A radiação ionizante de fontes de radiação gama ou geradores de raios-x é frequentemente utilizada na ciência médica, como em exames de radiodiagnóstico, radioterapia e esterilização de aloenxertos. A radiação ionizante é capaz de quebrar cadeias polipeptidicas e provocar a libertação de radicais livres, pela radiólise de moléculas de água. A radiação ionizante interage também com o material orgânico a nível molecular, podendo alterar as suas propriedades mecânicas. No caso específico do tecido ósseo, estudos reportam que a radiação ionizante induz alterações nas moléculas de colágeno e reduzem a densidade de ligações cruzadas intermoleculares. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as alterações promovidas por diferentes doses de radiação ionizante no tecido ósseo utilizando a técnica de Espectroscopia Transformada de Fourier com Reflexão Total Atenuada (ATR-FTIR), e também a análise dinâmico-mecânica. Amostras de osso bovino foram irradiadas usando irradiador de Cobalto-60, com cinco doses diferentes: 0,01 kGy, 0,1 kGy, 1 kGy, 15 kGy e 75 kGy. Para estudar os efeitos da radiação ionizante sobre a estrutura química do osso foram avaliadas a relação material orgânico por material inorgânico, a relação de sub-bandas de amida I e o índice de cristalinidade. As alterações mecânicas foram determinadas por meio do módulo de elasticidade e do valor do amortecimento. Para verificar se as mudanças químicas e as características mecânicas de osso possuem alguma relação, realizou-se um estudo sobre a correlação entre as análises feitas com os dados espectroscópicos e as análises mecânicas. Foi possível avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses de radiação ionizante no tecido ósseo. Com a análise por espectroscopia ATR-FTIR, foi possível observar as modificações dos componentes orgânicos e na organização cristais de hidroxiapatita. Também foram observadas alterações no módulo elástico e na tangente de delta (dissipação de energia mecânica). Foram encontradas altas correlações com significância estatística entre a relação das bandas (amida III + colágeno)/v1,v3, PO43- com a tangente de delta, e entre a relação 1/FHMW e o módulo elástico. / Ionizing radiation from gamma radiation sources or X-ray generators is frequently used in Medical Science, such as radiodiagnostic exams, radiotherapy, and sterilization of haloenxerts. Ionizing radiation is capable of breaking polypeptidic chains and causing the release of free radicals by radiolisys.of water. It interacts also with organic material at the molecular level, and it may change its mechanical properties. In the specific case of bone tissue, studies report that ionizing radiation induces changes in collagen molecules and reduces the density of intermolecular crosslinks. The aim of this study was to verify the changes promoted by different doses of ionizing radiation in bone tissue using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Samples of bovine bone were irradiated using Cobalt-60 with five different doses: 0.01 kGy, 0.1 kGy, 1 kGy, 15 kGy and 75 kGy. To study the effects of ionizing irradiation on the chemical structure of the bone, the sub-bands of amide I, the crystallinity index and relation of organic and inorganic materials, were studied. The mechanical changes were evaluated using the elastic modulus and the damping value. To verify whether the chemical changes and the mechanical characteristics of the bone were correlated, the relation between the analysis made with spectroscopic data and the mechanical analysis data was studied. It was possible to evaluate the effects of different doses of ionizing radiation in bone tissue. With ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, it was possible to observe changes in the organic components and in the hidroxyapatite crystals organization. Changes were also observed in the elastic modulus and in the damping value. High correlation with statistical significance was observed among (amide III + collagen)/v1,v3, PO43- and the delta tangent, and among 1/FHWM and the elastic modulus.

A radiação ionizante de fontes de radiação gama ou geradores de raios-x é frequentemente utilizada na ciência médica, como em exames de radiodiagnóstico, radioterapia e esterilização de aloenxertos. A radiação ionizante é capaz de quebrar cadeias polipeptidicas e provocar a libertação de radicais livres, pela radiólise de moléculas de água. A radiação ionizante interage também com o material orgânico a nível molecular, podendo alterar as suas propriedades mecânicas. No caso específico do tecido ósseo, estudos reportam que a radiação ionizante induz alterações nas moléculas de colágeno e reduzem a densidade de ligações cruzadas intermoleculares. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as alterações promovidas por diferentes doses de radiação ionizante no tecido ósseo utilizando a técnica de Espectroscopia Transformada de Fourier com Reflexão Total Atenuada (ATR-FTIR), e também a análise dinâmico-mecânica. Amostras de osso bovino foram irradiadas usando irradiador de Cobalto-60, com cinco doses diferentes: 0,01 kGy, 0,1 kGy, 1 kGy, 15 kGy e 75 kGy. Para estudar os efeitos da radiação ionizante sobre a estrutura química do osso foram avaliadas a relação material orgânico por material inorgânico, a relação de sub-bandas de amida I e o índice de cristalinidade. As alterações mecânicas foram determinadas por meio do módulo de elasticidade e do valor do amortecimento. Para verificar se as mudanças químicas e as características mecânicas de osso possuem alguma relação, realizou-se um estudo sobre a correlação entre as análises feitas com os dados espectroscópicos e as análises mecânicas. Foi possível avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses de radiação ionizante no tecido ósseo. Com a análise por espectroscopia ATR-FTIR, foi possível observar as modificações dos componentes orgânicos e na organização cristais de hidroxiapatita. Também foram observadas alterações no módulo elástico e na tangente de delta (dissipação de energia mecânica). Foram encontradas altas correlações com significância estatística entre a relação das bandas (amida III + colágeno)/v1,v3, PO43- com a tangente de delta, e entre a relação 1/FHMW e o módulo elástico. / Ionizing radiation from gamma radiation sources or X-ray generators is frequently used in Medical Science, such as radiodiagnostic exams, radiotherapy, and sterilization of haloenxerts. Ionizing radiation is capable of breaking polypeptidic chains and causing the release of free radicals by radiolisys.of water. It interacts also with organic material at the molecular level, and it may change its mechanical properties. In the specific case of bone tissue, studies report that ionizing radiation induces changes in collagen molecules and reduces the density of intermolecular crosslinks. The aim of this study was to verify the changes promoted by different doses of ionizing radiation in bone tissue using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Samples of bovine bone were irradiated using Cobalt-60 with five different doses: 0.01 kGy, 0.1 kGy, 1 kGy, 15 kGy and 75 kGy. To study the effects of ionizing irradiation on the chemical structure of the bone, the sub-bands of amide I, the crystallinity index and relation of organic and inorganic materials, were studied. The mechanical changes were evaluated using the elastic modulus and the damping value. To verify whether the chemical changes and the mechanical characteristics of the bone were correlated, the relation between the analysis made with spectroscopic data and the mechanical analysis data was studied. It was possible to evaluate the effects of different doses of ionizing radiation in bone tissue. With ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, it was possible to observe changes in the organic components and in the hidroxyapatite crystals organization. Changes were also observed in the elastic modulus and in the damping value. High correlation with statistical significance was observed among (amide III + collagen)/v1,v3, PO43- and the delta tangent, and among 1/FHWM and the elastic modulus.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:一般研究(C) 課題番号:01560182 研究代表者:祖父江 信夫 研究期間:1989-1990年度

This doctoral thesis consists of a literature review, presented in two papers, and another six papers describing experimental studies of the influence of different kinds of wax and polyphosporic acid on bitumen and asphalt concrete mixture properties. The literature review should give an extensive description of the field of knowledge concerning wax in bitumen. Effects of wax in crude oil, bitumen and asphalt concrete as well as test methods for studying these effects are described. Theories behind possible mechanisms are also discussed, and commercial wax as additive to bitumen for different purposes included. The experimental parts comprise laboratory studies involving totally five 160/220 penetration base bitumens from different sources, two isolated bitumen waxes, five commercial waxes and one polyphosphoric acid. Asphalt concrete slabs, containing base or modified bitumen were prepared and tested. Binder properties were evaluated using different types of laboratory equipment, such as dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), bending beam rheometer (BBR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), force ductilometer, as well as equipment for determining conventional parameters like penetration, softening point, viscosity, and Fraass breaking point. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC-FID) were used for chemical characterization. The binders were aged by means of the rolling thin film oven test (RTFOT) and pressure ageing vessel (PAV) in combination. Asphalt concrete properties were evaluated at low temperatures using the tensile strain restrained specimen test (TSRST) and creep test at -25°C. Dynamic creep testing was performed at 40°C, as well as complex modulus tests between 0 and 20°C. Binder test results indicated that the magnitude and type of effect on bitumen rheology depend on the bitumen itself, type of crystallizing fraction in the bitumen and/or type and amount of additive used. Bitumen composition was found to be of decisive importance. Adding polyethylene wax or polyphosphoric acid, especially to a non-waxy 160/220 penetration grade bitumen, showed no or positive effects on the rheological behaviour at low temperatures (decrease in stiffness) as well as medium and high temperatures (increase in complex modulus and decrease in phase angle). However, the corresponding positive effects could not be shown in dynamic creep testing (at 40°C) of asphalt concrete mixtures containing these modified binders. Adding FT-paraffin decreased the physical hardening index for all bitumens. Also polyethylene wax and montan wax showed this effect for some bitumens. Slack wax showed a large increasing effect on physical hardening, and polyphosphoric acid none or a minor negative effect. No correlation between physical hardening index (PHI) and wax content by DSC was found in this study, involving both natural bitumen wax and commercial wax. Addition of the commercial waxes used showed no or marginally positive influence on bitumen ageing properties for the bitumens and test conditions used. Comparing asphalt mixture test results to the corresponding binder test results, the effects on asphalt mixtures from adding commercial wax or polyphosphoric acid were less evident. Significant binder physical hardening by BBR could not be confirmed by TSRST. / QC 20101006