Freie Univ., Diss. u.d.T.: Schwerin, Alexander von: Tierzucht, Strahlen und Pigmente--Berlin, 2002. / Personalbibliogr. H. Nachtsheim S. [350] - 371.

Thesis (doctoral)--Göteborg University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 438-449) and index.

Submitted by Edineia Teixeira (edineia.teixeira@unioeste.br) on 2018-04-24T14:44:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Marcos_Cochak2017.pdf: 1598683 bytes, checksum: e921541055d1b3f686918cb26de4db2d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-24T14:44:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Marcos_Cochak2017.pdf: 1598683 bytes, checksum: e921541055d1b3f686918cb26de4db2d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-28 / population, responsible for spontaneous abortions, problems related to infertility, and a large number of congenital anomalies that cause psychosocial and economic impact in families and also in the health system. They are present in about 1% of the liveborn, 2% of the conceptions known in women over the age of 35 years and almost all the abortions occurred in the first trimester of gestation. These anomalies involve changes in the set or structure of the chromosomes and are referred to as syndromes, such as Down syndrome or trisomy 21 is the best known, corresponding to the fourth most frequent cause of congenital anomalies. Chromosomal changes may be inherited or de novo originated, having biological influence or associated with environmental factors such as exposure to physical and chemical agents such as industrial wastes and agrochemicals. Diagnosis is made through karyotype analysis, and their knowledge is the basis for subsequent clinical treatment, prognosis, and risk-of-recurrence data for genetic counseling. Thus, the objective of this research was to analyze, through a retrospective study, human chromosomal disorders from regions of Brazil in the period of ten years (2005 to 2015), and correlates them with the use and occupation of soil through MaxEnt (maximum entropy) a predictive model for evaluation of association of occurrence of cases of chromosomal alterations as a function of soil use and occupation. In order to do so, a documentary study was carried out in the karyotype database of samples sent to the cytogenetic study of a national clinical laboratory. Of the 43,672 karyotype results, 83% (n= 36,435) were normal, 52% (n= 18,946) female and 48% (n= 17,489) male. Karyotypes with chromosomal abnormalities were found in 17% (n= 7,237), where 52% (n= 3763) female and 48% (n= 34740) male, were the most frequent aneuploidies (77% 5.558), structural changes totaled 16% (n = 1,163) and concomitant numerical and structural changes 7% (n= 516). 79.2% of the alterations involved autosomal chromosomes and 20.3% sex chromosomes, and 0.48% involved both autosomal and sexual. Among the altered cases, 9% (n= 668) were detected in mosaic. Characterizing chromosomal diseases by regions of Brazil, the highest proportion was in the South region, with 6 cases changed/100,000 inhabitants, followed by the Midwest and North regions, with 4 cases/100,000 inhabitants. The Northeast and Southeast regions presented the lowest proportions (3 cases changed/100,000 inhabitants and 2 altered cases/100,000 inhabitants respectively). When characterizing chromosomal diseases by regions of Brazil, it was possible to observe that in absolute numbers the highest frequencies occurred in the North and Northeast regions. Structural autosomal alterations were more frequent in the Southeast region, and numerical and structural concomitants were more frequent in the Northern region. Changes in mosaics were more frequent in the South, Northeast and Center-West regions, and those of single lineage were significantly more frequent in the Southeast region. Regarding land use and occupation, urbanized areas had a higher probability of occurrence of chromosomal diseases (50 to 90%), followed by areas using permanent crops (40 to 50%). This research demonstrates the prevalence of chromosomal diseases and their geographic distributions in Brazil being of great value, since studies of this genre are scarce in Brazil and, can serve as a tool to identify the incidence and recurrence risk of chromosomal diseases, enabling genetic counseling and information for the elaboration of public policies that improve the patients quality of life. / As alterações cromossômicas são doenças genéticas representativas na população, responsáveis por abortamentos espontâneos, problemas relacionados à infertilidade e grande número de anomalias congênitas, que causam impacto psicossocial e econômico nas famílias e no sistema de saúde. Estão presentes em cerca de 1% dos nativivos, 2% das concepções conhecidas em mulheres com idade acima de 35 anos e quase a totalidade dos abortos ocorridos no primeiro trimestre de gestação. Estas anomalias envolvem alterações no conjunto ou estrutura dos cromossomos e são denominadas como síndromes, dentre elas a de Down, ou trissomia do 21, é a mais conhecida, correspondendo à quarta causa mais frequente de anomalias congênitas. As alterações cromossômicas podem ser herdadas ou originadas de novo, tendo influência biológica ou associadas a fatores ambientais, como a exposição a agentes físicos e químicos, como os resíduos industriais e agrotóxicos. O diagnóstico é feito através da análise do cariótipo, e o seu conhecimento é a base para o tratamento clínico subsequente, prognóstico e dados sobre o risco de recorrência para o aconselhamento genético. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar através de estudo retrospectivo as cromossomopatias humanas oriundas de regiões brasileiras no período de dez anos (2005 a 2015), e correlacioná-las com o uso e ocupação de solo através do programa MaxEnt (máxima entropia), um modelo preditivo para avaliação de associação de ocorrência de casos em função do uso e ocupação do solo. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo documental, no banco de dados dos resultados de cariótipos, de amostras enviadas para o estudo citogenético de um laboratório clínico de abrangência nacional. Dos 43.672 resultados de cariótipo, 83% (n=36.435) foi normal, sendo 52% (n=18.946) do sexo feminino e 48% (n=17.489) masculino. Cariótipos com alterações cromossômicas foram encontradas em 17% (n=7.237), onde 52% (n=3763) do sexo feminino e 48% (n=3474) do sexo masculino, sendo as aneuploidias as mais frequentes (77%; n=5.558). As alterações estruturais somaram 16% (n=1.163) e alterações numéricas e estruturais concomitantes, 7% (n=516). Das alterações, 79.2% envolvia cromossomos autossômicos, 20,3% cromossomos sexuais e 0,48% envolvia ambos autossômicos e sexuais. Dentre os casos alterados, 9% (n=663) foi detectado em mosaico. Caracterizando as cromossomopatias por regiões do Brasil, a maior proporção de alterações por habitantes foi na região Sul, com 6/100.000, seguida pelas regiões Centro-Oeste e Norte, com 4/100.000. As regiões Nordeste e Sudeste apresentaram as menores proporções, 3/100.000 e 2/100.000, respectivamente. Ao caracterizar as frequências por regiões do Brasil, foi possível observar que em número absoluto, as maiores ocorreram nas regiões Norte e Nordeste. As alterações autossômicas estruturais na região Sudeste, e numéricas e estruturais concomitantes na região Norte. Alterações em mosaicos foram mais frequentes nas regiões Sul, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste e as de linhagem única foram mais significativamente na região Sudeste. Em relação ao uso e ocupação de solo, as áreas urbanizadas apresentaram uma maior probabilidade de ocorrência de cromossomopatias (50 a 90%), e seguida por áreas de lavouras permanentes (40 a 50%). Esta pesquisa demonstra as prevalências das alterações cromossômicas e suas distribuições geográficas no Brasil sendo de grande valia, pois estudos deste gênero são escassos no País e, poderão servir de ferramenta para identificar o risco de incidência e recorrência de doenças cromossômicas, possibilitando o aconselhamento genético e informações para a elaboração de políticas públicas que melhorem a qualidade de vida dos pacientes.

Orientadores: Vera Lúcia Gil da Silva Lopes, Iscia Teresinha Lopes Cendes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T11:59:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monteiro_FabiolaPaoliMendes_M.pdf: 4745618 bytes, checksum: 220053db4f2a750f68c332b998074576 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A deleção 22q11. 2 é a mais frequente deleção intersticial na espécie humana, ocorrendo em aproximadamente 1/4000 nascidos vivos. Esta pode manifestar-se através de amplo espectro fenotípico, já sendo descritas mais de 180 manifestações clínicas asociadas. Frequências da deleção variando de 0% a 75% têm sido encontradas em diferentes estudos dependendo da manifestação primária escolhida, bem como do desenho do estudo e critérios de inclusão utilizados. Muitos estudos foram realizados com o propósito de definir quais pacientes deveriam ser triados para a deleção 22q11.2 em populações com distintas manifestações da mesma, visando uma abordagem com maior custo-efetividade, porém ainda hoje um consenso não foi atingido e a questão ainda é debatida. Até o presente momento, não existem estudos direcionados a definir, de maneira objetiva, qual ou quais destes dismorfismos sugestivos têm maior relevância durante a avaliação dismorfológica de indivíduos com diferentes manifestações do espectro da deleção. Com o objetivo de contribuir na definição de critérios clínicos e dismorfológicos que possam otimizar a indicação da realização de exame confirmatório, foram investigados 194 pacientes divididos em quatro grupos clínicos - Suspeita de deleção com alterações palatais {Grupo 1), suspeita de deleção sem alterações palatais (Grupo 11), malformações cardíacas associadas ao espectro da deleção 22ql1.2 {Grupo III) e indivíduos com dignóstico de esquizofrenia {Grupo IV). Todos foram testados para a deleção 22q11.2 por meio da técnica de Multiplex Ligant-Probe Amplification (MLPA). Para cada grupo, um checklist específico, incluindo dismorfismos e outras características clínicas, foi desenvolvido e aplicado. Pacientes do Grupo IV foram examinados independentemente por dois geneticistas clínicos, a fim de definir a presença de dismorfismos relacionados às síndromes de deleção 22ql1.2 (22q11.2DS) e a concordância na indicação de testes confirmatórios. A deleção 22q11.2 foi detectada em 45 pacientes {23,2%), assim distribuídos: 35/101 {34;7%) do Grupo I, 4/18 (22,2%) do Grupo 11, 6/52 {11,5%) do Grupo III e em nenhum indivíduo do Grupo IV. A taxa de concordância entre os dois observadores para indicação de exame confirmatório para o Grupo IV foi de 91,3%. Os dados clínicos foram analisados por distribuição de frequência e estatisticamente em cada um dos grupos e subgrupos. Cada grupo clínico foi discutido de forma independente e seus resultados comparados àqueles previamente descritos por outros pesquisadores. Sinais clínicos entre indivíduos com deleção e sem deleção foram comparados, sendo signifcantes para a suspeição das 22q11.2DS: face alongada (p<0,001), pálpebras "hooded" (p=0,015), nariz típico (p=0,041), conformação tubular do nariz (p=0,046) e hipoplasia alar (p=0,012). Os resultados demonstram objetivamente que algumas características dismórficas têm maior probabilidade de estarem associadas à presença da deleção 22q11.2. Baseados nos resultados obtidos e na revisão da literatura, é proposta uma abordagem sistemática para triagem de pacientes com manifestações distintas do espectro da deleção 22q11.2, visando uma melhor relação de custo-efetividade / Abstract: The 22q11.2 deletion is the most frequent intersticial deletion in the human species, occurring in approximately 1/4000 live births. It is associated with a wide phenotypic spectrum, with over 180 clinical manifestations already described. Distinct approaches have detected frequencies of the deletion ranging from 0% to 75%, depending on the primary manifestation of the studied population and selection criteria. Many studies have been conducted to define which patients would be eligible for screening for the 22q11.2 deletion, though so far the issue is still up for debate. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been directed towards objectively defining which suggestive dysmorphisms are relevant while evaluating individuals with distinct manife.stations of the 22q11.2 deletion syndromes (22q11.2DS) . In order to contribute to the delineation of possible clinical and dysmorphologic guidelines and to optimize decision to proceed with confirmatory testing, 194 individuals were evaluated. Group I- clinical suspicion of 22q11.2DS with palatal anomalies, Group II -clinical suspicion without palatal anomalies, Group Ill -cardiac malformations associated with the 22q11.2DS and Group IV- schizophrenic patients. All of them were evaluated and tested for the 22q11.2 deletion using Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (M LPA). Group-specific checklists were developed to collect dysmorphologic and clinical data. Also, patients from Group IV were examinated independently by two clinical geneticists, in order to define the presence of suggestive 22ql1.2DS dysmorphisms and concordance rate in indication to proceed with laboratorial investigation. The 22q11.2 deletion was detected in 45 patients (23.2%), distributed as such: Group I 35/101 (34.7%), Group 114/18 (22.2%), Group Ill 6/52 (11.5%) and none from Group IV. Concordance of clinical features and indication of confirmatory test in Group IV by two examiners was 91.3%. Clinical data was analyzed by frequency and statistical tests. Each group was independently discussed and the results compared to those previously described by other researchers. Several independent dysmorphisms were compared between individuals with and without the 22q11.2 deletion, and a long face (p<0.001), hooded eyelids (p=0.015), a tubular conformation (p=0.046) or other forms of typical nose (p=0.041), and alar hypoplasia (p=0.012) were statiscally more likely to be found in patients that tested positive for the deletion. Conclusions: The results objectively demonstrate that some dysmorphic features have a higher probability of being correlated to the presence of the 22q11.2DS. Based on these results and the review of the literature, a systematic approach for screening patients with distinct manifestations of the 22ql1.2DS in a more cost-effective way is proposed / Mestrado / Genetica Medica / Mestra em Ciências Médicas

Orientador: Vera Lucia Gil da Silva Lopes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T22:55:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monlleo_IsabellaLopes_M.pdf: 586069 bytes, checksum: 706db2a35c57b9e799229264653c4708 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: As anomalias craniofaciais estão entre os defeitos congênitos humanos mais freqüentes e demandam assistência multiprofissional, integral e especializada, cujo custo é elevado. O médico geneticista destaca-se na equipe por ter habilidades para a caracterização etiológica e nosológica dessas condições, fundamentais para o aconselhamento genético e a correta obtenção de dados epidemiológicos. Todavia, o acesso ao tratamento ainda é precário em muitas nações, motivo pelo qual a Organização Mundial de Saúde vem estimulando pesquisas sobre oferta de serviços e qualidade da assistência prestada. Além disso, é reconhecido que a ampla variação da qualidade e dos custos da assistência estão relacionados às características estruturais e funcionais dos serviços. A primeira iniciativa para atenção a portadores de Anomalias Craniofaciais no Sistema Único de Saúde do Brasil ocorreu em 1993. Com a criação da Rede de Referência no Tratamento de Deformidades Craniofaciais, o atendimento foi ampliado, contando atualmente com 29 centros credenciados. Até o momento, esses centros não foram caracterizados. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a organização dessa Rede, descrever a estrutura e funcionamento dos centros que a integram e verificar a oferta e o acesso à genética clínica nesses locais. Para coleta dos dados, foi utilizado um questionário semi-estruturado, remetido por correio. Os resultados demonstram agregação de centros no Sudeste, em universidades e na área de fissuras labiopalatais, com atendimento de rotina em cerca de 90% deles. A denominação da rede de assistência não parece corresponder à sua atual abrangência. As equipes estão constituídas de acordo com critérios americanos em 14 e, com europeus, em cinco centros participantes do estudo. Há geneticistas clínicos em 13 centros. Dentre esses, 61,8% contam com apenas um especialista dessa área. Apesar da baixa inserção do geneticista, em 22 centros, pais e pacientes solicitam informações sobre etiologia e prevenção que são fornecidas em 80,0% dos centros; todavia em 55% deles essa atividade é realizada por médicos não geneticistas e outros integrantes da equipe. Em conclusão, os dados sugerem a necessidade de revisão da definição, objetivos, abrangência e critérios de credenciamento dos centros de atendimento e caracterizam a precariedade da oferta e do acesso à genética clínica na Rede de Referência no Tratamento de Deformidades Craniofaciais / Abstract: Craniofacial anomalies are one of the most common birth defects in man, which have considerable medical costs in view of the long, specialized and complex treatment. The presence of the Clinical Geneticist on the team is important for clinical and etiologic characterization of these anomalies, genetic counseling and epidemiologic register. As the access for treatment is not easy in many countries, the World Health Organization launched a project for research availability and quality of the specialized services. Previous research demonstrates that variation of costs and quality of the services were related with theirs structural and functional characteristics, as well. The first initiative for public craniofacial anomalies health care in Brazil was in 1993. An important improvement occurred with the creation of the Net for Craniofacial Deformities Treatment, which is composed by 29 centers. Until now, these centers had not been studied before. The aims of this study were to evaluate the Net for Craniofacial Deformities Treatment, to describe the structural and functional characteristics of these centers and the access for genetic evaluation and genetic counseling for individuals and families in them. Data were collected by a questionnaire mailed for all these centers. The results showed an increased of centers in Southeast and in universities. Cleft lip and palate is the main clinical condition treated. Routine attendance occurred in 90% of the centers. Teams¿ composition is similar to American criteria in 14 of the centers and to European, in 5. The denomination of this assistance net does not seem in accordance to its actual activities. Clinical geneticist was present in 13 centers and 61,8% had one professional. In spite of few Clinical Geneticists in the composition of the teams, in 22 centers of attendance patients and parents asked for etiology and prevention, which have been done in 80% of them. These informations are transmitted by a non-specialized physicians and others members of the team in 55% of the centers. These data suggested that it would be necessary the revision of definition, goals, activities and standards for inclusion of the craniofacial centers. They also demonstrated that the availability and the access for clinical geneticist is not enough in the Net for Craniofacial Deformities Treatment of Brazil / Mestrado / Genetica Medica / Mestre em Ciências Médicas

Tumour immunity is a balance between immune mediators that promote tumor progression versus mediators that promote tumor rejection. Infiltrating lymphocytes in human colorectal cancer tissues are independent prognostic factors for a better survival and a high number of cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells have been associated with a better prognosis in terms of a longer and disease free survival for the patient. In our syngeneic rat model we induce colon carcinoma subperitoneally by injecting a colon cancer cell line BN7005, a cell line expressing the epitope (Lewis Y) for the BR96 antibody. Tumours are dissected out and treated with different fixatives and then either frozen, snap-frozen or embedded in paraffin followed by sectioning. Immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies against the tumour infiltrating leukocytes was performed on the tissue. The results were seen as an infiltration of different leukocytes in the tumours.

Malgré l’avancée considérable des connaissances sur le génome humain, de nombreuses maladies génétiques restent mal comprises car nous ignorons encore quel gène porte la mutation responsable d’une pathologie spécifique. Notre travail s’intègre dans le cadre de l’étude des maladies génétiques héréditaires monogéniques récessives, maladies rares mais qui ensemble touchent près d’1% de la population globale.<p>Les maladies récessives sont des maladies génétiques dont le phénotype malade ne se déclare que lorsque les deux allèles d’un gène sont mutés, hérités chacun d’un parent porteur. L’approche que nous utilisons pour localiser le gène causal dans le génome est l’analyse de liaison génétique. Les familles consanguines sont le profil idéal pour ce type d’étude car l’hypothèse peut être faite que les enfants atteints ont hérité deux fois de la même mutation, chaque allèle malade provenant d’un parent porteur et hérité d’un ancêtre commun relativement proche Dans cette optique, nous établissons une cartographie d’homozygotie (homozygosity mapping) du génome des patients, c à d que nous recherchons à travers le génome complet des zones d’homozygotie indiquant une identité par descente à partir d’un ancêtre commun (1) en à testant systématiquement un grand nombre de marqueurs génomiques polymorphes (microsatellites d’ADN et SNPs) répartis sur tous les chromosomes dans l’ADN extrait de tous les membres de la famille, atteints et non atteints. Ensuite nous inspectons la région homozygote à la recherche des meilleures gènes candidats, que nous séquençons jusqu’à trouver une mutation dont le rôle causal de la pathologie soit convaincant.<p>Nous avons étudié une famille constituée de 2 boucles de consanguinité avec plusieurs enfants atteints d’épilepsie myoclonique progressive (PME). <p>Nous avons criblé le génome entier des patients au moyen d’un kit permettant l’analyse de 382 microsatellites et avons confronté ces résultats avec ceux d’une analyse sur puce de 10.000 SNPs. Cela nous a permis de mettre en évidence un nouveau locus de PME s’étalant sur une dizaine de cM sur la région centromérique du chromosome 7. La valeur maximale du LOD score que nous avons calculé atteint 4.0 rendant ce locus significatif. Dans cet intervalle, contenant environ 85 gènes annotés, nous avons séquencé le gène KCTD7 car il s’agit de l’acronyme pour K+ Channel Tetramerization Domain 7, spéculant sur une interaction potentielle avec un canal potassique. Ce séquençage a révélé une mutation non sens homozygote chez les atteints, hétérozygotes chez les parents, et totalement absente dans une série de 100 contrôles. Cette mutation, sur l’exon 2 de KCTD7, substitue une arginine par un codon stop, tronquant deux tiers de la protéine (289aa total). L’ensemble de ces résultats ont été repris dans une première publication au journal Annals of Neurology en 2007 (2). <p>Au début de ce travail, le gène KCTD7 était une simple annotation génomique. Son ADNc avait été cloné dans un effort systématique à haut débit et des ESTs (expressed sequence tag) en avaient été caractérisés. La famille des protéines KCTDs sont de petites protéines solubles caractérisées par un domaine d’interaction protéine-protéine appelé BTB/POZ. Ces protéines sont impliquées dans une grande variété de processus biologiques. Certaines sont des adaptateurs spécifiques du complexe multimèrique E3 Ubiquitine Ligase (2), d’autres sont impliquées dans l’assemblage des récepteurs GABAb (3), d’autres encore sont des protéines nucléaires, stimulant l’activité polymérase de l’ADN polδ2 (4).<p>Nous avons montré, en utilisant la technique du Northern Blot, que l’ARNm du gène KCTD7 était exprimé de manière ubiquitaire (cerveau, cœur, foie, poumon, intestin, colon, reins, rate, yeux, muscle). Ceci a été confirmé par PCR après transcription inverse à partir d’ARNs provenant des mêmes tissus chez la souris adulte. Nous avons également montré que ce gène était déjà exprimé durant la vie fœtale par PCR après transcription inverse à partir d’embryon de souris (E6.5 à E14.5).<p>Nos Western Blots ne nous ayant pas permis d’observer la protéine endogène dans les extraits tissulaires totaux, nous avons pensé que la protéine pouvait être rapidement dégradée. Nous avons donc mesuré la demi-vie de la protéine KCTD7 recombinante en cellules COS-7 traitées pour différents temps par la cyclohéximide comme inhibiteur de la synthèse protéique. Cette demi-vie a été évaluée à 6h, ce qui indique que KCTD7 n’est pas une protéine hyper-labile. <p>Puisque nous avions l’hypothèse que KCTD7 puisse interagir avec les canaux ioniques membranaire, nous avons cherché à comprendre sa distribution intracellulaire. Ainsi, nous avons déterminé par immuno-fluorescence que la protéine recombinant KCTD7, marquée par les tags GFP, HIS ou HA, avait une distribution essentiellement périnucléaire en cellules COS-7. Lors des immuno-détections, nous avons utilisé soit l’anticorps contre KCTD7, soit l’anticorps contre le tag, afin de renforcer la validité du marquage. Un signal à la membrane plasmique n’ayant pas été détecté, nous avons postulé que KCTD7 n’interagit sans doute pas directement à cette membrane, que ce soit avec des canaux ioniques membranaires ou des récepteurs de neurotransmetteurs (GABAb). Un modèle de régulateur direct de canaux potassiques associés au réticulum endoplasmique a déjà été proposé pour KCNRG, un membre des protéines KCTDs capable de réguler négativement l’activité des canaux Kv1.1 et Kv1.4 par un contrôle de leur expression à la membrane grâce à leur rétention dans le réticulum endoplasmique (6). <p>A l’instar d’autres protéines de la famille des KCTDs, nous avons montré, par des expériences de co-immunoprécipitation, que KCTD7 était capable de former des homodimères, très probablement grâce à son module d’interaction BTB/POZ comme cela à été montré pour d’autres protéines de la même famille (7). Nous avons également montré par co-immunoprécipitation que KCTD7 interagi avec la Cullin-3 alors qu’il ne lie pas la Cullin-1. Cette protéine fait partie d’un complexe protéique impliqué dans l’ubiquitination de certains substrats. Nous avons montré que KCTD7 n’est pas sujet à l’ubiquitination en cellules COS-7 co-transfectées par KCTD7 et l’ubiquitine-flag, ce qui n’exclu pas qu’il puisse l’être dans un autre système ou d’autres conditions expérimentales. L’ubiquitination, quand elle ne conduit pas son substrat à la dégradation par le protéasome, est un processus qui permet le contrôle de l’expression de nombreuses protéines, dont certains canaux ioniques membranaires (KCNQ2/3 et KNCQ3/5 (8), Kv1.3 (9), Kv1.5 (10) et KCNH2 (11)) et certaines enzymes métaboliques défectueuses dans certaines PME (dont Laforine et Maline (12), Cystatine B (13), β-hexosaminidase (14)). KCTD7 pourrait donc cibler la Cullin-3 vers son substrat et sans être ubiquitiné lui-même. <p>Nous avons étudié plus en détail l’expression de KCTD7 (ARN et protéine) dans le cerveau de souris adulte. Nous avons déterminé à la fois par des expériences d’hybridation in situ (ARN) et d’immunohistochimie (protéine) sur des coupes coronales de cerveau de souris adultes CD1 que KCTD7 semble être spécifiquement localisé dans trois régions distinctes :la couche de cellules mitrales des bulbes olfactifs, le gyrus denté et les régions CA1 et CA3 de l’hippocampe, et enfin la couche de cellules de Purkinje du cervelet. Il apparait que ces zones sont atteintes dans un modèle murin de la maladie d’Unverricht-Lundborg (15), la forme la plus fréquente d’épilepsie myoclonique progressive et très proche du phénotype de nos patients.<p>Enfin, nous avons montré en collaboration avec le laboratoire du professeur Schiffmann par des mesures électrophysiologiques (Patch Clamp en cellule entière) que KCTD7 diminue le potentiel de repos (accroît la polarisation) de la membrane cellulaire de neurones corticaux embryonnaires de souris en cultures primaires, diminuant l’excitabilité neuronale en augmentant la conductance de la membrane plasmique. Ces résultats sont compatibles avec l’idée qu’une perte de fonction de la protéine entraîne une augmentation de l’excitabilité neuronale qui est caractéristique de l’épilepsie. Ces données fonctionnelles sur KCTD7 ont fait l’objet d’un manuscrit actuellement en cours de soumission au journal Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience.<p>Les données que nous avons récoltées sur KCTD7 ont précisé un mécanisme probable d’action de la protéine. Malgré les limitations de nos modèles expérimentaux, nous postulons que le défaut de KCTD7 cause l’épilepsie en modifiant la conductance potassique et par là, le potentiel de repos et l’excitabilité de la membrane plasmique des neurones, peut-être par ubiquitination, via la Culline-3, d’un canal potassique. À notre connaissance, il s’agirait de la première PME dont le défaut primaire serait au niveau du potentiel membranaire. Cette hypothèse cadre bien avec l’observation clinique que les patients les plus atteints étaient ceux dont l’épilepsie était la moins bien contrôlée par le traitement, suggérant une dégénérescence secondaire excito-toxique. <p>La suite logique de notre travail serait la définition plus précise de l’expression sub-cellulaire de KCTD7 en microscopie confocale à fluorescence, de son expression spatiale et temporelle chez la souris et si possible chez l’homme, l’étude de l’ubiquitination de sous-unités de canaux potassiques, et le développement d’un modèle animal, poisson zèbre ou souris, afin, entre autres, d’y tester l’hypothèse que la sévérité de l’hyperexcitabilité neuronale elle-même aggrave le phénotype. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

In the US, the incidence and mortality rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are alarmingly increasing since no effective therapy is available for the advanced disease. Activation of IGF signaling is a major oncogenic event in diverse cancers, including HCC. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-7 (IGFBP7) inhibits IGF signaling by binding to IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and functions as a potential tumor suppressor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). IGFBP7 abrogates tumors by inducing cancer-specific senescence and apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis. We now document that Igfbp7 knockout (Igfbp7-/- ) mouse shows constitutive activation of IGF signaling, presents with pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive microenvironment, and develops spontaneous tumors in lungs and liver and markedly accelerated carcinogen-induced HCC. Loss of Igfbp7 resulted in increased proliferation and decreased senescence in hepatocytes and mouse embryonic fibroblasts that could be blocked by an IGF-1 receptor inhibitor. A significant inhibition of genes regulating immune surveillance was observed in Igfbp7-/- livers which was associated with marked inhibition in antigen cross presentation by Igfbp7-/- dendritic cells. IGFBP7 overexpression inhibited growth of HCC cells in syngeneic immune competent mice, which could be abolished by depletion of CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes. Our studies unravel modulation of immune response as a novel component of pleiotropic mechanisms by which IGFBP7 suppresses HCC. Even though HCC has an immunosuppressive milieu, immune targeted therapies are beginning to demonstrate significant objective responses in clinical trials. IGFBP7 might be an effective anti-HCC therapeutic by directly inhibiting cancer cells and stimulating an anti-tumor immune response.

A doença de Chagas é causada pelo protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi e atinge cerca de 12 milhões de pessoas no continente americano, a forma clássica de transmissão ocorre por intermédio do inseto vetor da subfamília Triatominae, popularmente chamado de barbeiro.Em um trabalho anterior, foi realizada uma análise de segregação complexa que indicou a presença de um gene principal, com um componente multifatorial influenciando a predisposição à infecção por Trypanosoma cruzi. A população é composta por 4697 indivíduos pertencentes a 886 famílias vindas do Nordeste do Brasil e tiveram os dados e amostras de sangue e saliva coletados entre 1969 e 1970.No presente estudo foi utilizada uma amostra de 69 indivíduos, sendo 18 positivos para a infecção por Trypanosoma cruzi e 51 negativos, distribuídos em 14 famílias. Os indivíduos tiveram seu DNA extraído e genotipado utilizando microarranjos de DNA de 260 K SNPs (GeneChip Mapping Affymetrix). Testes de associação mostraram significância entre a infecção por T. cruzi e o SNP rs17469997 do cromossomo 10, com P=0,015 após a correção de Bonferroni. Para validar estes inéditos resultados, análises de ligação multi-ponto foi feita com o programa GeneHunter (KRUGLYAK et al., 1996) e ligação dois-pontos com o programa SuperLink (FISHELSON e GEIGER, 2002), mas ambas não apresentaram resultados significativos, devido ao pequeno número de famílias informativas. / Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan Trypanosssoma cruzi and is usually transmitted by Triatominae bugs and affects about 12 million people in the American continent. In a previous study, segregation analysis showed evidence of a major gene with a small multifactorial component influencing the predisposition to the Trypanosoma cruzi infection in a population composed by 4697 individuals of 886 families from Northeastern Brazil in 1969-1970 at São Paulo, Brazil. In the present work, 69 individuals (18 positives to T. cruzi infection and 51 negative) belonging to 14 families were selected. They had the DNA extracted and genotyped using 250K SNPs DNA microarrays (GeneChip Mapping Affymetrix). 18 SNPs showed evidence of association between infection to T. cruzi with P<10-5, although after Bonferroni\'s correction only the SNP rs17469997 (minor allele frequency = 0.1667, adjusted-Bonferroni P = 0.015) on chromosome 10 was significant. The other 17 SNPs that showed association with T. cruzi infection with P<10-5 can still be informative in linkage analyses. On an effort to validate these findings, a multi point linkage analyses was performed with GeneHunter (KRUGLYAK et al., 1996) program and a two point linkage analyses were performed with SuperLink (FISHELSON e GEIGER, 2002) program, both analyses showed no significant results.

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second most common early-onset dementia. A rare mutation in CHMP2B gene was found to be associated with FTD linked to chromosome 3. Previous studies have shown that mutant CHMP2B could lead to impaired autophagy pathway and altered RNA metabolism. However, it is still unknown what genes mediate the crosstalk between different pathways affected by mutant CHMP2B. Genetic screens designed to identify genes interacting with mutant CHMP2B represents a key approach in solving the puzzle. Expression of mutant CHMP2B (CHMP2Bintron5) in Drosophila eyes leads to a neurodegenerative phenotype including melanin deposition and disrupted internal structure of ommatidia. The phenotype is easily quantified by estimating the percentage of black dots on the surface of the eyes. Using this established Drosophila model, I searched for genes encoding RNA binding proteins that genetically modify CHMP2Bintron5 toxicity. I found that partial loss of Pumilio, a translation repressor, mitigates CHMP2Bintron5 induced toxicity in the fly eyes. Western blot analysis showed that down regulation of Pumilio does not significantly decrease CHMP2Bintron5 protein level, indicating indirect regulation involved in suppression of the phenotype. The molecular targets regulated by Pumilio and the mechanism underlying CHMP2Bintron5 toxicity suppression by Pumilio down-regulation requires further investigation.