betroffen. Die weiblichen Puten aus beiden Haltungsformen sind signifikant höher Hämatomen, Verletzungen und Abszessen betroffen. Nach den Ergebnissen kann die Erreichung eines besseren Gesundheitsstatus der Öko-Puten im Vergleich mit konventionell gehaltenen Puten nicht bestätigt werden, eher scheint das Gegenteil der Fall zu sein. In der Öko-Haltung traten grundsätzlich die gleichen Gesundheitsprobleme wie in der konventionellen Haltung auf. Als Ursache für dieses Ergebnis muss der Einsatz nicht geeigneter Rassen in der Öko-Haltung diskutiert werden. Auch bliebe zu prüfen, ob die gegenwärtigen Vorschriften der Öko-Haltung für Puten tatsächlich optimale Bedingungen bieten.

Univ., Diss.--Heidelberg, 2001. / Literaturverz. S. 237 - 255.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-17T19:34:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-06-27. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-18T12:48:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000830242_20160627.pdf: 61065 bytes, checksum: fdcafce30d5addb2d0e1ddf71f1589de (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2016-06-27T11:55:31Z: 000830242_20160627.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-06-27T11:56:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000830242.pdf: 1630719 bytes, checksum: 3bcc71c070b80050d03529c7d3469985 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O hambúrguer é um produto cárneo industrializado e potencial veículo de bactérias produtoras ou não de toxinas nas diversas fases de seu processamento, desde sua origem até as fases de transformação, armazenagem, transporte e distribuição para o consumo. Além disso, seus requisitos de composição são susceptíveis à fraude pelo uso excessivo de extensores protéicos. Estes ingredientes auxiliam na diminuição nos custos de formulação dos produtos finais e maximizam os lucros de indústrias fraudulentas. A fiscalização pelos órgãos de vigilância é dificultada pela carência de metodologias analíticas apropriadas. Dentro deste contexto, tornase necessária a avaliação do aspecto higiênico-sanitário dos hambúrgueres através das análises microbiológicas e a determinação e quantificação da proteína de soja. Foram analisadas 110 amostras de hambúrgueres de carne bovina de 11 marcas comerciais brasileiras através da técnica dos isótopos estáveis de Nitrogênio -15 e Carbono-13 e segundo a metodologia microbiológica descrita pela Instrução Normativa n° 62 de 26 de agosto de 2003. Todas as 11 marcas comerciais brasileiras apresentaram contagem bacteriana dentro do limite (5x103 UFC/g) para Coliformes a 45°C, enquanto os valores para Staphylococcus coagulase positiva estavam acima dos padrões permitidos (5x103 UFC/g) na marca H (amostras 1 e 7). As marcas B (amostra 5), D (amostra 5), E (amostra 5) e G (amostra 4) também apresentaram contagens acima do estipulado (3x103 UFC/g) para Clostridium sulfito redutor a 46°C e a amostra 6 da marca L foi positiva para Salmonella spp. Apenas 3 amostras da marca G encontraram-se dentro dos 4% de adição de proteína não cárnica estipulados pela IN n° 20 de 31/07/2000. Todas as outras 107 amostras das 11 marcas comerciais burlaram a legislação específica em vigor / The burger is a manufactured meat product and potential vehicle of bacteria producers or not of toxins in various stages of processing, from its origin to the stage of transformation, storage, transport and distribution to consumption. Moreover, their composition requirements are susceptible to fraud by excessive use of protein extenders. These ingredients help in reducing the cost of formulation of the final products and maximize profits of fraudulent industries. The supervisory agencies monitoring is hindered by the lack of appropriate analytical methodologies. Within this context, it is necessary to evaluate the hygienic- sanitary aspects of burgers through microbiological analysis and the determination and quantification of soy protein. Were analyzed 110 samples of beef hamburgers of 11 brazilian trademarks by the technique of stable isotopes of Nitrogen-15 and Carbon -13 and second microbiological methodology described by Normative Instruction n° 62 of August 26, 2003. All 11 brazilian trademarks presented bacterial counts within the limit (5x103 CFU/g) for coliforms at 45°C , while the values for Staphylococcus coagulase positive were above the allowed patterns (5x103 CFU/g) in brands H (samples 1 and 7). Brands B (sample 5) , D (sample 5) , E (sample 5) and G (sample 4) also had scores above the stipulated (3x103 CFU/g) for Clostridium sulphite reducing to 46°C and sample 6 of brand L was positive for Salmonella spp. Only 3 samples of G brand were within 4% addition of non-meat protein stipulated by IN 20 07/31/2000. All other 107 samples from 11 trademarks cheated the specific legislation

Orientador: José Paes de Almeida Nogueira Pinto / Coorientador: Lea Silvia Santana / Banca: Marcelo Zacharias Moreira / Banca: Jean Guilherme Fernandes Joaquim / Resumo: O hambúrguer é um produto cárneo industrializado e potencial veículo de bactérias produtoras ou não de toxinas nas diversas fases de seu processamento, desde sua origem até as fases de transformação, armazenagem, transporte e distribuição para o consumo. Além disso, seus requisitos de composição são susceptíveis à fraude pelo uso excessivo de extensores protéicos. Estes ingredientes auxiliam na diminuição nos custos de formulação dos produtos finais e maximizam os lucros de indústrias fraudulentas. A fiscalização pelos órgãos de vigilância é dificultada pela carência de metodologias analíticas apropriadas. Dentro deste contexto, tornase necessária a avaliação do aspecto higiênico-sanitário dos hambúrgueres através das análises microbiológicas e a determinação e quantificação da proteína de soja. Foram analisadas 110 amostras de hambúrgueres de carne bovina de 11 marcas comerciais brasileiras através da técnica dos isótopos estáveis de Nitrogênio -15 e Carbono-13 e segundo a metodologia microbiológica descrita pela Instrução Normativa n° 62 de 26 de agosto de 2003. Todas as 11 marcas comerciais brasileiras apresentaram contagem bacteriana dentro do limite (5x103 UFC/g) para Coliformes a 45°C, enquanto os valores para Staphylococcus coagulase positiva estavam acima dos padrões permitidos (5x103 UFC/g) na marca H (amostras 1 e 7). As marcas B (amostra 5), D (amostra 5), E (amostra 5) e G (amostra 4) também apresentaram contagens acima do estipulado (3x103 UFC/g) para Clostridium sulfito redutor a 46°C e a amostra 6 da marca L foi positiva para Salmonella spp. Apenas 3 amostras da marca G encontraram-se dentro dos 4% de adição de proteína não cárnica estipulados pela IN n° 20 de 31/07/2000. Todas as outras 107 amostras das 11 marcas comerciais burlaram a legislação específica em vigor / Abstract: The burger is a manufactured meat product and potential vehicle of bacteria producers or not of toxins in various stages of processing, from its origin to the stage of transformation, storage, transport and distribution to consumption. Moreover, their composition requirements are susceptible to fraud by excessive use of protein extenders. These ingredients help in reducing the cost of formulation of the final products and maximize profits of fraudulent industries. The supervisory agencies monitoring is hindered by the lack of appropriate analytical methodologies. Within this context, it is necessary to evaluate the hygienic- sanitary aspects of burgers through microbiological analysis and the determination and quantification of soy protein. Were analyzed 110 samples of beef hamburgers of 11 brazilian trademarks by the technique of stable isotopes of Nitrogen-15 and Carbon -13 and second microbiological methodology described by Normative Instruction n° 62 of August 26, 2003. All 11 brazilian trademarks presented bacterial counts within the limit (5x103 CFU/g) for coliforms at 45°C, while the values for Staphylococcus coagulase positive were above the allowed patterns (5x103 CFU/g) in brands H (samples 1 and 7). Brands B (sample 5), D (sample 5), E (sample 5) and G (sample 4) also had scores above the stipulated (3x103 CFU/g) for Clostridium sulphite reducing to 46°C and sample 6 of brand L was positive for Salmonella spp. Only 3 samples of G brand were within 4% addition of non-meat protein stipulated by IN 20 07/31/2000. All other 107 samples from 11 trademarks cheated the specific legislation / Mestre

<p style="text-align: justify; ">Glavni cilj ovog rada je bio da se razviju i optimizuju objektivni i merljivi&nbsp;indikatori biolo&scaron;kih rizika po bezbednost mesa trupova, kao i da se &ndash; na osnovu&nbsp;kvalitativne ocene rizika - objektivno sagledaju i uporede performanse glavnih strategija&nbsp;za upravljanje tim rizicima na klanicama za goveda i svinje.<br />Ispitan je potencijal haptoglobina goveda i svinja, podeljenih u grupe na osnovu&nbsp;njihove pred-istorije ili nalaza tokom inspekcije mesa, kao indikatora za njihovu rizičnu&nbsp;kategorizaciju pre klanja u pogledu prisustva patolo&scaron;kih lezija. Svaka životinja je bila&nbsp;podvrgnuta aktuelnoj zvaničnoj inspekciji mesa i određen je nivo haptoglobina u krvnom&nbsp;serumu. I u svinja i u goveda, srednje vrednosti koncentracije haptoglobina su bile&nbsp;značajno vi&scaron;e u grupama kod kojih su detektovane abnormalnosti u odnosu na grupe ovih&nbsp;životinja bez nađenih promena, ali takva korelacija nije utvrđena na nivou individualne<br />životinje. Studija je ukazala da određivanje srednjeg nivoa haptoglobina u grupa životinja&nbsp;namenjenih klanju može da služi kao dodatni, objektivni indikator op&scaron;te prihvatljivosti&nbsp;zdravstvenog statusa i/ili farme porekla životinja, u okviru analize informacija iz lanca&nbsp;hrane kao dela premortalne inspekcije. Ovo je važno zbog dono&scaron;enja odluke o&nbsp;sprovođenju pojednostavljene ili detaljnije postmortalne inspekcije određenih životinja ili&nbsp;grupa životinja na klanicama.&nbsp;U pogledu indikatora rizika od mikrobiolo&scaron;ke kontaminacije obrađenih goveđih&nbsp;trupova, ispitana je mogućnost kori&scaron;ćenja numeričke ocene vizuelne čistoće goveda pre&nbsp;klanja. Vizuelno je ocenjena čistoća kože goveda (na skali od 1 do 4), a zatim su na&nbsp;obrađenim trupovima određeni nivoi generičke mikrobiote i prisustvo Escherichia coli&nbsp;O157. Utvrđena je globalna korelacija između vizuelne čistoće kože i nivoa generičke&nbsp;mikrobiote na obrađenim trupovima, ali su se ti nivoi značajno razlikovali samo između&nbsp;trupova vrlo prljavih goveda (kategorija 4) i svih drugih manje prljavih ili čistih&nbsp;(kategorije 1, 2 i 3). U pogledu vizuelne čistoće goveda i prisustva Escherichia coli O157&nbsp;na obrađenim trupovima, jasna korelacija nije utvrđena. Potvrđena je opravdanost&nbsp;kori&scaron;ćenja sistema vizuelne ocene čistoće goveda i korisnost ove ocene kao jednog od&nbsp;indikatora nivoa rizika od mikrobiolo&scaron;ke kontaminacije obrađenih trupova u pogledu&nbsp;generičke mikrobiote.&nbsp;Takođe, ispitana je mogućnost kori&scaron;ćenja kvantitativnog odnosa između nivoa&nbsp;ulazne (na koži) i finalne (na obrađenim trupovima) mikrobiolo&scaron;ke kontaminacije kao&nbsp;potencijalnog indikatora za rizičnu kategorizaciju goveđih i svinjskih klanica u pogledu&nbsp;njihovih performansi u redukciji rizika od mikrobiolo&scaron;ke kontaminacije mesa. Na&nbsp;kožama i trupovima goveda i svinja su određeni nivoi generičke mikrobiote i prisustvo&nbsp;najznačajnijih patogena u lancu goveđeg (Escherichia coli O157) i svinjskog mesa&nbsp;(Salmonella). Rezultati su pokazali da je odnos statusa kože i obrađenog trupa u pogledu&nbsp;nivoa generičke mikrobiote precizniji i pouzdaniji u diferencijaciji performansi procesne&nbsp;higijene klanica, u poređenju sa zvaničnim aktuelnim kriterijumima procesne higijene&nbsp;navedenim u legislativi Evropske Unije. S druge strane, rezultati su ukazali da kori&scaron;ćenje&nbsp;prevalencije patogena kao parametra u karakterizaciji procesne higijene klanica nije&nbsp;korisno.&nbsp;Pored toga, upoređeni su potencijalni doprinosi glavnih dana&scaron;njih strategija u&nbsp;upravljanju biolo&scaron;kim rizicima za bezbednost mesa na klanicama za goveda i svinje -&nbsp;aktuelne inspekcije mesa i procesne higijene klanice - ukupnom osiguranju biolo&scaron;ke&nbsp;bezbednosti mesa. Kvalitativno su ocenjeni rizici po zdravlje ljudi od alimentarnih&nbsp;hazarda povezanih sa goveđim ili svinjskim mesom, koje je moguće kontrolisati jednom&nbsp;od ove dve strategije na klanicama. Poređenjem nivoa ocenjenih rizika, utvrđeno je da&nbsp;adekvatna procesna higijena danas značajno vi&scaron;e doprinosi ukupnoj biolo&scaron;koj&nbsp;bezbednosti mesa trupova goveda i svinja u odnosu na aktuelnu inspekciju mesa. Ipak, u&nbsp;globalnom sistemu bezbednosti mesa, obe navedene strategije moraju da imaju specifičnu&nbsp;ulogu, shodno oceni rizika od hazarda koje kontroli&scaron;u.&nbsp;Svekupno, ova studija je pružila naučnu osnovu za dalje unapređenje savremenog,&nbsp;longitudinalnog i integrisanog sistema biolo&scaron;ke bezbednosti goveđeg i svinjskog mesa,&nbsp;kao i za kori&scaron;ćenje nekih novih indikatora biolo&scaron;kih rizika u tom sistemu. Istovremeno,&nbsp;ukazala je i na potrebu i smer za dalja/dublja istraživanja za optimizaciju i&nbsp;implementacije tog modernog sistema i predloženih indikatora rizika u praksi.</p> / <p> The main aim of this work was to develop and optimize objective and measurable<br /> indicators of biological risks for the safety of carcass meat, and to - based on qualitative<br /> risk assessment - identify and objectively compare performances of the main risk<br /> management strategies in cattle and pig abattoirs.<br /> The potential of haptoglobin as an indicator of animal pre-slaughter risk<br /> classification regarding the presence of pathological lesions was investigated in cattle and<br /> pigs which were divided into groups, based on their pre-history or meat inspection<br /> findings. Each animal was subjected to the current official meat inspection and blood<br /> serum haptoglobin level determination. In both cattle and pigs, the mean haptoglobin<br /> concentrations were significantly higher in groups with abnormalities than in those<br /> without, but such a correlation was not been established at the level of individual animals.<br /> The study indicated that the mean haptoglobin level in groups of animals intended for<br /> slaughter can be used as an additional, objective indicator of general health status of<br /> animals and/or appropriateness of farm of their origin, when analysing the food chain<br /> information as a part of the ante-mortem inspection. This is important in deciding<br /> whether to perform simplified or detailed post-mortem inspection of certain animals or<br /> groups of animals at abattoirs.<br /> The numerical assessment of cattle cleanliness before slaughter was evaluated as a<br /> risk indicator of dressed beef carcasses&rsquo; microbial contamination. Cattle hide cleanliness<br /> was visually assessed (on a scale of 1 to 4) and levels of generic microbiota and<br /> occurrence of Escherichia coli O157 on dressed carcass were determined. A global<br /> correlation was found between the visual hide cleanliness and generic microbiota levels<br /> on dressed carcasses, but these levels significantly differed only between very dirty cattle<br /> (category 4) and all other less dirty or clean cattle (categories 1, 2 and 3). Regarding the<br /> visual cattle cleanliness and the presence of Escherichia coli O157 on dressed carcasses,<br /> a clear relationship was not determined. The validity of cattle cleanliness visual<br /> assessment system and usefulness of this as an indicator of risk of generic microbiota<br /> contamination of dressed carcasses was confirmed.<br /> Also, the quantitative relationship between the levels of incoming (hide/skin) and<br /> final (dressed carcasses) microbiological contamination was evaluated as an indicator for<br /> risk categorization of cattle and pig abattoirs in terms of their performances in reducing<br /> the risk of microbiological contamination of meat. Levels of generic microbiota and<br /> occurrence of the major pathogens in beef (Escherichia coli O157) and pork chain<br /> (Salmonella) were determined on hides/skins and dressed carcasses. The results showed<br /> that the ratio between generic microbiota levels on dressed carcasses and hides/skins is<br /> more precise and more reliable in the differentiation of process hygiene performances of<br /> abattoirs, compared to the official current process hygiene criteria laid down in the<br /> European Union legislation. On the other hand, the results indicated that the prevalence<br /> of pathogens is not useful as a parameter in the characterization of abattoir process<br /> hygiene.<br /> Additionally, potential contributions of the main current strategies in biological<br /> meat safety risk management in cattle and pig abattoirs - the current meat inspection and<br /> abattoir process hygiene - in ensuring the overall biological safety of meat were<br /> compared. Human health biological foodborne risks associated with beef or pork that can<br /> be controlled by one of the two strategies at abattoirs were qualitatively assessed.<br /> Comparing the levels of assessed risks, it was concluded that adequate process hygiene<br /> currently contributes significantly more to the overall biological safety of beef and pork<br /> VIII<br /> carcasses than current meat inspection. However, in the global meat safety assurance<br /> system, both of these strategies must have a specific role, according to the risk<br /> assessment of hazards which they individually control.<br /> Overall, this study has provided a scientific basis for the further development of<br /> contemporary, longitudinal and integrated risk management system for biological safety<br /> of beef and pork, as well as the use of some new indicators of biological risk in such a<br /> system. At the same time, it has indicated the needs and directions for further and more<br /> intensive research to optimize and implement that modern system and the proposed risk<br /> indicators in practice.</p>

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-07-28T12:35:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alessandra Santos Alencar.pdf: 4687289 bytes, checksum: 69f920d7a8dc062fcb65629d8888441f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-28T12:35:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alessandra Santos Alencar.pdf: 4687289 bytes, checksum: 69f920d7a8dc062fcb65629d8888441f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Researchers and veterinarians who work in swine production in Brazil have a good idea of existing health problems, especially in your own area of expertise. Due to the short production cycle and the clinical or subclinical character in many of the diseases that affect pigs, there was the possibility of using the slaughterhouse as an important source of epidemiological data on the incidence and prevalence of disease in flocks, making the monitoring of animals in slaughter houses one of the most important sources of information to obtain data to assess the health situation of production systems for pigs with the aim of obtaining statistics on incidence or prevalence of limiting diseases affecting pigs. Thus, this work was developed to analyze the association between the frequency of infection with helminths and coccidia and property characteristics, and evaluate lesions in organs of pigs in slaughterhouses of the metropolitan area of Recife and of the (“Zona da Mata”) of Pernambuco, Brazil. The work was done in three slaughterhouses of the inspection system state, located in the metropolitan area of Recife and in the (“Zona da Mata”) of Pernambuco state, from July 2008 to May 2009. A total of 715 pigs were analyzed, from eight industrial farms and three of subsistence. The count of eggs / oocysts in the feces was calculated and larval culture for diagnosis of infection by gastrointestinal parasites in fecal samples was performed. Inspection of the viscera for examination of lesions and collection of material for histopathological examination were carried out. A questionnaire was used to ascertain the situation of the farms. The positivity for helminths was 2.7%(12/447), predominantly Strongyloidea type eggs. The presence ofoocysts was detected in 6.5% (29/447),including Eimeria spp and Isospora suis. The gross lesions predominated in lung with 43.8% (313/715), followed by 4.7% (35/715) for liver and kidneys with 2.6% (19/715), with higher frequencies respectively for pneumonia, milk spots and hydronephrosis. Histopathologically, granulomatous pneumonia predominated; in the livers with milk spots it was observed sinusoidal congestion, granulomatous inflammatory foci, peri-granulomatous hepatitis, and eosinophilic infiltration in the interlobular spaces, and in kidney, chronic interstitial nephritis. There was a significant association (p <0.05) with the variables related to management of facilities, particularly sanitary aspects, both the rates of parasitism by helminths and coccidia as to the frequency of milk spots and lung lesions. / Os pesquisadores e veterinários que atuam na suinocultura brasileira possuem uma boa idéia dos problemas sanitários existentes, especialmente na sua própria região de atuação. Em função do curto ciclo de produção e do caráter clínico ou subclínico de muitas das enfermidades que acometem os suínos, a utilização do matadouro surgiu como importante fonte de dados epidemiológicos sobre a incidência e prevalência de doenças nos rebanhos, tornando-se a monitoria de animais em abatedouros uma das mais importantes fontes de informações para a obtenção de dados para avaliação da situação da saúde de sistemas de produção de suínos, com a finalidade de obter estatística sobre incidências ou prevalências de doenças limitantes que afetam os suínos. Desta forma, desenvolveu-se este trabalho com o objetivo de analisar a associação entre a frequência de infecção por helmintos e coccídios e características das propriedades, e avaliar as lesões em órgãos de suínos em abatedouros da Região Metropolitana de Recife e Zona da Mata do estado de Pernambuco, Brazil. O trabalho foi realizado em três abatedouros inscritos no sistema de inspeção estadual, localizados na Região Metropolitana de Recife e Zona da Mata do estado Pernambuco, no período de julho de 2008 a maio de 2009. Analisaram-se 715 suínos, oriundos de oito granjas tecnificadas e três de subsistência. Realizou-se a contagem de ovos/oocistos nas fezes e coprocultura para diagnóstico da infecção por parasitos gastrintestinais em amostras fecais coletadas na linha de inspeção, além da inspeção das vísceras para verificação de lesões e coleta de material para exame histopatológico. Um questionário investigativo foi utilizado para conhecer a situaçãodas granjas. A positividade para helmintos foi de 2,7% (12/447), predominando ovos tipo Strongyloidea. A presença de coccídios foi detectada em 6,5% (29/447), incluindo Eimeria spp e Isospora suis. Dentre os achados macroscópicos predominaram as de pulmão com 43,8% (313/715), seguidas de 4,7% (35/715) para fígado e rins com 2,6% (19/715), com frequências respectivamente maiores para pneumonia, manchas leitosas e hidronefrose. Histologicamente, predominaram as pneumonias granulomatosas; nos fígados com manchas leitosas foram observados congestão sinusoidal, focos inflamatórios granulomatosos, perihepatite granulomatosa, e infiltração eosinofílica nos espaços interlobulares. Nos rins, nefrite intersticial crônica. Observou-se associação significativa (p < 0,05) com as variáveis relacionadas ao manejo das instalações, particularmente os aspectos higiênicos, tanto para as taxas de parasitismo por helmintos e coccídios quanto para a frequências de manchas leitosas e lesões pulmonares

Die zunehmende Nachfrage nach Putenfleisch hat zu einer enormen Steigerung der Putenfleischerzeugung geführt. Puten werden heute überwiegend in spezialisierten Betrieben mit höher Tierkonzentration gemästet. Dabei werden auf hohe Mastleistung gezüchtete Rassen verwendet. Gesundheitsprobleme und Verhaltensbeeinträchtigungen in den Beständen sind die Folge, die auch aus Sicht des Tierschutzes erheblichen Anlass zur Kritik bieten. Es wird erwartet, dass Puten in ökologischer Haltung artgerecht aufgezogen werden und der Gesundheitszustand dadurch verbessert wird. Zu der Frage, inwiefern die ökologische Haltung in dieser Hinsicht der konventionellen überlegen ist, liegen kaum Daten vor. Die Zielstellung bestand deshalb darin, die Befunde aus der Fleischuntersuchung als Ausdruck der Tiergesundheit von konventionell und ökologisch gehaltenen Puten zu vergleichen. Es wurden die Fleischuntersuchungsbefunde von 307.100 Öko-Puten mit denen von 255.433 konventionell gehaltenen Puten, die im Zeitraum von 2004 bis 2009 an dem selben Schlachthof geschlachtet worden waren. Größtenteils wurde in der Öko-Haltung die auch in der konventionellen Haltung genutzte Rasse B.U.T. Big 6 eingesetzt. Erfasst wurden der Gesamtverwurf, der Verwurf untauglicher Tierkörper, der Verwurf untauglicher Tierkörperteile sowie der Verwurf untauglicher Organe. Ergebnisse: - Der Gesamtverwurf (kg) lag bei Bio-Puten mit 1,9% signifikant höher als konventionell gehaltenen Puten (1,43%). - Der Verwurf untauglich beurteilter Tierkörper (kg), bezogen auf den Gesamtverwurf (kg), war bei Bio-Puten mit 44,2% signifikant höher als bei konventionell gehaltenen Puten (34,2 %). - Der Anteil untauglich beurteilter Tierkörperteile (kg), bezogen auf den Gesamtverwurf (kg), war bei Bio-Puten mit 44,9% signifikant geringer als bei konventionell gehaltenen Puten (57,2%). - Bezüglich des Anteils genussuntauglich beurteilter Organe (kg), bezogen auf den Gesamtverwurf (kg), gab es keine Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Haltungsformen. - Es wurden mehr ganze Tierkörper von Bio-Puten wegen der Befunde Serositis und Gelenkentzündungen als untauglich beurteilt, während die Verwurfsursachen Hämatome, Verletzungen und infizierte Brustblasen bei konventionell gehaltenen Puten signifikant häufiger auftraten. - Es treten signifikante geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bzgl. des Verwurfes ganzer Tierkörper und von Teile der Tierkörper auf. - Unterschiede zwischen weiblichen und männlichen Puten innerhalb der Gruppen Bio- und konventionell sind signifikant, außer Gelenkentzündungen bei Bio-Tieren. Mit Serositis, Gelenkentzündung und Brustblasen waren am häufigsten männliche Puten aus beiden Haltungssystem betroffen. Die weiblichen Puten aus beiden Haltungsformen sind signifikant höher Hämatomen, Verletzungen und Abszessen betroffen. Nach den Ergebnissen kann die Erreichung eines besseren Gesundheitsstatus der Öko-Puten im Vergleich mit konventionell gehaltenen Puten nicht bestätigt werden, eher scheint das Gegenteil der Fall zu sein. In der Öko-Haltung traten grundsätzlich die gleichen Gesundheitsprobleme wie in der konventionellen Haltung auf. Als Ursache für dieses Ergebnis muss der Einsatz nicht geeigneter Rassen in der Öko-Haltung diskutiert werden. Auch bliebe zu prüfen, ob die gegenwärtigen Vorschriften der Öko-Haltung für Puten tatsächlich optimale Bedingungen bieten.