Magister Legum - LLM / The judicial court system in South Africa is overburdened, which results in parties having to wait for long periods of time to have their matters settled or even heard. Furthermore, the cost of litigation in South Africa is immense, which prevents the biggest part of the population from access to justice in line with s 34 of the Constitution of 1996. Therefore, alternative methods of dispute resolution are worth looking into. This paper will compare the mediation system of South Africa with that of Germany. This will allow for a better insight in regard to mediation within South Africa, which can help to address the above stated problems.

Bugelski and Sharlock (1952) credit McGeoch with saying that although the concept of mediation was an old one, it had generated more discussion than experimentation. Bugelski and Sharlock in commenting on McGeoch's statements had this to say, "The concept of mediation is of great potential value for the psychological analysis of learning, thinking, and insight." (Bugelski and Sharlock, 1952, p. 334) The views of Bugelski and Sharlock represent the current thinking in verbal learning circles relevant to the importance of mediation in symbolic forms of behavior. The experimental emphasis, at the present time, is upon the conditions underlying the process. With regard to the nature of mediation Jenkins has stated, The second task, I believe, is to press on in our experimental attack on the conditions of mediation: that is, we should attempt to discover how these implicit processes are acquired, how they are actuated, how they are inhibited, and in general, how they are employed by the subjects. (Jenkins, 1963, p. 212) One method by which the conditions of mediation may be discovered is to determine the relationship between this process and many other forms of intervening variables. In commenting on this latter point Mowrer has stated, "But no one, it seems, has addressed himself systematically to the question of the relation between intervening variables and mediators." (Mowrer, 1960, p. 68) These views of Jenkins and Mowrer on the direction experimentation should take in mediation suggest the need for the current study. The purpose of this study was to investigate the function of visual imagery, type of mediator and associative frequency in mediate association. The role of these factors was examined within an induced mediation paradigm of the form A- B, B-C, A-C.

Mediation analysis is built to answer not only if one variable affects another, but how the effect takes place. However, it lacks interpretable effect size estimates in situations where the mediator (an intermediate variable) and/or the outcome is categorical or otherwise non-normally distributed. By integrating a powerful approach known as average marginal effects within mediation analysis—termed Marginal Mediation Analysis (MMA)—the issues regarding categorical mediators and/or outcomes are, in large part, resolved. This new approach allows the estimation of the indirect effects (those effects of the predictor that affect the outcome through the mediator) that are interpreted in the same way as mediation analysis with continuous, normally-distributed mediators and outcomes. This also, in turn, resolves the troubling situation wherein the indirect plus the direct effect does not equal the total effect (i.e., the total effect does not equal the total effect). By offering this information in mediation, interventionists and lawmakers can better understand where efforts and resources can make the greatest impact. This project presents the development and the software of MMA, describes the evaluation of its performance, and reports an application of MMA to health data. The approach is successful in several aspects: 1) the software works across a wide variety of situations as the MarginalMediation R package; 2) MMA performed well and was statistically powered much like other mediation analysis approaches; and 3) the application demonstrated the increased amount of interpretable information that is provided in contrast to other approaches.

The demand for effective social skills interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders is a pertinent issue for school-based professionals. One approach to increase appropriate social skills is to involve peer support by training a few socially competent children to positively interact with a student with an ASD. Potentially, training larger groups of children could result in increasing the number of different peers who would actively support positive interactions with their classmates with ASD. Thus, the present study investigated the effect of a class-wide peer-training strategy on the percentage of positive social interaction and number of peer contacts for three elementary students with autism spectrum disorders. All peers in the three different classrooms received a brief lesson on respecting differences in others and how to support all classmates during classroom and recess activities. Next, each class was taught how to support other students in the class by modeling, role playing, and didactic instruction. This training specifically targeted preferred recess activities and social skills goals of the student with an ASD. After training, peers received a verbal prompt to use skills before a recess period, implemented the procedures in the absence of direct supervision during recess, and participated for a chance to earn points towards a class-wide reward for participating in positive interactions with the student with an ASD. A multiple baseline across the three classrooms showed replicated positive effects of the intervention relative to a prior baseline condition. Results showed that the class-wide respect and social support skills training paired with a contingent reward contingency increased the level of positive social interactions as well as the number of peer contacts for all three students with autism spectrum disorders.

Researchers who study clinical and developmental psychology are often interested in answering questions such as how interventions work, when treatment begins to improve health outcomes, or for whom treatment has the greatest impact. Answers to these and similar questions impact the general understanding of health and behavior, and can be imperative for effectively implementing intervention and prevention programs. To evaluate such complex relationships among variables, researchers have turned to moderated mediation analysis. Moderated mediation analysis is a statistical tool used to identify the conditional processes among observed or latent variables. However, in developmental and clinical psychology, variables are regularly measured using multiple sources or multiple methods. In fact, best practice recommendations in clinical psychology suggest measuring variables with multiple methods (Achenbach, 2006). The question arises how to use multimethod assessments in statistical analyses such as moderated mediation analysis. The objectives of the present study were to create a multimethod moderated mediation model, apply the model to an extant dataset of child developmental behaviors, and evaluate conditions under which the model performed well using a Monte Carlo simulation study. Results from the application showed that the indirect path from hyperactivity to academic impairment through oppositional defiant behavior was significant but not moderated by inattention. Results from the simulation study indicated that excluding true method effects from a moderated mediation model resulted in unacceptable parameter and standard error bias. These results point to the advantages of using the M4 model to evaluate moderated mediation in the presence of multimethod data.

abstract: Statistical inference from mediation analysis applies to populations, however, researchers and clinicians may be interested in making inference to individual clients or small, localized groups of people. Person-oriented approaches focus on the differences between people, or latent groups of people, to ask how individuals differ across variables, and can help researchers avoid ecological fallacies when making inferences about individuals. Traditional variable-oriented mediation assumes the population undergoes a homogenous reaction to the mediating process. However, mediation is also described as an intra-individual process where each person passes from a predictor, through a mediator, to an outcome (Collins, Graham, & Flaherty, 1998). Configural frequency mediation is a person-oriented analysis of contingency tables that has not been well-studied or implemented since its introduction in the literature (von Eye, Mair, & Mun, 2010; von Eye, Mun, & Mair, 2009). The purpose of this study is to describe CFM and investigate its statistical properties while comparing it to traditional and casual inference mediation methods. The results of this study show that joint significance mediation tests results in better Type I error rates but limit the person-oriented interpretations of CFM. Although the estimator for logistic regression and causal mediation are different, they both perform well in terms of Type I error and power, although the causal estimator had higher bias than expected, which is discussed in the limitations section. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2019

Dans les champs de la médiation artistique, la psychanalyse s'est peu intéressée au cirque comme médium thérapeutique. Le travail proposé ici en tente une articulation. La thèse avancée montre que la pratique du cirque peut être vecteur de remaniements psychiques, dans un dispositif sensible aux enjeux transférentiels.À partir des particularités du cirque, j'avance quelques spécificités psychiques pouvant se jouer dans cet espace, thérapeutique de surcroît.Le cirque apparait comme un espace subversif, hétérotopique (Foucault), où les équilibres sont rendus instables. Ce déséquilibre, inhérent au cirque, pourrait aussi concerner les instances psychiques : j'en viens ainsi à proposer la piste comme un surmoi d'emprunt. Un surmoi clément, comme celui décrit par Freud dans L'humour (1927), autorisant à expérimenter le monde comme un jeu d'enfant. Un surmoi réconciliateur avec le moi, permettant quelques mobilités, dans cet espace sensoriel. Car la piste, dans son étymologie, est le lieu de la trace. Surface marquée, elle permet l'empreinte, en s'approchant du sensoriel comme première matrice, par le corps éprouvé. Elle réactualise quelques échos originaires, que je propose de décrire, du côté du sentir, du regard, et de la contenance rendue possible.Le cirque est aussi l'espace du Réel, réanimé par la vivance de la part animale. En ce sens, il permet un espace de silence nécessaire à l'articulation du langage. Il est pré-texte, pré-verbal indispensable, et fait résonner un peu d'inquiétante-familiarité. La piste de cirque apparait alors comme un espace où l'imprévisible peut émerger, où une sortie de la stase est possible, pour qu'une dynamique subjective prenne forme. / In the fields of artistic mediation, psychoanalysis has very rarely focused on the circus as a therapeutic medium. The hereby approach attempts to articulate this connection. The proposed thesis shows that the practice of circus arts can be a conveyor of psychological reorganizations, within a sensitive transferential framework.From the perspective of the distinctive features of circus arts, I bring forward psychological specificities that play a role in this therapeutic space.The circus appears as a subversive heterotopic space (Foucault), where balances are rendered unstable. This imbalance, which is inherent to circus arts, could also be a concern for psychological authorities. The circus ring could be considered as a borrowed superego. A clement superego, similar to the one described by Freud in Humour (1927), allowing to experience the world as a child's play. A superego that reconciles with the self, allowing movement in the sensory space. Etymologically, the ring is the place of trace, a marked surface, that aliows the notion of footprint, by approaching the sensory dimension as the initial matrix, through the experienced body. Thus, it generates the update of several native echoes that I describe from the perspective of feeling, sight and composure.The circus is also a real space, reanimated by the experience of animal nature. In this respect, it allows a space of silence, necessary to the articulation of language. It is an unavoidable pretext and pre-verb that resonates a somewhat worrying familiarity. The circus ring thus appears, where the unpredictable can emerge, and where an exit from the stasis is possible, so that a subjective dynamism takes shape

Conflict management style preference and use of mediation within the Black population in the United States (US) is not well understood. The purpose of this study is to find out if there is a significant difference in conflict management style preference and use of mediation by African Americans and Afro-Caribbean (Jamaicans) living in the United States. Based on Hofstede's theory of individualism-collectivism cultural orientation, the US culture emphasizes individualism while Jamaica’s culture emphasizes collectivism. Responses were collected from 108 African American and Jamaican respondents anonymously, of which 96 were deemed usable. The Rahim (1983) Organizational Conflict Management Style Inventory was used to collect data on the five styles and was analyzed with the appropriate statistic test. A thematic analysis was used to analyze the text-based data gathered from the two open-ended questions at the end of the survey. The thematic analysis revealed two major themes: personal and workplace relationship conflict situations. It is recommended that future study includes three groups of Blacks instead of two groups. The preferred conflict management style from the combined group result is the compromising style. A significant difference was found in the obliging and compromising conflict management styles between African Americans and Jamaicans. No significant difference was found between the groups’ conflict management style and willingness to use mediation. The open-ended questions and individual textual description of conflict experience and willingness to use mediation were used to clarify the quantitative results and provide a better understanding of the similarities and differences among people of African descent from different cultural orientations.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21630号 / 医博第4436号 / 新制||医||1033(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 古川 壽亮, 教授 髙橋 良輔, 教授 妻木 範行 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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