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Der vorliegende Beitrag betrachtet die Entwicklung der Sonografie und erläutert die heutigen technischen Verfahren sowie deren Anwendung. Die Geschichte der Erkennung des physikalischen Phänomens Schall geht zwar bis in die Antike zurück, die Nutzung zur medizinischen Diagnostik begann jedoch erst in der Mitte des vorigen Jahrhunderts. Die Ultraschalldiagnostik ist ein heute aus dem klinischen Alltag nicht mehr wegzudenkendes nicht-invasives Verfahren zur Überwachung der normalen und gestörten Schwangerschaft. Bereits 1979 wurde das Verfahren in die Routinediagnostik im Rahmen der Schwangerenbetreuung eingeführt. Die technische Entwicklung hat zu einer erheblichen Verbesserung in der Bildqualität und damit zur besseren Erkennbarkeit des Fetus, seiner Plazenta und Hüllen geführt. / The following contribution serves as an introduction to the history of ultrasonography and explains both the current technical methods and their application. First knowledge of the phenomenon of sonic waves can be traced back to ancient times. Its utilisation in medical diagnosis, however, did not start until the middle of the last century. In daily medical routine, one cannot today imagine life without the non-invasive method of ultrasonic diagnostics for the monitoring of regular and abnormal pregnancies. The method was already introduced into routine pregnancy observation in 1979. Technical innovation has remarkably improved image processing, accompanied by unprecedented progress in visualisation of the foetus, its placenta and the amnion membranes.

The purpose of this study was to validate the Spanish version of the Dallas Pain Questionnaire (DPQ). Not only does the DPQ offer the potential of statistical and clinical diagnostic value but also is easily interpretable across cultural lines. No such instrument has presently been validated for the Mexican-American population. A total of 81 Spanish speaking subjects participated in this study. Of these subjects, 56 were classified as chronic pain patients by nature of their medical diagnosis and duration of pain. The 25 normal subjects were family members of the chronic pain patients and members of the Northern New Mexico Hispanic community chosen at random. Hypothesis one predicted that reliability would be obtained on Spanish speaking populations based on test-retest with correlation coefficients of the items. The second hypothesis predicted that the Spanish DPQ would have content validity or consistent internal structure on those items that measure the trait or behavior of interest based upon factor analysis approaches and internal consistency measures. Hypothesis three predicted that the Spanish version of the DPQ would significantly correlate with the English version of the DPQ on all four factors. All four hypotheses were supported. The Spanish DPQ showed reliability over time based on test-retest. The statistics revealed an internally reliable test, alpha coefficient analysis and factor analysis. The validity was supported by significant correlations with the English DPQ and discrimination between chronic and nonchronic pain patients. While all four hypotheses were upheld, interpretation of the present findings should be moderated by recognition of the limitations of the studies. Future studies should test larger samples to improve confidence in the psychometric properties of the instrument. Still notable limitations of the questionnaire are that the Spanish DPQ is a form that is more accurately viewed as a global measure.

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<p>There are various dual process models of human cognition. While many models of cognitive control propose processes that are selected exclusively or in combination, a default-interventionist model of reasoning assumes that processing occurs in serial stages. System 1 processes are believed to recruit unconscious memory retrieval processes by default and precede System 2 processes (Evans & Stanovich, 2013; Kahneman, 2011). System 1 processes are also considered to be overly sensitive to the automatic influences of the environment and thereby also to various cognitive biases and errors; hence System 1 is inferior. On the other hand System 2, which represent conscious logic and normative reasoning processes, is not considered susceptible to such automatic influences and thereby capable of overriding errors made through System 1 reasoning; hence System 2 is superior. This default-interventionist model has become highly influential in theories about best practices in medical education (Croskerry, 2009; 2003; Klein, 2005; Redelmeier, 2005), and has encouraged a view that increased conscious processing and reflective thought will improve performance. Such a view is in stark contrast to models of human memory in psychology that suggest contextual or automatic influences of the environment are not only critical for learning, but also critical for adaptive processing and the development of expertise (Yonelinas, 2002; Larsen & Roediger, 2012). In this thesis I investigate and critique several assumptions of the default-interventionist model by testing the relationship between processing time, reflective thought, experience and accuracy. The results of two large studies do not support basic assumptions presented in the literature and instead demonstrate that experience and knowledge are better predictors of performance.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)