Orientador: Ana Maria de Andrade Caldeira / Banca: João José Caluzi / Banca: Viviane Souza Galvão / Banca: Marcos da Cunha Lopes Virmond / Banca: Marcelo Carbone Carneiro / Resumo: Este trabalho busca tratar da história da produção do conhecimento científico na área da Medicina, especialmente com relação à Hanseníase, considerando-a como o resultado de um processo de construção histórica para a qual atuam múltiplos determinantes. A hanseníase foi durante séculos o problema de saúde que mais atemorizou a população no mundo, por ter permanecido até recentemente sem tratamento específico e também pelo seu alto potencial incapacitante. Erradicada na maioria dos países, é ainda hoje considerada um problema de saúde pública, apresentando caráter endeêmico em várias partes do mundo, inclusive no Brasil, que ocupa o segundo lugar em número absoluto de casos registrados. Apesar de, sob o ponto de vista médico, a doença contar atualmente com tratamento e cura, sob o ponto de vista cultural ela remete a símbolos negativamente carregados em número considerável de sociedades, inclusive o Brasil. Por conseguinte, a hanseníase, apesar de representar, ainda hoje, um sério problema de saúde pública no Brasil, é um tema evitado no ensino de Ciências e Biologia. A partir de pesquisa desenvolvida nos livros didáticos de Ciências e Biologia selecionados pelos programas oficiais, este trabalho constatou que a doença se mantém como um conteúdo de ensino evitado e busca demonstrar a relação que isto tem com a história da doença, particularmente com as formas de controle e tratamento adotadas no estado de São Paulo, a partir do modelo isolacionista com a construção dos asilos-colônia. Para tanto desenvolve o estudo de caso do Instituto Lauro Souza de Lima, localizado em Bauru-SP, cuja história se iniciou como um asilo-colônia para doentes de hanseníase no final da década de 1920. Ao final a tese aponta para a necessidade de sua abordagem de forma contextualizada nos níveis fundamental e médio, e assim contribuir... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This tesis deals with the history of the production of knowledge about Hansen's disease within the context of Bauru-SP, Lauro de Souza Lima Institute's history. The history of the aforementioned Institute, which started out as an asylum/colony for lepers at the end of the 1920's, is market by distinct moments that reveal the pathways trailed by scientific research, medical practice and public health services when it came to prophylaxis, treatment and control of Hansen's disease. The purpose of this thesis is to provide support to the formation of Sciences' professors, as well as to those who exercise pedagogic activities related to the Health issue. In this way we wish to contribute to make Hansen's disease, understood as a Brazilian contemporary public health issue, approately addressed in our schools, which means based in the study of History of science / Doutor

Zukunftsmodell Bibliothek? Man muss ganz sicher kein Prophet sein, um unserer Wissens- und Informationsgesellschaft auch in den nächsten Jahren eine dynamische Entwicklung vorherzusagen. Zumindest die Quantität des Faktenwissens wird mindestens ebenso rasch wie bisher zunehmen. Gleiches dürfte für die Menge und für die Vielfalt der Informationsangebote gelten, für die der technologische Fortschritt auch künftig neue elektronische Austauschformen stimulieren wird. Die bereits heute festzustellende Enträumlichung von Wissen und Informationen wird sich damit weiter fortsetzen und über veränderte Rezeptions- und Kommunikationsformen unser soziales Zusammenleben auch in Zukunft entscheidend prägen und beeinflussen – so wie wir dies seit dem „Phänomen Internet“ und in der „Digitalen Revolution“bereits täglich erleben.

Polio epidemics appeared in Sweden in 1881 and at the turn of the 20th century the disease became an annual feature in the epidemiological pattern. Due to vaccination starting in 1957 epidemics ceased to exist in Sweden around 1965. This thesis deals with the history polio epidemics in Sweden, 1880-1965 and studies the demographical influence of polio, how the medical authorities investigated and tried to combat it, and the care of those who contracted the disease. A study of polio mortality and incidence in Sweden at the national level during 1905-1962 reveals that the disease caused 6,000 deaths out of the 51,000 cases reported. At the beginning of the 20th century polio primarily attacked children up to 10 years of age. At the end of the period victims were represented in all age groups, but mainly in the ages 15-39. Moreover, a regional incidence study shows considerable regional differences. Sweden and the USA developed different ways of investigating and explaining the causes of polio thinking that led to diverse preventive measures. Moreover, in the 1950’s Sweden developed its own vaccine, different in choice of methods and materials from the widely used Salk-vaccine. When polio was classified as an epidemic in 1905, those infected by polio were usually taken to an isolation hospital. These hospitals were owned and financed by the state. The aftercare of polio victims was organized by philanthropist organizations. Polio was associated with dirt and unhygienic circumstances until the 1950’s when the theory of polio epidemics as a backlash of good hygiene and sanitary standards was established. The theory is built upon the correlation between neonatal mortality and polio incidence. However, correlation analysis at the regional level reveals no significant relationship between these variables. In Sweden, the hygienic movement had been very influential, and this study suggests that the theory quickly was accepted, because it explained why Sweden could be hit by epidemics and still be considered a welfare state with good hygienic and sanitary standards. / digitalisering@umu

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This thesis examines representations of cancer in contemporary art, with a particular focus on unruly, un-idealized bodies at risk. In bringing together the discourses of art history and medicine, its aim is to engage conventions of visualizing cancer, and more importantly, to highlight the ways in which contemporary artists challenge dominant representations, re-imagining the cancerous body from an embodied perspective. Chapter One provides a context for images of cancer by examining an artistic account of how medicine constructs the body against an artists representation of her own cancerous body. Theorizing cancer as an abject condition, Chapter Two examines representational strategies for visualizing cancer that trouble distinctions between inside/outside, self/other, subject/object, healthy/diseased. Building on themes of gender, health, and identity, Chapter Three considers representations of chemotherapy-induced hair loss and baldness as the most visible signs of cancer, but highly unstable and performative ones that call the representational status of the disease into question. / History of Art, Design and Visual Culture

Derived from a marxist/liberal humanist view of power, conventional critiques and historical accounts of the socio-medical sciences in South Africa see only their power to repress and negate the true bodily attributes and authentic person of the African. In so doing, they ignore the productive capacity of these knowledges and practices as a manifestation of what Michel Foucault termed "disciplinary" power, by which the human body is manufactured and made manageable as an object of medical knowledge and industrial utilisation. Accordingly, this thesis offers just such a Foucaultian reading of western socio-medical knowledge in South Africa to demonstrate how it has operated to fabricate the bodies of Africans as visible objects possessed of distinct attributes that have provoked particular strategies for their surveillance, management, and government in health and disease. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

Zukunftsmodell Bibliothek? Man muss ganz sicher kein Prophet sein, um unserer Wissens- und Informationsgesellschaft auch in den nächsten Jahren eine dynamische Entwicklung vorherzusagen. Zumindest die Quantität des Faktenwissens wird mindestens ebenso rasch wie bisher zunehmen. Gleiches dürfte für die Menge und für die Vielfalt der Informationsangebote gelten, für die der technologische Fortschritt auch künftig neue elektronische Austauschformen stimulieren wird. Die bereits heute festzustellende Enträumlichung von Wissen und Informationen wird sich damit weiter fortsetzen und über veränderte Rezeptions- und Kommunikationsformen unser soziales Zusammenleben auch in Zukunft entscheidend prägen und beeinflussen – so wie wir dies seit dem „Phänomen Internet“ und in der „Digitalen Revolution“bereits täglich erleben.

This thesis offers a detailed account of early polio epidemics (between 1918 and 1945) in Johannesburg, where the disease was particularly severe. At this time, little was known about the poliovirus, and such limited understanding affected the public health and medical initiatives taken during this period. These actions are highlighted in the thesis, along with the responses of the media and lay public to the disease. The effect of war on the management of the disease is also examined, as it siphoned off vital medical personnel and jeopardised disease control. It also lent an emotional overlay to the way the disease was perceived, as `battle' rhetoric became the parlance used against polio, which was personified as the `enemy' of innocent children who were disabled at the whim of the virus. The epidemic of 1944-1945 was the first to be systematically investigated, by Dr James Gear as part of his groundbreaking polio research; he later became part of an international team of researchers who contributed to the development of a prophylactic vaccine within a decade of this epidemic. / History / M.A. (History)

Abstract In this thesis a socio-cultural perspective of medical science education is adopted to argue the position that undergraduate medical scientists must be enculturated into the profession as knowledge workers and symbolic analysts who can interact with computers in complex analytical procedures, quality assurance and quality management. The cue for this position is taken from the transformations taking place in the pathology industry due to advances in automation, robotics and informatics. The rise of Evidence-Based Laboratory Medicine (EBLM) is also noted and the observation by higher education researchers, that knowledge systems are transforming in such a way that disciplines can no longer act in isolation. They must now collaborate with disparate fields in transdisciplinary knowledge systems such as EBLM, for which new skills must be cultivated in undergraduate medical scientists. This thesis aims to describe a theoretical basis for knowledge work by taking a semiotic perspective. This is because, semiotics, a theory of signs and representations, can be applied to the structure of transdisciplinary scientific knowledge, the logic of scientific practice and the rhetoric of scientific communications. For this purpose, a semiotic framework is first derived from a wide range of semiotic theories existent in the literature. Then the application of this semiotic framework to clinical chemistry knowledge, context, logic, and rhetoric is demonstrated. This is achieved by interpreting various clinical chemistry data sources, for example, course materials, laboratory spatial arrangements, instruments, printouts, and students' practical reports, collected from a teaching laboratory situation. The results of semiotic analysis indicate that the clinical chemist working in the computerised laboratory environment performs knowledge work, and the term is synonymous with symbolic analysis. It is shown that knowledge work entails the application of a systematic structure for clinical chemistry knowledge derived in terms of the validation procedures applied to laboratory, data, results and tests; the application of logic in the classification and selection of instruments, their rulegoverned- use, and in troubleshooting errors; pragmatic decisions based on availability of space, services and budgets; discrimination among values in laboratory test evaluations in EBLM, for the cost-effectiveness and relevance of pathology services; and the recognition of rhetorical strategies used to communicate laboratory test information in graphs, charts, and statistics. The role of the laboratory context is also explained through semiotics, in terms of its spatial arrangements and designs of laboratory instruments, as a place that constrains the knowledge work experience. This contextual analysis provides insights into the oppositional trend brought to wide attention by analysts of computerised professional work, that more skills are needed, but that there are fewer highly skilled positions available. The curriculum implications of these findings are considered in terms of the need to cultivate knowledge workers for highly complex symbolic analysis in computerised laboratories; and also the need to prepare medical science graduates for the transdisciplinary knowledge system of EBLM, and related venues of employment such as biomedical research and clinical medicine. In meeting the aims to define and demonstrate knowledge work from the semiotic perspective, this thesis makes an original contribution to knowledge by the application of semiotics to a field in which it has probably never been tested. It contributes to the scholarship of teaching in higher education by formulating a structure for transdisciplinary medical science knowledge, which integrates scientific with other forms of knowledge, and with real world practice.

This thesis offers a detailed account of early polio epidemics (between 1918 and 1945) in Johannesburg, where the disease was particularly severe. At this time, little was known about the poliovirus, and such limited understanding affected the public health and medical initiatives taken during this period. These actions are highlighted in the thesis, along with the responses of the media and lay public to the disease. The effect of war on the management of the disease is also examined, as it siphoned off vital medical personnel and jeopardised disease control. It also lent an emotional overlay to the way the disease was perceived, as `battle' rhetoric became the parlance used against polio, which was personified as the `enemy' of innocent children who were disabled at the whim of the virus. The epidemic of 1944-1945 was the first to be systematically investigated, by Dr James Gear as part of his groundbreaking polio research; he later became part of an international team of researchers who contributed to the development of a prophylactic vaccine within a decade of this epidemic. / History / M.A. (History)