This research is to carry out an experimental study to examine and verify the effectiveness of the control algorithms and strategies developed at the Advanced Engineering Design Laboratory (AEDL). For this purpose, two objectives are set to be achieved in this research. The first objective is to develop a generic experiment environment (test bed) such that different control approaches and algorithms can be implemented on it. The second objective is to conduct an experimental study on the examined control algorithms, as applied to the above test bed. <p>To achieve the first objective, two main test beds, namely, the real-time controllable (RTC) mechanism and the hybrid machine, have been developed based on a two degree of freedom (DOF) closed-loop five-bar linkage. The 2-DOF closed-loop mechanism is employed in this study as it is the simplest of multi-DOF closed-loop mechanisms, and control approaches and conclusions based on a 2-DOF mechanism are generic and can be applied to a closed-loop mechanism with a higher number of degrees of freedom. The RTC mechanism test bed is driven by two servomotors and the hybrid machine is driven by one servomotor and a traditional CV motor. To achieve the second objective, an experimental study on different control algorithms has been conducted. The Proportional Derivative (PD) based control laws, i.e., traditional iii PD control, Nonlinear-PD (NPD) control, Evolutionary PD (EPD) control, non-linear PD learning control (NPD-LC) and Adaptive Evolutionary Switching-PD (AES-PD) are applied to the RTC mechanism; and as applied to the Hybrid Actuation System (HAS), the traditional PD control and the SMC control techniques are examined and compared. <p> In the case of the RTC mechanism, the experiments on the five PD-based control algorithms, i.e., PD control, NPD control, EPD, NPD-LC, and AES-PD, show that the NPD controller has better performance than the PD controller in terms of the reduction in position tracking errors. It is also illustrated by the experiments that iteration learning control (ILC) techniques can be used to improve the trajectory tracking performance. <p>However, AES-PD showed to have a faster convergence rate than the other ILC control laws. Experimental results also show that feedback ILC is more effective than the feedforward ILC and has a faster convergence rate. In addition, the results of the comparative study of the traditional PD and the Computed Torque Control (CTC) technique at both low and high speeds show that at lower speeds, both of these controllers provide similar results. However, with an increase in speed, the position tracking errors using the CTC control approach become larger than that of the traditional PD control. In the case of the hybrid machine, PD control and SMC control are applied to the mechanism. The results show that for the control of the hybrid machine and the range of speed used in this experimental study, PD control can result in satisfactory performance. However, SMC proved to be more effective than PD control.

Composed of a left mold and a right one, an open and close molding mechanism is widely used in various plastic industries. The aim of this study is to design cam-link mechanisms whose right mold motions can rapidly synchronize with their left mold motions so that the mechanisms have higher stiffness for reducing residual vibration. In structural design of a molding mechanism, the device is actuated by a planar cam mechanism. And a set of cam actuated links is synthesized to drive the left mold. Then, another set of links connected to one of the left mold links is used to synchronously actuate the right mold together with the left mold. This study first is to synthesize the B-Spline curves for the left mold motion. Subsequently, the linkage sizes are modified base on the mechanical advantages. Then, the motion curves of the right mold and the cam follower device can be analytically determined. And the rigid body dynamic behavior of the mechanism is analyzed. Finally, the geometry of the cam is analyzed and the size of the cam follower rollers are selected to achieve the longer life time at the working speeds. This research presents eight different design cases to investigate the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of the molding mechanism. As a result, a case with improved kinematic and dynamic performance is selected.

Internet technology (IT) has changed the way information is disseminated, which has led to changes in transaction-making and the creation of new electronic markets. This has also led to the emer-gence of new types of online intermediaries, and new selling mechanisms. Since most online selling involves commodity goods and the discovery of low prices, the design of selling mechanism primarily focuses on the disclosure of price information. Low-price discovery selling mechanisms, however, have caused buyers to shift from one mechanism to another to get the best deals. Online sellers are facing profit pressures as a result. Price information only addresses a portion of consumer needs though. They need information to identify uncertainties that may harm them during transactions. Consumers also search for products and services that fit their individual preferences and are willing to pay a price premium for such offerings. Sellers have to offer additional information and to do decommoditization, or consumers will abandon selling mechanisms that do not match their needs. This dissertation examines these issues in three essays. It explores two online selling mechanisms: online group-buying auctions and a la carte pricing schemes in airline industry. The a la carte pricing is to offer flexible pricing to consumers. The research employs an Internet-based experimental test bed, a single-firm empirical case study, and an econometric model to test the relevant theories. I evaluate the design of online group-buying auctions, where consumers are more uncertain about group-buying as a mechanism for organizing economic exchange. I also evaluate the design of online selling mechanisms in the air travel services industry, where digitally-intermediation has created problems with suppliers¡¦ ownership of their customers and increasing channel conflicts. The results indicate that the dominance of price in consumer purchase decisions can be mitigated by complementary information, as well as value-added product and service information that an online selling mechanism provides. Consumer information requirements are dynamic and inconsistent though. So an effective selling mechanism must identify how to disclose an adequate amount of information to consumer. Some of the new mechanism designs that have emerged have produced a means for sellers to be more effective. My findings suggest that, in addition to price transparency, online selling mechanisms also affect transaction completion uncertainty, and support the expression of personal preferences.

Due to the kinematic limitation of slider-crank mechanisms used in traditional internal combustion engines, such devices driven by their piston motions have a difficulty to reach the better fuel efficiency. In order to make the fuel efficiency better, many engine mechanisms that can be tuned to obtain desired piston motions have been proposed. Since most of the proposed engine mechanisms have complex linkages and bulky size, they become impractical for real applications. The design of a conjugate cam engine mechanism containing a conjugate cam with a slider crank mechanism can be conveniently tuned to produce a desired piston motion in consideration of a limited space, weight, and the number of linkages. The aim of this research is to set up a systematic design and analysis procedure for conjugate cam engine mechanisms. First of all, the kinematic analysis of conjugate cam engine mechanisms is performed based on the rigid body transformation method to determinate the conjugate cam profiles. Then, the geometric properties including the pressure angle and radius of curvature are investigated. Also, in order to characterize the rigid body dynamic behavior of the mechanism, the Newton¡¦s Law is used to derive equations of motion. Finally, it is conducted to design and analyze a real system, and observe the real condition from the experiment to prove the theory is correct.

Based on the traditional six-bar toggle mechanisms, this study is focused on the design of two types of cam-link mechanisms. Six-bar toggle mechanisms are simple, and they have an extreme mechanical advantage in toggle position so that they are widely used in plastic forming machines. Cam-crank-slider and cam-double-slider linkage are the two types mechanisms that we concerned. And we find the difference between these mechanisms for kinematic and dynamic performance. The benefit of cam-link mechanisms compares to linkage mechanisms is more precision points. We can synthesize the curve profile with the demand for forming acceleration or stroke. Because we need interpret the kinematic characteristic of toggle mechanisms by using several boundaries condition of different curves. This study selects two kinds from foregoing curve for the model.

The purpose of this essay is to explore the importance of muscles about human motion from anatomy. Then, we will be able to establish the mechanism by muscular characteristic. Muscles include agonist muscle and antagonist muscle. The skeletons can only be moved by the contraction of muscles. That unidirectional force characteristic is just like the resistant tensile force of rope. The rope can be just tensioned, it can¡¦t be pressured. The purpose of this essay tries to use unique method to apply the rope to the mechanism. The way is to use the input rod to contact the rope from lateral; then, the move of the input rod will force on the rope, resulting in the deformation and tension of rope. Therefore, the rope of two extremities of output rod will be moved. This above particular method is called direct contact of rope. In order to generate the generalized mechanical device of the rope mechanism, The essay defines the generalized rule of the direct contact of rope; thus, the rope mechanism can use create design of mechanism devices to proceed mechanism synthesis.

This study aims to develop a computer program to optimize the performance of loader mechanisms in backhoe-loaders. The complexity and the constraints imposed on the loader mechanism does not permit the use of classical optimization techniques used in the synthesis of mechanisms. Genetic algorithm is used to determine the values of the design parameters of the mechanism while satisfying the constraints and trying to maximize breakout forces that the machine can generate.

In this thesis, design of a car door window regulator is presented. This design comprises a mechanism in order that the car door window makes a specified translational motion. First, conceptual design is carried out to obtain the best suitable concept for the design and best suitable concept comes out to be a scissor mechanism. Afterwards, detailed design of the chosen concept is given. In the detail design stage, kinematic synthesis of the mechanism is performed basically using the Cardan motion. Lastly, implementation of the design on a car door is described.

Since China established professional basketball league in 1995, China aimed to be the world's second professional basketball league. During this period, China¡¦s professional basketball league has experienced so many change and transformation of its policy. The study is build on the reexamination of theories and the establishment of analytical framework, in order to analyze China¡¦s professional basketball league development and transition of economic efficiency. The study discovered that the main problems in China's professional basketball competition market are¡Gthe market supply is uneven distribution¡Fthe whole market less than the size¡Fthe existence of market failure in price regulation¡Fthe existence of market supply and demand imbalance¡Fthe commission¡Ðagency relationship is bad¡Fmore market control¡Flack of market management and service awareness¡FThe relevant legal system is imperfect. In order to solve the problem from several aspects¡Gspeed up the market system and market cultivation and perfection of the elements¡Fstrengthen the market environment, including the CBA league organization, establish a reasonable system of property rights and governance structures¡Fstrengthen the external environment, including the creation of a good policy, formulate and improve relevant laws and regulation system.

Spinosyn A is a particularly interesting natural product due to its structural complexity and potent insecticidal activity. The biosynthetic pathway of spinosyn A is interesting as it has two unusual features, the SpnF-catalyzed (4+2) cycloaddition and the SpnL-catalyzed cyclization to produce the perhydro-as-indacene core. The work described in this dissertation focuses on elucidating the mechanisms of the SpnF- and SpnL-catalyzed reactions. SpnF has attracted significant interest as a possible Diels-Alderase. To explain how SpnF catalyzes the formation of cyclohexene ring, three plausible mechanisms have been proposed, the Diels-Alder reaction mechanism, the ionic rearrangement mechanism, and the biradical rearrangement mechanism. Kinetic isotope effect studies were performed using four deuterium-labeled mechanistic probes, specially the C4-D, C7-D, C11-D, and C12-D analogs. Currently, the ionic rearrangement mechanism can be excluded, based on the results using the C4-D and C7-D analogs. In addition, how SpnF accelerates the reaction was studied to assess the contribution of an entropic x preorganization compared to enthalpic transition state stabilization. To measure the relative rate enhancements due to structural perturbations, three mechanistic probes were synthesized, the linear analog, the C13-14 Unc analog, and the C2-3 Unc analog. Unfortunately, the linear analog and C13-14 Unc analog didn’t show any turnover activity under either non-enzymatic or enzymatic conditions. Thus, no conclusion could be drawn from incubation with these substrate analogs. Mechanistic studies of SpnL-catalyzed cyclization were devoted to differentiating between the Rauhut-Currier type mechanism and the Michael addition mechanism. Biochemical studies using the C13-F analog as a mechanism-based inhibitor showed the formation of a covalent adduct with SpnL, which is consistent with the Rauhut-Currier type mechanism. Additional experimental data obtained from isotope trace experiments and kinetic isotope effect studies using C12-D analog supports the Rauhut-Currier type mechanism. Biochemical studies concerning the role of SAM in SpnF and SpnL showed that SAM is required for the activity of SpnL, and were inconclusive for SpnF. SpnL mutant studies showed that Cys60 and Glu96 may be important for the catalysis of SpnL. Chemoenzymatic total synthesis of spinosyn A was completed by chemical etherification of 17-pseudoaglycone and D-forosamine. / text