Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Médico Veterinario. / El tráfico de vida silvestre es una industria multimillonaria que amenaza la biodiversidad. Dentro del tráfico animal, destaca el comercio ilícito de aves. Brasil es el hogar de una de las faunas más ricas de aves en el mundo, con 1.832 especies, destacando a las aves paseriformes como las más abundantes. Estas últimas son víctimas comunes de tráfico en este país con más del 70% del total de especímenes traficados cada año. Este ilícito representa una de las pocas actividades económicas para los pobladores amazónicos. El elevado grado de clandestinidad e ilegalidad que caracteriza este comercio, dificultan su estudio y control. Se estima que cerca del 80% de las aves capturadas mueren asfixiadas antes de llegar a su destino. Según datos de la Policía Federal de Brasil algunas de las especies más requisadas entre el 2006 a 2014 fueron: Sporophila angolensis (2,6%), Saltator similis (12,3%), Sporophila caerulescens (15,4%) y Sicalis flaveola (29,2%), datos que se obtuvieron mediante la identificación de especies. La mayoría de las partes de esqueletos de aves se pueden identificar por lo menos a nivel de la familia, incluso utilizando piezas anatómicas aisladas. En relación con investigaciones forenses es posible producir claves de identificación ilustradas, que se utilicen en el trabajo de campo. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo entregar una herramienta forense que permita, la identificación en terreno de restos óseos hallados en sitios del suceso, mediante morfología, de cuatro especies de aves del orden Passeriforme. Elaborando para ello una guía osteológica descriptiva y comparativa, en base a osamentas facilitadas por el Museo de Ciencias Naturales de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Minas Gerais. Es así como, los resultados hicieron posible evidenciar: En el cráneo a) variabilidad morfológica en la región escamosa del temporal, siendo más o menos abultada con presencia del surco temporal en Sporophila spp, y Saltator similis y sin presencia del surco temporal en Sicalis flaveola; b) dirección oblicua del proceso postorbital en Sporophila angolensis o más bien vertical en Saltator similis, Sicalis flaveola y Sporophila caerulescens; c) prolongación lateral del hueso prefrontal con vértice aguzado en Saltator similis y Sporophila angolensis o más bien romo en Sicalis flaveola y Sporophila caerulescens. A nivel de esternón: a) dimensiones de un rostro uniforme en toda su extensión en Saltator similis y Sporophila angolensis y variable en las otras especies; b) procesos craneolaterales más extendidos en Saltator similis o más verticales en Sicalis flaveola y Sporophila spp ; presencia de agujeros neumáticos visibles en la línea media del esternón en Saltator similis o imperceptibles en los otros; d) pilares coracoides curvos en Sporophila angolensis o relativamente rectos en las otras especies; e) presencia de un agujero craneal a la incisura esternal sólo en Saltator similis. A nivel de pelvis caben destacar: a) pubis mayoritariamente recto en Sporophila angolensis y curvo en las otras especies; b) agujero obturado menos delimitado en Sporophila caerulescens que en las otras especies, entre otras. Por lo anteriormente expuesto, se puede concluir que es posible la identificación mediante la morfología osteológica, al comparar osamentas de las especies Saltator Similis, Sicalis flaveola, Sporophila angolensis y Sporophila caerulescens, entre ellas. / Wildlife traffic is a multimillion-dollar industry that threatens biodiversity. Within the animal traffic, the illegal trade of birds stands out. Brazil is home to one of the richest faunas of birds in the world, with 1,832 species, emphasizing Passeriforme birds as the most abundant. This taxon is a common trafficking victim in this country with more than 70% of the total number of specimens trafficked each year. This illicit represents one of the few economic activities for the Amazonian people. The high degree of clandestinity and illegality that characterizes this trade makes it difficult to study and control. It is estimated that about 80% of the captured birds die asphyxiated or are abandoned before reaching their destination. According to data from the Federal Police of Brazil, Among the most seized species between 2006 and 2014 were: Sporophila angolensis (2.6%), Saltator similis (12.3%), Sporophila caerulescens (15.4%) and Sicalis Flaveola (29.2%), data obtained through the identification of species. Most parts of bird skeletons can be identified at least to the family level, even using isolated anatomical pieces. In relation to forensic investigations it is possible to produce illustrated identification keys that can be used in the field work. The main objective of this study is to provide a forensic tool that allows the identification of bone rests found in crime scene by morphology of four species of birds of the Passeriforme order. Developing a descriptive and comparative osteological guide. The skeletons provided by the Museum of Natural Sciences of the Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais were used. It is possible to evidence: a) morphological variability in the squamous region of the temporal, being in some more or less bulging with presence of the temporal sulcus Sporophila spp, and Saltator similis and others without presence of the temporal sulcus Sicalis flaveola; b) oblique direction of the postorbital process Sporophila angolensis or rather vertical Saltator similis, Sicalis flaveola Sporophila caerulescens; c) Prolongation of prefrontal bone with sharp apex Saltator similis, Sporophila angolensis or blunt Sicalis flaveola and Sporophila caerulescens. At the sternum level: a) Dimensions of a uniform face in all its extension in Saltator similis and Sporophila angolensis and variable in the other species; b) Craneolateral processes more extensive Saltator similis or more vertical Sicalis flaveola and Sporophila spp; c) Presence of visible pneumatic holes in the midline of the sternum Saltator similis or imperceptible in the others; d) Curved coracoid pillars Sporophila angolensis or relatively straight in the other species; e) Presence of a cranial foramen to the sternal fenestra only in Saltator similis. At pelvic level it is possible to emphasize: a) pubis is mostly straight in Sporophila angolensis and curved and in the other species; b) sealed foramina less delimited in Sporophila caerulescens than in other species, among others. Identification by osteological morphology is possible by comparing the bones of the species Saltator Similis, Sicalis flaveola, Sporophila angolensis and Sporophila caerulescens among them.

Orientadores: Ronaldo Seichi Wada, Eduardo Daruge / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T14:29:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Campos_JoseCarlosdaSilva_M.pdf: 2906108 bytes, checksum: 87ec77783670d34bc29c46a21196efe9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A Violência Familiar representa uma das faces mais cruéis da violência, pois atinge pessoas indefesas, geralmente mulheres e crianças, nos seus próprios lares, ambiente que Ihes deveria garantir proteção e bem-estar. A despeito das leis que visam garantir a defesa dos direitos das crianças e adolescentes, diversas formas de violência continuam a acometer diariamente estes seres em formação, produzindo pessoas psicologicamente desajustadas e propensas à continuidade do comportamento violento em suas relações. O presente trabalho analisa o perfil epidemiolágico das crianças e adolescentes vítimas de violência familiar na Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória, nos anos de 2002 e 2003, examinadas no Departamento Médico Legal da citada região. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo dos laudos de Exame de Lesões Corporais dos arquivos daquele Departamento, sendo detectados 895 casos de crianças e adolescentes vítimas de agressões não-fatais impostas pelos seus familiares. Ao contrário de outros trabalhos, a maior parte das vítimas era do sexo feminino (567 - 63,35%), contra 328 (36,64%) do sexo masculino. Na maioria dos casos (482 - 53,85%) os principais agressores foram os pais biológicos, seguidos pelo padrasto (111 - 12,40%). A maior incidência de agressões se deu nos fins de semana e aconteceram por meio de trauma direto, com as próprias mãos, mas o uso de cinto e outros objetos caseiros foi relatado em 129 casos (14,41%). Em 89 casos (9,94%) as vítimas não apresentavam nenhuma lesão corporal visível. As lesões mais freqüentes eram equimoses (479 - 59,42%), escoriações (400 - 49,62%) e hematomas (184 - 22,82%). As regiões corporais mais atingidas foram os membros superiores (390 - 25,74%), a cabeça (351 - 23,30%), os membros inferiores (269 17,75%) e a face posterior do tórax (180 - 11 ,88%). Na face, as regiões mais atingidas foram as orbitárias (79 -15,22%), a frontal (74 - 14,25%) e a oral (69 - 13,29%). Em 54 circunstâncias houve várias vítimas da mesma família, totalizando 117 crianças ou adolescentes agredidos, em sua maioria, pelos pais biológicos. Foram observados 8 casos (14,81%) em que as vítimas eram irmãos gêmeos. De acordo com os critérios do Código Penal Brasileiro, a maior parte das crianças e adolescentes deste estudo sofreu um dano físico classificado como Lesão Corporal de Natureza Leve, uma vez que não apresentaram um dano maior para a integridade física ou funcional / Abstract: Family Violence represents one of the cruelest faces of violence, because it affects defenseless people, women and children, mostly in their own homes, where protection and well-being are expected. Despite the laws focusing on the rights for children and teenagers, several forms of violence continue to psychologically affect children in such age group, promoting violent behavior in their relationship. The present work analyzed the epidemiological profile of children and teenagers victims of family violence in the Metropolitan Region of Grande Vitoria, between 2002 and 2003. Individuais were examined at the Legal Medicine Department in that region. A retrospective study of forensic examination records of that Department was conducted. A total of 895 cases of children and teenagers victims of non-Iethal aggressions by their family members were detected. However, previous studies verified that most of the victims were female (567 female - 63.35% and 328 male - 36.64%). Besides, the highest incidence of cases was verified for teenagers, aged 15-18 years. There was no significant difference between teenagers (450 - 50.27%) and children (445 - 49.72%). In most cases (482 53.85%), the main aggressors were the biological parents, followed by stepfather (111 - 12.40%). The highest incidence of aggressions occurred on weekends by means of direct trauma, with bare hands; the use of a belt and other household objects was related in 129 cases (14.41%). In 89 cases (9.94%), the victims presented no corporal lesions. The most frequent lesions were bruise (479 59.42%), scratch (400 - 49.62%) and hematoma (184 -22.82%). The most affected body regions were the upper limbs (390 - 25.74%), head (351 - 23.30%), lower limbs (269 - 17.75%), and posterior thorax (180 - 11.88%); as for the face, the orbits (79 - 15.22%), the forehead (74 -14.25%) and the mouth (69 - 13.29%) were the most affected regions. In 54 cases, there were several victims of the same family, totaling 117 children or teenagers, most of whom were violently punished by their parents. In 8 cases (14.81%), the victims were twin brothers. According to criteria described in the Brazilian Penal Code, most children and teenagers in this study suffered damage classified as Minor Corporal Lesion, since their physical or functional integrity was not affected. / Mestrado / Mestre em Odontologia Legal e Deontologia