O policloreto de vinila (PVC) é comercialmente utilizado em diversas aplicações, destacando-se os filmes flexíveis. Para a fabricação destes compostos de PVC, utilizam-se vários tipos de aditivos, tais como plastificantes, estabilizantes térmicos, lubrificantes, retardantes de chama e outros. No presente trabalho foram produzidos compostos de PVC a partir de uma formulação referencial, variando-se a concentração de pigmento, carga, modificador de impacto e plastificantes. A preparação das amostras foi feita através de uma misturadeira intensiva (Mecanoplast), calandra de 2 rolos e prensa, obtendo-se placas flexíveis de 1 mm de espessura. Os resultados das análises térmicas (DMA e TGA) mostraram que o uso e a quantidade de plastificantes foram os principais fatores que influenciaram as propriedades de mudança de fase (Tg) e estabilidade térmica do material. As análises das propriedades mecânicas (resistência à tração e alongamento) mostraram que estas propriedades foram influenciadas pelas proporções de cargas, modificador de impacto e plastificantes na composição. As medidas elétricas (rigidez dielétrica) não foram afetadas pela variação da adição de materiais nas amostras analisadas / Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is commercially used in several applications, especially in flexible films. Aiming the production of products, PVC can be filled with a variety of additives, like plasticizers, thermal stabilizers, lubricants, flame-retardants and others. In this work PVC compounds were produced based on a known formulation, using different weight ratios for pigment, filler, impact modifier and plasticizers. Samples were prepared through intensive mixing using two rolls calendrer followed by a hot press to form films with 1 mm thickness. Thermal analysis results (DMA and TGA) showed that plasticizers are the most important factors that influenced the material properties such as phase behavior (Tg) and thermal stability. Mechanical properties analysis (breaking strength and elongation) were influenced by fillers, impact modifier and plasticizers proportions used in the composition. Electrical properties (dielectric breakdown strength) were not affected by different weight ratios in the analyzed samples

Flexible risers that carry hydrocarbon fuels from the subsea facilities to the floatation units above the sea surface are composed of multiple metallic and polymeric layers (in their wall). Among these layers, the tensile armour layer consists of several helically wound metallic wires; these tensile armour layers carry the weight of the riser, provide tensile stiffness & strength and maintain the structural integrity of the riser structure during harsh underwater currents. However, as the oil & gas fields in shallow waters are receding, the oil & gas industry is being forced to move towards deeper offshore waters, where the metallic tensile armour wires pose limitations (fatigue, corrosion, weight, etc.). In this thesis an alternative to metallic tensile armour wires will be presented in form of a flexible hybrid composite formed by stacking seven pultruded composite (carbon and vinyl-ester) circular rods in form of hexagonal pack, held together by an over-braid (Dyneema fibres) sleeve. The manufacturing process for hybrid composite tensile armour wires will be studied and their mechanical properties will be presented. A multi-scale finite element model developed for hybrid composite wires will be presented in this thesis to help further understand the mechanical properties of hybrid composite wires.

Flexible electronics attract research and commercial interests in last 2 decades for its flexibility, low cost, light weight and etc. To develop and improve the electro-mechanical properties of flexible electrodes is the most critical and important step. In this work, we have performed nanomechanical and electro-mechanical characterization of materials for flexible electrode applications, including metallic nanowires (NWs), indium tin oxide (ITO)-based and carbon nanotube (CNT)-based electrodes. First, we designed and developed four different testing platforms for nanomechanical and electro-mechanical characterization purpose. For the nano/sub-micro size samples, the micro mechanical devices can be used for uni-axial and bi-axial loading tests. For the macro size samples, the micro tester will be used for in situ monotonic tensile test, while the fatigue tester can be used for in situ cyclic tensile or bending testing purpose. Secondly, we have investigated mechanical behaviors of single crystalline Ni nanowires and single crystalline Cu nanowires under uni-axial tensile loading inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM) chamber. We demonstrated both size and strain-rate dependence on yield stress of single-crystalline Ni NWs with varying diameters (from 100 nm to 300 nm), and themolecular dynamics (MD) simulation helped to confirm and understand the experimental phenomena. Also, two different fracture modes, namely ductile and brittle-like fractures, were found in the same batch of Cu nanowire samples. Finally, we studied the electro-mechanical behaviors of flexible electrodes in macro scale. We reported a coherent study integrating in situ electro-mechanical experiments and mechanics modeling to decipher the failure mechanics of ITO-based and CNT-based electrodes under tension. It is believed that our combined experimental and simulation results provide some further insights into the important yet complicated deformation mechanisms for nanoscale metals and fracture mechanism for flexible electrodes applications.

This research investigates the mechanical properties and performance of structural materials at a small volume scale. In situ observation was made possible through the Small Punch Test (SPT) method as well as tribological testing. Experimentally, aluminum and titanium alloys were examined using those two techniques. Analysis of their behavior in comparison with their published mechanical properties made it possible to establish connections between test parameters and conventional uniaxial tensile test properties. Connections were generated between SPT parameters and tribological performance. This research used experimental approaches to develop an understanding of the material behaviors during small punch testing and apply them to hydrogen embrittlement. The SPT for such alloys were highly repeatable and specimen surface roughness did not have visible impacts on repeatability. Analysis indicated that there is a link between the SPT and conventional mechanical properties. The relationship between the applied force and the slop of the FvE curve is associated with the tensile strength and elastic modulus. It was found that the SPT can be used to qualitatively gage wear resistance. The SPT was used to analyze hydrogen effects, and no significant effects were seen on 3003-H14 and 2618-T61 aluminum alloys; however, effects were seen on a Ti-6Al-4V alloy. It was also found that hydrogen showed no visible effects on friction and wear. The SPT can now be applied more accurately to the testing of aluminum alloys and new doors for the potential of small punch testing in the application of hydrogen embrittlement and surface characterization have been opened. This thesis consists of six chapters. The first chapter serves as an introduction to the background necessary to understand the rational and motivation for the present research. The second chapter will go into detail about the motivation and the objects of the research while the third chapter will explain the experimental procedures that were conducted to fulfill these objectives. The fourth chapter will present the results of these experiments, and they will be discussed in the fifth chapter. Finally, in the sixth chapter, conclusions will be stated and future work will be discussed.

Rapid prototyping methods embrace a family of manufacturing methods that are developed to speed up the prototyping stage of product design. The sole needed input for production being the solid model of the part, mold/tool-free production characteristics and the geometric part complexity that can be achieved due to layer-by-layer production have extended the applicability/research areas of these methods beyond prototyping. Local pore formation in part that occurs as a result of the discrete manufacturing nature of rapid prototyping methods can be viewed as an opportunity for material development. In this thesis, the manufacturing-internal (porous) structure-mechanical property relations of porous materials are investigated. These porous parts are produced via Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) which is a rapid prototyping method. The elastic modulus, tensile strength, rupture strength and Poisson&rsquo / s ratio of uniform porous specimens with known porosities are determined through standardized mechanical tests for polymeric materials. The mechanical property variation profiles in graded materials are determined using the mechanical properties of uniform parts. The mechanical behavior of uniform and graded materials under applied loads are modeled using finite element method and simulation results are compared to the results of mechanical tests performed on graded materials. In addition, feasibility of producing resin filled composite parts from these uniform and graded porous parts are sought. Porous parts (both uniformly and graded) that are infiltrated with epoxy resin have been characterized mechanically and the results have been compared with the uninfiltrated porous parts.

This study concerns with the testing methods for mechanical characterization at micron scale. The need for the study arises from the fact that the mechanical properties of materials at micron scale differ compared to their bulk counterparts, depending on the microfabrication method involved. Various test structures are designed according to the criteria specified in this thesis, and tested for this purpose in micron scale. Static and fatigue properties of the materials are aimed to be extracted through the tests. Static test structures are analyzed using finite elements method in order to verify the results. Test structures were fabricated by deep reactive ion etching of 100 &micro / m thick (111) silicon and electroplating 18 &micro / m nickel layer. Performance of the test structures are evaluated based on the results of tests conducted on the devices made of (111) v silicon. According to the results of the tests conducted on (111) silicon structures, elastic modulus is found to be 141 GPa on average. The elastic modulus of electroplated nickel is found to be 155 GPa on average, using the same test structures. It is observed that while the averages of the test results are acceptable, the deviations are very high. This case is related to fabrication faults in general. In addition to the tests, a novel computer script utilizing image processing is also developed and used for determination of the deflections in the test structures.

O compósito de pós reativos é um material formado basicamente por uma argamassa de matriz cimentícia ricamente refinada em termos de granulometria e com a inclusão de fibras, como forma de reforço. Entretanto, duas características principais o definem em termos de composição: a quase ausência de armaduras em estruturas construídas com o material e o fato de dispensar o uso de agregados com diâmetro máximo superior a 1 mm, sendo constituído basicamente por pós. O CPR possui características únicas que lhe conferem resistências à compressão de seis a oito vezes superiores ao concreto convencional, e tração e flexão cerca de dez vezes maior, podendo competir diretamente com estruturas em aço. As dificuldades para sua obtenção e utilização residem no fato de ser um material que demanda grande precisão em sua dosagem e também nos custos diretos para sua produção, bem como o desconhecimento em relação ao seu desempenho. O presente estudo comparou três diferentes traços de CPR a um traço de concreto convencional de uso comum na indústria de préfabricados, de forma a caracterizá-lo mecanicamente e buscando viabilizar sua produção e aplicação na indústria de pré-fabricados nacional, utilizando cinza volante como alternativa de aglomerante e a hibridização de fibras. Efetuou-se também um estudo comparativo dos custos de sua obtenção em relação ao concreto convencional, levando-se em conta o desempenho mecânico. Os resultados indicam que para todos os traços estudados, em relação ao concreto convencional estabelecido como parâmetro, as principais propriedades mecânicas contemplam uma resistência à compressão até quatro vezes superior; módulo de elasticidade longitudinal 50% superior; resistência à tração na flexão até sete vezes superior e resistência à tração direta cerca de três vezes superior. Com relação aos custos, ao se considerar o seu comportamento mecânico, o CPR se mostrou mais competitivo frente ao concreto convencional, demonstrando que a sua implantação, dentro da indústria de pré-fabricados nacional, pode e deve ser explorada. / Reactive powder composite is a material formed by a richly refined cementitious mortar matrix in terms of grain size and the inclusion of fibers, such as reinforcement. However, two main features define it in terms of composition: the almost absence of reinforcement steel and the use of aggregates with a maximum diameter greater than 1 mm, consisting basically by powder materials. RPC has unique characteristics which confer compressive strength six to eight times higher than conventional concrete and tensile and flexural strength about ten times higher, and may compete directly with steel structures. Difficulties in obtaining and use the material lie in the fact that it requires a great precision in the dosage and also the direct costs for its production, as well as the lack of knowledge about its performance. This study compared three different CPR mixes to a conventional concrete mix, commonly used in the precast industry, in order to characterize it mechanically and intending to disseminate its production and use in the national precast industry by using fly ash as a binder and alternative fiber hybridization. It also made a comparative study between the costs of obtaining CPR compared to conventional concrete, taking into account the mechanical performance. The results indicate that for all mixes studied in relation to conventional concrete set as a parameter, the primary mechanical properties include a compressive strength up to four times higher; longitudinal elastic modulus exceeding 50%; bending tensile strength up to seven times and resistance to direct tension about three times higher. Considering the costs compared to the mechanical behavior, CPR was found more competitive against the conventional concrete, demonstrating that its implementation within the national precast industry can and should be explored.

Submitted by Ana Paula Santos da Silva (ana.paula1@outlook.com) on 2018-04-13T00:44:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Defesa Mestrado- versão final.pdf: 2552832 bytes, checksum: 9589b4e1630518c51f6b72f3850d78d9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamella Benevides Gonçalves null (pamella@feg.unesp.br) on 2018-04-13T17:50:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_aps_me_guara.pdf: 2552832 bytes, checksum: 9589b4e1630518c51f6b72f3850d78d9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-13T17:50:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_aps_me_guara.pdf: 2552832 bytes, checksum: 9589b4e1630518c51f6b72f3850d78d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O segmento de painéis à base de madeira tem se destacado no setor madeireiro pelo uso de tecnologia moderna em seus equipamentos e uso mais racional da matéria-prima. No entanto, a busca por produtos melhores e mais competitivos é constante tendo em vista o mercado ser bastante exigente. Sendo assim, definiu-se como objetivo deste estudo a adição de nanopartículas de óxido de zinco (ZnO) na fabricação de painéis de fibras de média densidade e avaliar as influências das mesmas nas propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos painéis produzidos com dois adesivos comerciais e ainda verificar a influência das nanopartículas na transferência de calor durante o processo de prensagem. Os painéis foram produzidos com adição de 0,5% e 1% de nanopartículas com base no peso seco de fibras e painéis testemunha com resina ureia-formaldeído (UF) e melamina-formaldeído (MF) e, os mesmos caracterizados a partir da ABNT NBR 15.316-2:2015. Durante o processo de prensagem através de sistema de aquisição de dados acoplado a um termopar foram obtidas as variações de temperatura do colchão ao longo dos dez minutos do ciclo de prensagem. A partir dos resultados pode-se concluir que o uso das nanopartículas na proporção de 0,5% de nanopartículas não indicou grandes interferências nas propriedades físico-mecânicas dos painéis estudados. A adição de 1% de nanopartículas tanto nos tratamentos com MF e UF interferiu de forma negativa na interação com o adesivo e, assim, reduziu as propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos painéis e, auxiliou a transferência de calor a partir do segundo ciclo de prensagem. / The wood-based panels stood out in the wood segment by the use of modern technology in their equipment and more rational use of the raw material. However, the demand for better and more competitive products is constant, given that the market is quite demanding. Thus, the aim of this study was to add zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in the production of medium density fiberboards and to evaluate their influence on the physical and mechanical properties of the panels produced with two commercial adhesives and to verify the influence of nanoparticles on the heat transfer during the pressing process. The panels were produced with 0.5% and 1% of nanoparticles based on the dry weight of fibers and control panels with ureaformaldehyde (UF) and melamine-formaldehyde resin (MF) and characterized by ABNT NBR 15.316-2:2015. During the pressing process through a data acquisition system coupled to a thermocouple, the temperature variations of the mattress were obtained during the ten minutes of the pressing cycle. From a preliminary analysis of the results it can be concluded that the use of nanoparticles in the proportion of 0.5% of nanoparticles did not indicate large interferences in the physical-mechanical properties of the panels studied. The addition of 1% of nanoparticles in both MF and UF treatments interfered negatively in the interaction with the adhesive and thus reduced the physical and mechanical properties of the panels and assisted the heat transfer from the second pressing cycle

O compósito de pós reativos é um material formado basicamente por uma argamassa de matriz cimentícia ricamente refinada em termos de granulometria e com a inclusão de fibras, como forma de reforço. Entretanto, duas características principais o definem em termos de composição: a quase ausência de armaduras em estruturas construídas com o material e o fato de dispensar o uso de agregados com diâmetro máximo superior a 1 mm, sendo constituído basicamente por pós. O CPR possui características únicas que lhe conferem resistências à compressão de seis a oito vezes superiores ao concreto convencional, e tração e flexão cerca de dez vezes maior, podendo competir diretamente com estruturas em aço. As dificuldades para sua obtenção e utilização residem no fato de ser um material que demanda grande precisão em sua dosagem e também nos custos diretos para sua produção, bem como o desconhecimento em relação ao seu desempenho. O presente estudo comparou três diferentes traços de CPR a um traço de concreto convencional de uso comum na indústria de préfabricados, de forma a caracterizá-lo mecanicamente e buscando viabilizar sua produção e aplicação na indústria de pré-fabricados nacional, utilizando cinza volante como alternativa de aglomerante e a hibridização de fibras. Efetuou-se também um estudo comparativo dos custos de sua obtenção em relação ao concreto convencional, levando-se em conta o desempenho mecânico. Os resultados indicam que para todos os traços estudados, em relação ao concreto convencional estabelecido como parâmetro, as principais propriedades mecânicas contemplam uma resistência à compressão até quatro vezes superior; módulo de elasticidade longitudinal 50% superior; resistência à tração na flexão até sete vezes superior e resistência à tração direta cerca de três vezes superior. Com relação aos custos, ao se considerar o seu comportamento mecânico, o CPR se mostrou mais competitivo frente ao concreto convencional, demonstrando que a sua implantação, dentro da indústria de pré-fabricados nacional, pode e deve ser explorada. / Reactive powder composite is a material formed by a richly refined cementitious mortar matrix in terms of grain size and the inclusion of fibers, such as reinforcement. However, two main features define it in terms of composition: the almost absence of reinforcement steel and the use of aggregates with a maximum diameter greater than 1 mm, consisting basically by powder materials. RPC has unique characteristics which confer compressive strength six to eight times higher than conventional concrete and tensile and flexural strength about ten times higher, and may compete directly with steel structures. Difficulties in obtaining and use the material lie in the fact that it requires a great precision in the dosage and also the direct costs for its production, as well as the lack of knowledge about its performance. This study compared three different CPR mixes to a conventional concrete mix, commonly used in the precast industry, in order to characterize it mechanically and intending to disseminate its production and use in the national precast industry by using fly ash as a binder and alternative fiber hybridization. It also made a comparative study between the costs of obtaining CPR compared to conventional concrete, taking into account the mechanical performance. The results indicate that for all mixes studied in relation to conventional concrete set as a parameter, the primary mechanical properties include a compressive strength up to four times higher; longitudinal elastic modulus exceeding 50%; bending tensile strength up to seven times and resistance to direct tension about three times higher. Considering the costs compared to the mechanical behavior, CPR was found more competitive against the conventional concrete, demonstrating that its implementation within the national precast industry can and should be explored.

Grâce au développement des méthodes de mesure de champs, de nouvelles stratégies d’identification de paramètres matériau de lois de comportement mécanique sont proposées, fondées sur l’utilisation d’essais mécaniques hétérogènes. Les champs de déformation hétérogènes développés au cours de ces essais permettent une meilleure caractérisation du comportement mécanique des tôles métalliques et, par conséquent, de réduire considérablement le nombre d’essais nécessaires pour identifier les paramètres matériau de modèles phénoménologiques complexes. Mais comment concevoir ces essais? Dans ce travail, une méthodologie d’optimisation pour le développement d’essais mécaniques hétérogènes est présentée. L’objectif principal est la conception, par analyse inverse et en proposant un indicateur représentatif des états de déformation, d’un essai capable de caractériser le comportement mécanique des tôles métalliques pour plusieurs états de contrainte et déformation. Pour cela, cette étude a été réalisée en considérant un matériau virtuel (acier doux sous forme de tôle mince), obtenu à partir de données expérimentales. En outre, un indicateur qui caractérise les essais mécaniques a été proposé pour être utilisé dans la méthodologie d’optimisation. D’un côté, le comportement mécanique de l’acier doux a été représenté avec un modèle phénoménologique complexe composé du critère anisotrope de plasticité Yld2004-18p, combiné à une loi d’écrouissage mixte et un critère macroscopique de rupture. Pour cette loi de comportement, un procédé d’identification des paramètres du matériau a été développé et le jeu de paramètres identifiés a été validé en comparant des résultats expérimentaux et numériques de l’emboutissage d’un godet cylindrique. D’un autre côté, un indicateur quantitatif pour évaluer l’information du champ de déformation des essais mécaniques a été formulé et sa pertinence a été évaluée à travers l’analyse numérique d’essais classiques et hétérogènes de la littérature. Concernant la méthodologie d’optimisation, deux approches différentes ont été considérées pour la conception de l’essai mécanique hétérogène. La première approche est fondée sur une procédure en une seule étape, où l’optimisation de la forme de l’éprouvette et des conditions aux limites, imposées par un outil, a été effectuée. La seconde approche est fondée sur une technique incrémentale en plusieurs étapes, en optimisant la forme de l’éprouvette et le chemin de déformation, par l’application des déplacements locaux. Les résultats obtenus sont comparés et un essai est retenu pour identifier les paramètres matériau, en utilisant le matériau virtuel comme référence, afin d’illustrer la pertinence de la démarche / With the development of full-field measurements methods, recent material parameters identification strategies call upon the use of heterogeneous tests. The inhomogeneous strain fields developed during these tests lead to a more complete mechanical characterization of the sheet metals, allowing the substantial reduction of the number of tests in the experimental database needed for material parameters identification purposes. In the present work, an innovative design optimization process for the development of heterogeneous tests is presented. The main goal is the design of a mechanical test able to characterize the material behavior of thin metallic sheets under several stress and strain paths and amplitudes. To achieve this aim, the study was carried out with a virtual material, though derived from experimental data. An indicator of the mechanical interest of the test was proposed, and was used in an optimization procedure to design both the boundary conditions and the sample shape. On the one hand, the virtual behavior of a mild steel was characterized using a complex phenomenological model composed by the Yld2004-18p anisotropic yield criterion combined with a mixed isotropic-kinematic hardening law and a macroscopic rupture criterion. An efficient material parameters identification process based on finite element model updating type was implemented and the identified parameters set was validated by performing a deep drawing test leading either to full drawing or rupture of the blank. On the other hand, an indicator which rates the strain field of the experiment by quantifying the mechanical information of the test was formulated. The relevance of the indicator was stressed out by the numerical analysis of already known classical as well as heterogeneous tests and the results obtained were validated by a material parameter sensitivity study. Two different optimization approaches were used for designing the heterogeneous test, namely (i) a one-step procedure designing both specimen shape and loading path by using a tool and (ii) a sequential incremental technique designing the specimen shape and the loading path of the specimen considering local displacements. The results obtained revealed that the optimization approach proposed was very promising for designing a single experiment able to fully characterize the several strain paths and amplitudes encountered in sheet metal forming processes.