Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:25:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

To understand the phenomena associated with such stochastic processes and to predict, at least qualitatively, the behavior of mechanical systems within environments which are completely random in time, new mechanical tools are necessary. Fortunately, the derivation of these tools does not necessitate a complete departure from existing theories. In fact, they may be considered as an extension of the well-defined theory of the integral transform, in particular, the exponential Fourier integral transform.

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The purpose of the thesis work given is to gain a better understanding of the degating process in high-pressure die casting components, as well as the effectiveness of the thermo-mechanical vibration technique for detaching cast components from the gating system. In addition, to evaluate and establish the most appropriate degating procedure in order to reduce labor, material costs, and processing time.In recent days, many investigators have been looking at an automated technique that can help optimize and streamline the casting process. VOLVO CE is also exploring on ways to assess and establish the most acceptable degating process in order to optimize cost towards labor, material expense, and processing time. To begin with, VOLVO CE wants to develop the full Finite Element Method (FEM) based approach prior to implementationThis thesis consists of a substantial amount of numerical work, demonstrating the effectiveness of thermo-mechanical vibration technique for degating the casting high-pressure die casting component. The dynamic behavior of the component was studied in ANSYS WB where the impact of thermal loading has been taken into consideration.The component studied in this thesis is a transmission component (oil distributor) from a Volvo construction equipment, VOLVO group. It is cast in Aluminum alloy with the material composition AlSi13Fe. A oil distributor is a component which is bolted on the back side (place where electric motor is connected to the casing through shaft) of the transmission casing.

This thesis describes a method of modeling financial markets by utilizing concepts from mechanical vibration. The models developed represent multi-degree of freedom, mass-spring systems. The economic principles that drive the design are supply and demand, which act as springs, and shareholders, which act as masses. The primary assumption of this research is that events cannot be predicted but the responses to those events can be. In other words, economic stimuli create responses to a stock’s price that is predictable, repeatable and scientific. The approach to determining the behavior of various financial markets encompassed techniques such as Fast Fourier Transform and discretized wavelet analysis. The researched developed in three stages; first an appropriate model of causation in the stock market was established. Second, a model of steady state properties was determined. Third, experiments were conducted to determine the most effective model and to test its predictive capabilities on ten stocks. The experiments were evaluated based on the model’s hypothetical return on investment. The results showed a positive gain on capital for nine out of the ten stocks and supported the claim that stocks behave in accordance to the natural laws of vibration. As scientific approaches to modeling the stock market are beginning to develop, engineering principles are proving to be the most relevant and reliable means of financial market prediction.

O método de Ibrahim no Domínio do Tempo (ITD) é considerado um dos métodos clássicos de identificação de parâmetros modais de estruturas. As maiores vantagens da sua aplicação residem na identificação de modos muito próximos com boa precisão, em uma faixa relativamente larga de freqüências, além do número reduzido de equipamentos requeridos para a realização de ensaios experimentais. Neste trabalho foi realizada uma aplicação do método ITD no processo de identificação das freqüências naturais, dos fatores de amortecimento e dos modos de vibrar de uma placa quadrada de alumínio, engastada em um dos lados e livre nos demais. Este modelo experimental apresenta alta densidade modal e a análise foi realizada em uma faixa de freqüências de 0 a 1600 Hz através de um ensaio de impacto. Para produzir um conjunto consistente de resultados é necessário utilizar um modelo sobredeterminado para o sistema em estudo. O resultado desta análise, porém, apresenta modos computacionais que devem ser eliminados. Para tanto, foram utilizados dois índices de confiança para qualificar os resultados, sendo estes o Fator de Confiança Modal (MCF) e a Colinearidade de Fase Modal Ponderada (MPCW). Os modos que apresentaram melhores índices de confiança são considerados o resultado final do processo de identificação. / The Ibrahim Time Domain (ITD) method is considered one of the classical modal parameter identification techniques. The greatest advantages of the ITD application consist of the precise identification of closely spaced modes within a wide range of frequencies and the small amount of equipment required to accomplish experimental testing. In this work, the ITD method was applied in the process of identification of natural frequencies, damping factors and mode shapes of a cantilever aluminium plate. High modal density was detected on the experimental model and the analysis was performed on a frequency range from 0 to 1600 Hz by means of impulse testing. However, an oversized model of the test structure must be used, so that a consistent set of results can be achieved. The results, nevertheless, present computational modes that must be removed from the model. Two confidence factors were used to qualify the results, namely the Modal Confidence Factor (MCF) and the Modal Phase Collinearity - Weighted (MPCW). The modes that presented higher confidence factor values were considered as the final result of the identification process.

O aço inoxidável martensítico ASTM A743 CA6NM é utilizado para produzir componentes especiais para turbinas hidráulicas, devido às suas boas propriedades mecânicas combinadas com alta resistência à corrosão e cavitação e uma boa soldabilidade. As turbinas hidráulicas são produzidas por meio de múltiplos passes de solda em peças espessas obtidas por fundição. Durante a operação, estes componentes estão sujeitos à erosão por cavitação e trincas em regiões tensionadas, que são reparados também por meio de soldagem. Após o processo de soldagem, um tratamento térmico pós-soldagem é comumente utilizado para aliviar as tensões residuais. Porém, existem dificuldades significativas para a realização de tratamento térmico nas turbinas hidráulicas, tais como a complexidade da geometria de solda, a possibilidade de distorção no caso de quaisquer cargas mecânicas, dificuldade em aquecer simetricamente, e também o tratamento térmico pode causar degradação das propriedades do material. Assim, existe um grande interesse no desenvolvimento de procedimentos de soldagem que elevem a tenacidade ao impacto e evitem o tratamento térmico pós-soldagem. Neste trabalho, a aplicação de vibrações mecânicas durante e após a soldagem para aliviar tensões residuais foram avaliadas em juntas de aço inoxidável martensítico CA6NM soldadas pelo processo Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW). A utilização de vibrações mecânicas para reduzir e redistribuir as tensões residuais das estruturas soldadas através da aplicação de carga vibratória pode gerar muitos benefícios. Testes de impacto Charpy (-20 °C), ensaios de tração e dobramento foram realizados conforme ASME IX, e perfis de microdureza nas diferentes regiões da solda foram conduzidos para a caracterização mecânica das juntas soldadas. A caracterização microestrutural foi realizada utilizando difração de raios X, microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os resultados de propriedades mecânicas das amostras vibradas atenderam as exigências especificadas por norma, na qual o processo com tratamento térmico é recomendado para a soldagem deste tipo de aço, visando atingir os níveis de tenacidade do material original. Com relação à microestrutura não foram observados alterações significativas para as amostras vibradas em comparação com a condição \"como soldado\", porém para a condição com tratamento térmico pós-soldagem foi observado uma pequena quantidade de austenita retida, que são precipitadas após o tratamento térmico e permanecem finamente distribuídas após o resfriamento e auxiliam no ganho de tenacidade das juntas soldadas. / The martensitic stainless steel ASTM A743 CA6NM is used to produce special parts for hydraulic turbines, due to its good mechanical properties combined with high resistance to corrosion and cavitation and good weldability. These components are produced by multiple weld passes in thick parts obtained by casting. During operation, these components are subject to cavitation erosion and cracks in stressed regions, which are also fixed by welding. After the welding process, a post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) is commonly used to relieve the residual stresses. However, there are significant difficulties to perform heat treatment in hydraulic turbines, such as the complexity of the weld geometry, the possibility of distortion in the case of any mechanical loads, difficulty in heat symmetrically, and also heat treatment may cause degradation of the properties of material. Thus, there is great interest in the development of welding procedures that will increase the toughness and avoid post-weld heat treatment. In this work, the application of mechanical vibrations during and after welding to relieve residual stresses were evaluated in martensitic CA6NM stainless steel joints welded by Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW). The use of mechanical vibration to reduce and redistribute the residual stresses of welded structures through the vibration loading application can generate many benefits. Charpy impact test (-20 ° C), tensile and bending tests were performed according to ASME IX, and microhardness profiles in different regions of the weld were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of the welded joints. Microstructural characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of mechanical properties of vibrated samples met the requirements specified by standard, wherein the PWHT is recommended to weld this type of steel, in order to meet original base metal toughness. Regarding the microstructure were not observed significant changes to the vibrated sample compared to the condition as welded, but for the condition with PWHT was observed a small amount of retained austenite, which are precipitated after heat treatment and remain finely distributed after cooling and promote a better toughness of welded joints.

Les systèmes de récupération d’énergies basées sur les vibrations mécaniques environnantes suscitent l’intérêt depuis de nombreuses années. Augmenter l’efficacité de la conversion d'énergie est primordial, mais celle-ci pour être bien maitrisée, passe par la mise au point de modèles précis et notamment par la prise en compte des lois régissant les matériaux piézoélectriques. En effet, ces matériaux sont à la base des couplages mécano/électriques et il est capital de comprendre comment ils fonctionnent quelque soit l'excitation externe. Un modèle précis du matériau ferroélectrique est indispensable pour établir des critères de conception des prototypes et leur optimisation. Dans cette thèse, un modèle précis, temporel, large bande tenant compte de l’ensemble des non-linéarités d’une céramique piézoélectrique a été développé. L’utilisation d’opérateurs fractionnaires a permis d’augmenter fortement la bande de fréquence de validité du modèle. Le modèle permet notamment de prévoir l’évolution de la polarisation diélectrique ainsi que le déplacement mécanique de l’échantillon testé et ceci quelque soit le type de stimulation (contrainte mécanique pure, champ électrique et même excitation hybride électriques/mécaniques). La dérivé fractionnaire a dans un premier temps été utilisée pour l’hystérésis sous excitation électrique pour décrire le comportement dynamique de la polarisation diélectrique. En effet, au delà d’un seuil de fréquence, lorsque l’état du matériau n’est plus quasi-statique, une contribution dynamique apparaît. Cette contribution joue un rôle primordial lorsque les niveaux de fréquence et d’amplitude sont élevés. La même étude a ensuite été menée sous contrainte mécanique, et le même opérateur fractionnaire a été utilisé avec succès. Nous avons entre autre constaté que sur un même échantillon les paramètres de simulation établis sous champ électrique étaient conservés sous contrainte mécanique. Ensuite, un modèle inverse permettant d’imposer la forme d’onde de la polarisation ou du déplacement a été proposé. Pour une polarisation ou un déplacement donné, le modèle inverse permet de déterminer avec précision l’effort mécanique à appliquer sur la céramique piézo-électrique. Ces modèles sont nécessaires pour optimiser une forme d’onde de contrainte mécanique ou électrique et obtenir un rendement supérieur des systèmes récupérateurs d’énergie. En effet, une nouvelle technique couplée champ électrique/contrainte mécanique de récupération d’énergie est présentée à la fin de la thèse, technique qui nous a permis de valider l’utilisation du modèle. L’utilisation du modèle permet d’optimiser la mise au point d’un prototype mais également d’obtenir la valeur exacte du rendement de la méthode en rendant compte notamment des pertes diélectriques. Dans la thèse, le modèle sous ses différentes variantes est décrit de manière exhaustive. / Energy harvesting based on mechanical vibration has been a long time research topic for the last few decades. In addition to enhancing the energy conversion amount, another objective is to master and give a precise model with consideration of the disciplines of piezoelectric material behavior. A precise model for the ferroelectric material is mighty needed in the energy harvesting process, so as to give an instruction to the prototype designing and modelling optimizing. In this thesis, a model working on wide bandwidth considering the nonlinearity of the piezoceramic has been developed. The employment of the fractional derivative has broadened the usage of this model on expanded bandwidth. The model permit to predict the evolution of the dielectric polarization as well as the mechanical displacement, which has been tested on different samples under different kinds of stimulation (pure mechanical, pure electrical and hybrid of electrical and mechanical excitations). This fractional derivative factor has been first developed under electrical excitations to describe the dynamic behavior. In the development of this model to mechanical field, the fractional derivative factor was found available as well under the mechanical excitation in the same value. In the following study, an inverse of mechanical model has been developed as well. In the end, we stimulate the piezoceramic using both electrical and mechanical excitation to augment the energy harvesting amount which could become a promising method in energy harvesting field. Every model has been exhaustively demonstrated and specific measuring benches have been established to validate these models. Experiments results and simulations in different kinds of excitations (amplitudes, frequencies) for every kind of the above models have been compared. Good approximation has been acquired indicating the model has a good accuracy in describing the material property and dynamic behavior.

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Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-17T15:03:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JAIME MATIAS DA SILVA NETO- DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2018.pdf: 3496418 bytes, checksum: 6c6b6ae8738da4d0e77cbcedcb6bb9d6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T15:03:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JAIME MATIAS DA SILVA NETO- DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2018.pdf: 3496418 bytes, checksum: 6c6b6ae8738da4d0e77cbcedcb6bb9d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / CNPq / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da aplicação de vibração mecânica durante o processo da soldagem sobre o refino de grãos em metais de solda obtidos na soldagem do aço ASTM A516 Gr.60, aplicado em caldeiras e vasos de pressão. Para o tratamento de vibração mecânica foi utilizado o processo VWC (Condicionamento de Soldagem Vibratória), e para a soldagem foram empregados dois tipos de processos: SMAW (Arco Elétrico com Eletrodo Revestido) e GMAW (Soldagem ao arco elétrico com proteção gasosa). Os consumíveis utilizados foram o arame AWS ER 70S-6 com 1,2 mm de diâmetro protegido com CO2 no processo GMAW e o eletrodo AWS E7018 com 2,25 mm de diâmetro no processo SMAW. Foi projetada e desenvolvida uma bancada vibratória para realização dos experimentos. As juntas foram executadas sem e com vibração, submetidas a amplitudes que variaram de 7,2 a 51,2 m/s2 e frequências de 205 a 220 Hz. A vibração promoveu uma melhor distribuição da microestrutura no metal de solda, promovendo um refino de até 113% para uma amplitude de 51,2 m/s2 e frequência de 220 Hz no processo GMAW, em relação a condição sem vibração. Já no processo SMAW a redução chegou a 25% com amplitude de 7,2 m/s2 e frequência de 205 Hz. As reduções nos desvios padrões médios de dureza chegaram a 71% para uma amplitude de 48,9 m/s2 e frequência de 215 Hz, no processo GMAW. Enquanto que no processo SMAW, o desvio padrão médio de microdureza reduziu 27%, com amplitude 7,2 m/s2 e frequência de 205 Hz, em relação a condição sem vibração. / The present work had the objective of evaluating the influence of mechanical vibration during the welding process on grain refining in brazing metals obtained in the welding of steel ASTM A516 Gr.60, applied in boilers and pressure vessels. For the mechanical vibration treatment VWC (Vibration Welding Conditioning) process was used.. , The welds were done using the SMAW (Electric Arc with Coated Electrode) and GMAW (Electric Arc Welding with Gaseous Protection) process. AWS ER 70S-6 wire with 1.2 mm of diameter protected with CO2 in the GMAW process and the electrode E7018 with 2.25 mm of diameter in the process SMAW were used as consumable. A vibratory bed was designed and developed to perform the experiments. The joints were performed without and with vibration, subjected to amplitudes ranging from 7.2 to 51.2 m/s2 and frequencies from 205 to 220 Hz. The vibration promoted a better distribution of the microstructure in the weld metal, promoting a refining of up to 113% for an amplitude of 51.2 m/s2 and a frequency of 220 Hz in the GMAW process, in relation to the condition without vibration. In the SMAW process the reduction reached 25% with amplitude 7.2 m/s2 and frequency of 205 Hz. The reductions in the average hardness standard deviations reached 71% for a range of 48.9 m/s2 and a frequency of 215 Hz, in the GMAW process. Using the SMAW process, the mean standard deviation of microhardness value decreased by 27%, with amplitude 7.2 m/s2 and a frequency of 205 Hz, in relation to the condition without vibration.