This thesis is an interrogation into the epistemological structures which underpin modernity, the project and claim which has come to significantly shape the contemporary world. Following a line of inquiry which analyses the intersections between knowledge, power, and history, this paper examines how signifiers such as religion and culture have come to designate ‘otherness’ in the context of modernity. The assignment of such terms to beliefs, values, worldviews, and ideologies that are not readily assimilated by the epistemological framework of modernity is problematised as a central obstacle to mediating social and political difficulties in modern contexts. The argument is that the issue of ‘what counts for knowledge’ has been progressively ‘closed’ through particular historical processes in which the shift from a societal model based upon Judeo-Christian tenets, to secular modernity, has been rendered invisible. The ‘other’ has, through these processes, become twice-removed from epistemological validity: in the first instance, as the ‘pagan’ other in early Christian contexts; in the second instance, as the ‘religious’ or ‘cultural’ other within a secular that is falsely claimed to have been liberated from its theological roots. These epistemological marginalisations impact significantly on social life, especially in the areas of education and medicine. The invisibility of the shift from Christianity to secular modernity is also perpetuated by the separation of social life and knowledge production into distinct ‘spheres’, as mirrored by the arrangement of disciplinary spheres established within the modern universities. The conclusion is that a transdisciplinary space is therefore required to engage philosophically and critically with the now internalised Christian bias of modernity.

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maître en droit (LL.M.)" / En prenant pour acquis qu'il existe bel et bien une relation entre droit d'auteur et évolution médiatique, nous avons tenté d'expliciter cette relation en nous penchant sur le cas des artistes interprètes et exécutants. Ainsi, en mettant à contribution l'une des théories de la communication, la médiologie, nous avons, d'une part, identifié ce que l'on appelle, en jargon médiatique, un média dominant; d'autre part, nous avons caractérisé la mentalité médiatique qui en découle. Enfin, nous avons examiné le droit d'auteur à la lumière de ces caractéristiques afin de déterminer quelle place revenait à l'artiste interprète et exécutant dans un contexte médiatique précis. Plus spécifiquement et conformément à la démarche que nous venons de décrire, la première partie de ce mémoire a donc porté sur l'influence d'un premier média dominant, l'imprimerie. Le statisme et la fixité exigés par la prédominance de ce média a naturellement orienté notre analyse vers l'importance de la fixation en droit d'auteur. Comme la fixation revêt une place de choix en droit d'auteur, la prestation artistique, qui ne répond pas à ce critère, est reléguée au régime des droits voisins. Puis, avec l'avènement d'un second média dominant, le média de réseaux, c'est une toute autre ère qui s'ouvre, celle de la dématérialisation. La fixation devient alors un critère en pleine perte de vitesse. Malgré tout, la communauté internationale continue de croire que la prestation artistique relève du régime des droits voisins Cependant, le Traité de l'OMPI octroie aux artistes interprètes et exécutants plus de droits. Serait-ce le premier signe d'une éventuelle accession des artistes interprètes et exécutants au régime de droits d'auteur? / If we assume that copyright laws and the evolution of media are linked, our analysis of performance artists attempts to clarify this relationship. Using mediology as a tool for communication theory, we first identified a dominant media, or what is referred as a «mediasphere» in mediology. Next, we qualified its resultant mentality. Finally, we used these characteristics to examine copyright laws in an effort to determine the position of performers in a given mediasphere context. More specifically, the first part of this thesis focuses on the influence of the print as a dominant medium. The prevalence of this medium demands a level of statism and fixity which prompts us to analyze the importance of fixation in copyright laws. Considering the predominance of fixation in copyright laws and the transitory nature of the artistic performance, performers are only granted neighboring rights, not copyrights. Nowadays, the emergence of the electronic medium seems to give way to a new mediasphere in which dematerialisation is the key. Therefore, fixation as a criterion for determining whether or not to copyright a work of art is slowly losing its significance. Despite this fact, the international copyright community continues to believe that performers should be protected by neighboring rights. However, the WIPO Treaty of 1996 grants performers greater rights. Is this the first sign ofperformers gaining potential access to authorship?

En prenant pour acquis qu'il existe bel et bien une relation entre droit d'auteur et évolution médiatique, nous avons tenté d'expliciter cette relation en nous penchant sur le cas des artistes interprètes et exécutants. Ainsi, en mettant à contribution l'une des théories de la communication, la médiologie, nous avons, d'une part, identifié ce que l'on appelle, en jargon médiatique, un média dominant; d'autre part, nous avons caractérisé la mentalité médiatique qui en découle. Enfin, nous avons examiné le droit d'auteur à la lumière de ces caractéristiques afin de déterminer quelle place revenait à l'artiste interprète et exécutant dans un contexte médiatique précis. Plus spécifiquement et conformément à la démarche que nous venons de décrire, la première partie de ce mémoire a donc porté sur l'influence d'un premier média dominant, l'imprimerie. Le statisme et la fixité exigés par la prédominance de ce média a naturellement orienté notre analyse vers l'importance de la fixation en droit d'auteur. Comme la fixation revêt une place de choix en droit d'auteur, la prestation artistique, qui ne répond pas à ce critère, est reléguée au régime des droits voisins. Puis, avec l'avènement d'un second média dominant, le média de réseaux, c'est une toute autre ère qui s'ouvre, celle de la dématérialisation. La fixation devient alors un critère en pleine perte de vitesse. Malgré tout, la communauté internationale continue de croire que la prestation artistique relève du régime des droits voisins Cependant, le Traité de l'OMPI octroie aux artistes interprètes et exécutants plus de droits. Serait-ce le premier signe d'une éventuelle accession des artistes interprètes et exécutants au régime de droits d'auteur? / If we assume that copyright laws and the evolution of media are linked, our analysis of performance artists attempts to clarify this relationship. Using mediology as a tool for communication theory, we first identified a dominant media, or what is referred as a «mediasphere» in mediology. Next, we qualified its resultant mentality. Finally, we used these characteristics to examine copyright laws in an effort to determine the position of performers in a given mediasphere context. More specifically, the first part of this thesis focuses on the influence of the print as a dominant medium. The prevalence of this medium demands a level of statism and fixity which prompts us to analyze the importance of fixation in copyright laws. Considering the predominance of fixation in copyright laws and the transitory nature of the artistic performance, performers are only granted neighboring rights, not copyrights. Nowadays, the emergence of the electronic medium seems to give way to a new mediasphere in which dematerialisation is the key. Therefore, fixation as a criterion for determining whether or not to copyright a work of art is slowly losing its significance. Despite this fact, the international copyright community continues to believe that performers should be protected by neighboring rights. However, the WIPO Treaty of 1996 grants performers greater rights. Is this the first sign ofperformers gaining potential access to authorship? / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maître en droit (LL.M.)"

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:30:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Capas.pdf: 30429 bytes, checksum: 4096d5e5eadf2d241220bc874ff09b96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-18 / This research investigates the phenomenon of the identity crisis of the journalist - and of Journalism itself - motivated by the conjunctural changes offered by and imposed to this area, in its Brazilian trajectory, in various ways and in many moments. The evolution of society and its means, the technical and technological innovations, the necessity of formation, as well as attacks to the strict demand for the diploma and the cancellation of it in the name of the right for free thinking, among others. On account of this, the comprehension of the journalist person and the construction of their identity is searched, as well as the maintenance of their image, aspects that help others perceive their importance in the social diagram. The effort in locating elements of the identity and status of this professional considered the analysis of discourses of many authors, in the line that goes from the 1950's to present day (2005). For this, the following tools were used: the theoretical support related to the "will to power" suggested by Friedrich Nietzsche and the Communicative Action by Jürgen Habermas. From the first, a hybrid model was adopted which relates the matic-units and senses of value; from the latter, the interface of the dialogue, maintained by means of parameters which are normative, experiential and come from the memory kept by journalists throughout the decades, is adopted. The results obtained show, in the three adopted phases (decades of 50-60, 70-80 and 90-05), the return to the values related to freedom and ethics, in various proportions and intensities. The technical question was practically abandoned, seemingly absorbed. However, the issues related to formation appeared only sporadically. It's also perceived, in several moments and ways, the attacks against the journalist, generally disqualifying them or placing them under suspicion. On the other hand, in all cases journalists seek to defend themselves mobilizing resources, which in most cases leave open the possibility of dialogue, as well as try to recover their importance by showing their value using the capacity they have to represent society.(AU) / Esta pesquisa estuda o fenômeno crise de identidade do jornalista e do Jornalismo motivada pelas mudanças conjunturais oferecidas e impostas a esta área, em sua trajetória brasileira, de variadas formas e em diversos momentos. A evolução da sociedade e dos meios, as inovações técnicas e tecnológicas, a necessidade de formação, bem como os ataques à exigência do diploma e o cancelamento deste em nome do direito ao livre pensamento, entre outros. Por conta disso, busca-se a compreensão do indivíduo jornalista e da construção de sua identidade, bem como da sustentação de sua imagem, aspectos que ajudam a perceber sua importância na tessitura social. O esforço em localizar elementos da identidade e do status desse profissional considerou a análise de discursos de vários autores, no traçado que vai da década de 50 à contemporaneidade (ano de 2005). Para tanto recorreu-se às seguintes ferramentas: o aporte teórico relacionado à vontade de potência sugerida por Friedrich Nietzsche e a Ação Comunicativa de Jürgen Habermas. Do primeiro, adotou-se um modelo híbrido relacionando unidades-temáticas e sentidos de valor; do segundo procurou-se a interface do diálogo mantido por meio de parâmetros normativos, de vivência, e da memória armazenada pelos jornalistas no decorrer do tempo. Os resultados obtidos mostram, nas três fases adotadas, (décs. 50-60, 70-80, e 90-05) a recorrência aos valores ligados à liberdade e à ética, em variadas proporções e intensidades. A questão técnica foi praticamente deixada de lado, parecendo ter sido assimilada, ao passo que as relacionadas à formação foram acionadas esporadicamente. Também percebe-se em variados momentos e de variadas formas, os ataques ao jornalista, geralmente desqualificando-o ou colocando-o sob suspeita. Por outro lado, em todos, os casos os jornalistas procuram defender-se sempre mobilizando recursos, que na maioria das vezes deixam abertas as possibilidades ao diálogo, assim como tentam recuperar sua importância mostrando seus valores por meio da capacidade que possuem de representar a sociedade.(AU)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:29:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tycpag1-150.pdf: 4571795 bytes, checksum: 9621e2ae0eff2f5e882c222815f12e18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Understanding the characteristics and forms of service journalism is the goal of this research. Known also as public service or public interest journalism, it is a journalistic genre in that it consists of messages organized into modalities, and has in its content its own purposes, orientation and guide. To better comprehend service journalism, initially a bibliographical study of particular interest to understand its properties and identification as a genre was carried out. In the second stage, a qualitative study was carried out using the document analysis technique with Brazilian newspapers serving as reference material. Finally, it was observed that the evolution of forms and content occurs in three non-exclusive phases: 1. The publication of practical services at the beginning of the press in Brazil; 2. The production of boards, prominent in the twentieth century; 3. The service genre as a complement to other genres, a consolidated practice in the nineteenth century. The dissertation concludes with a didactic proposal, presenting a taxonomy for the service genre. / Compreender as características e as formas do jornalismo utilitário é o objetivo desta pesquisa. Conhecido também como jornalismo de serviço ou de interesse público, trata-se de um gênero jornalístico a partir do momento em que as mensagens se organizam em modalidades, agregando em seu discurso finalidades próprias, orientação e guia. Para a sua compreensão, realizou-se um estudo bibliográfico com interesse particular de entender as propriedades do jornalismo utilitário, bem como a sua identificação enquanto gênero. No segundo momento, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, utilizando a técnica de análise documental em jornais brasileiros de referência. Ao final, verificou-se que a evolução das formas e conteúdo dá-se em três fases não excludentes: 1. A publicação dos serviços práticos no início da imprensa do Brasil; 2. A produção dos conselhos, em destaque no século XX; 3. O gênero utilitário como complemento de outros gêneros, prática consolidada no século XIX. E por fim, com proposta didática, a tese apresenta uma taxionomia para o gênero utilitário.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:30:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1-90.pdf: 2856798 bytes, checksum: 6f5c31b1d579767535755311c5e9c560 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This research has the purpose to analyze service journalism in two cases of Brazilian print media: the newspaper Folha de São Paulo and the magazine Veja, including the magazine Veja São Paulo. The intention was to understand how service journalism, also named as utilitarian genre or utilitarian species, is present in actual print journalism. Firstly, a bibliographic revision was made on this journalism production mode. Then, an exploratory research was made on the service journalism material, published on the studied objects. Thirdly, a quantitative study was made on formats and types of the utilitarian genre on those media vehicles, in editions selected in the year of 2008. And at last, through semi-open interviews with editors from Veja magazine and Folha de São Paulo, it intended to understand the reasons that subside the editorial decisions on behalf of that journalistic kind. The analysis showed that this journalistic genre has been present since it started to be published, until today. It has been noticed that there are six formats; Marques de Melo had already identified four of them, and two, identified in this research, were considered hybrid genres.(AU) / Esta pesquisa tem o propósito de analisar o jornalismo de serviço em dois casos da mídia impressa brasileira: o jornal Folha de S. Paulo e a revista Veja, incluindo a revista Veja São Paulo. O que se buscou foi entender como o jornalismo de serviço, também denominado de gênero utilitário ou espécies utilitárias, está presente no jornalismo impresso atual. Em um primeiro momento realizou-se revisão bibliográfica sobre esta modalidade de produção jornalística. A seguir, fez-se uma pesquisa exploratória sobre o material de jornalismo de serviço publicado nos objetos estudados. Em terceiro momento, foi efetuada uma abordagem quantitativa dos formatos e tipos do gênero utilitário nesses veículos em questão, em edições selecionadas no ano de 2008. E, por último, através de entrevistas semi-abertas com editores da Veja e da Folha de S. Paulo, pretendeu-se entender os motivos que subsidiam as decisões editorais a respeito de tal modalidade jornalística. A análise revelou a presença deste gênero jornalístico desde o início da publicação desses veículos até os dias atuais. Contatou-se a existência de seis formatos, sendo quatro deles já identificados por Marques de Melo, e dois identificados nesta pesquisa, que foram considerados como tipos híbridos de gêneros.(AU)

Cette thèse est une analyse de la transformation des pratiques festives quotidiennes, considérées comme traditionnelles, qui sont devenues des manifestations spectaculaires, dans le contexte actuel de la mondialisation. Ce chemin d'évolution entre la fête et le festival nous appelons le processus de festivalisation.Pour cette analyse, nous avons deux objets d'étude: le Festival Interceltique de Lorient, en Bretagne, qui est l'un des plus grands festivals d'Europe, et les fêtes du Congado Mineiro, une célébration religieuse qui se passe dans l'état du Minas Gerais, au Brésil. Le Festival Interceltique de Lorient, considéré comme une « entreprise du folklore », donne à la Bretagne une musique référante , exportable, adapté à la société moderne, et en même temps liée à la tradition. En parallèle, les fêtes du Congado Mineiro révèlent un processus déjà concrétisé dans le Festival Interceltique de Lorient: comme une fête quotidienne, familière, religieuse et civile devient peu à peu un spectacle, où l'authenticité et visibilité sont des critères conditionnels pour l'existence de la fête. Par le biais du Treze de Maio, l'un des groupes représentants du Congado Mineiro, nous comprendrons comment les processus de transmission du patrimoine musical sont passés, et comment la mise en scène de la tradition prend forme.Comme méthode d'analyse, nous nous sommes inspirés par la médiologie de Régis Debray, qui nous fournit des façons de voir et de réfléchir sur les éléments symboliques qui déterminent la dynamique des fêtes et festivals, et la relation de ces éléments avec la technique de transmission des idées, des valeurs et des croyances. / This thesis is an analysis about the process of transformation of the festive quotidian practices, considered as traditional, in spectacular manifestations, in the present context of globalization. This evolutionary way between the feast and the festival is what we call the festivalization process.To make this analysis, we have studied two objects: the Festival Interceltique de Lorient, one of the biggest festivals in Europe, and the feasts of Congado Mineiro, a religious celebration that happens in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.The Festival Interceltique de Lorient, the “professional business of folklore” in Brittany, produces a music 'model', exportable, adapted to modern society, and at the same time connected with the “tradition”. In parallel, the feasts of Congado Mineiro expose a process already settled by the Festival Interceltique de Lorient: How a daily, family, religious and civil party is reworked gradually to become a spectacle, where authenticity and visibility become a conditional criterion for the existence of the feast and festival. With the Treze de Maio group, one of the representatives of Congado Mineiro, we realise how the processes of transmission of the musical heritage are transmitted, and how the mise en scène of tradition takes shape.As a method of analysis, we look to the “mediology” of Regis Debray, which offers us ways to look and reflect about the symbolic elements that determine the dynamics of the feast and festivals, and the relations of these elements with the technical transmission of ideas, values and beliefs. / Esta tese de doutorado é uma análise do processo de transformação das práticas festivas cotidianas, tidas como tradicionais, em manifestações espetaculares, no atual contexto da globalização. Este trajeto evolutivo da festa e o festival, é o que chamamos de processo de festivalização.Para esta análise temos dois objetos de estudo: o Festival Interceltique de Lorient, na Bretanha, que é um dos maiores festivais das Europa, e as festas do Congado Mineiro, um celebração religiosa que acontece no Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil.O Festival Interceltique de Lorient , uma "empresa do folclore" da à Bretanha uma música « modelo », exportável, adaptada à sociedade moderna, e vinculada ao mesmo tempo à tradição. Paralelamente, as festas do Congado Mineiro nos revelam um trajeto já percorrido pelo Festival Interceltique de Lorient: como uma festa cotidiana, familiar, religiosa e cível se reelabora pouco a pouco, tornando-se em espetáculo, onde a autenticidade e a visibilidade tormam-se critérios condicionais para a existência da festa. Através do grupo Treze de Maio, um dos representante do Congado Mineiro, percebemos como os processos de transmissão da herança musical e performática são repassados, e como a mise en scène da tradição ganha forma. Como método de análise, nos inspiramos na mediologia de Regis Debray, que nos fornece caminhos para olhar e refletir sobre os elementos simbólicos que determinam a dinâmica das festas, e a relação entre esses elementos e as técnicas de transmissão de ideias, valores e crenças.