Pequenas e médias empresas têm grande importância na geração de emprego e renda, o que as qualifica como agentes capazes de impulsionar o crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico. O constante processo de mudança tecnológica tem imposto desafios que, ao menos parcialmente, têm sido enfrentados pelas firmas de pequeno e médio porte. Em resposta a esse processo, esta dissertação tem como referencial teórico a abordagem neoschumpeteriana da tecnologia e da mudança econômica, que propõe o processo inovativo e a “destruição criativa” como centrais ao desenvolvimento da atividade econômica. Considera-se a hipótese de que há relevante discrepância entre os resultados, esforços e atividades inovativas de pequenas, médias e grandes empresas, em países com sistemas nacionais de inovação e estruturas produtivas distintas, como Brasil e países da Comunidade Europeia. O objetivo geral é identificar as particularidades das atividades inovativas em empresas de pequeno porte, assim como comparar as diferenças dos esforços e resultados inovativos entre os países selecionados. Para tanto, é apresentado um conjunto de indicadores formulados a partir de dados extraídos da Pesquisa de Inovação Tecnológica (PINTEC), edições de 2008 e 2011, e da Community Innovation Survey (CIS), edições CIS6 e CIS8. Os resultados indicam que quando comparadas com as grandes firmas, as pequenas e médias empresas têm menor taxa de inovação, concentram seus esforços e gastos inovativos em poucas atividades inovativas, têm maior participação de inovações do tipo processo, além de cooperarem menos e com menor quantidade de parceiros. Esse padrão é verificado com mais intensidade no Brasil e em economias menos avançadas da Comunidade Europeia. Há forte presença de apoio do governo no Brasil, quando comparado com maioria dos demais países selecionados, havendo considerável melhora entre os períodos de análise. Esses resultados apontam para a necessidade de se ampliar políticas públicas com vistas a diminuir tais discrepâncias entre as pequenas e grandes empresas brasileiras. / Small and medium-sized firms have great impact in generating employment and income, which qualifies them as capable agents of boosting economic growth and development. The constant process of technological change presents a challenge that has been faced, at least partially, by small and medium-sized firms. In response to this process, this teses has as theoretical reference to the Neoschumpeterian approach of technology and economic change, which proposes the innovative process and "creative destruction" as central to the development of economic activity. It is considered the hypothesis that there is a significant discrepancy between the results, efforts and innovative activities of small, medium and large firms in countries with different national innovation systems and production structures, such as Brazil and European Community countries. The main issue is to identify the particularities of innovating in small enterprises, as well as compare the differences in innovative efforts and results among selected countries. To that, a set of indicators are formulated from data extracted from the Pesquisa de Inovação Tecnológica (PINTEC), editions of 2008 and 2011, and the Community Innovation Survey (CIS), editions CIS6 and CIS8. The results indicate that compared to large firms, small and medium enterprises have a lower rate of innovation, concentrate their efforts and innovative spending on few innovative activities, have a great participation in process type innovations, and cooperate less and with few partners. This standard is strongly verified in Brazil and in the less advanced economies of the European Community. There is a strong presence of government support in Brazil, when compared to most of the other selected countries, with considerable improvement between the periods of analysis. These results point to the need to expand public policies aimed at reducing such discrepancies between small and large Brazilian companies. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Le capital-investissement parait jouer un rôle essentiel dans la croissance des entreprises. Pourtant les liens entre modèles d'investissement et croissance restent mal compris. De plus, depuis quelques années, les doutes s’accumulent sur la compatibilité entre valorisation financière et développement pérenne et vertueux des entreprises, en particulier matures. Centrée plus spécifiquement sur le cas des entreprises de taille intermédiaire (ETI), cette thèse montre qu’une forme de capital-investissement, que nous appelons le « capital-régénération », demande à être mieux conceptualisée pour favoriser les dynamiques de croissance soutenables et outiller les politiques publiques en matière de financement des entreprises. Le capital-régénération, contrairement à la segmentation classique du capital-investissement, est moins lié au stade de développement des entreprises qu’à la nature de la croissance visée. Au lieu de porter sur une augmentation des performances à partir des produits existants, la thèse met en évidence une autre forme de croissance dite « générative », liée à l’innovation et qui s’appuie sur la dynamique de régénération des produits et des ressources de l’entreprise. A partir d’une analyse des besoins en financement des ETI, ainsi que de cas approfondis issus du portefeuille de Bpifrance, la thèse montre que le déficit de croissance des ETI ne s’explique pas par un défaut de capital (« equity gap »), mais plutôt par un manque de valorisation de la croissance générative par les modèles d’investissement classiques. La thèse explore alors comment, en s’appuyant sur des données existantes, il est possible d’enrichir les analyses en intégrant les capacités d’innovation des entreprises et les promesses de retours sur des produits encore à concevoir. Sont alors discutés à la fois les principes mais aussi les risques et les conditions d’un capital-régénération. Ce modèle, tout en expliquant une partie des difficultés des ETI à croître, ouvre des perspectives nouvelles sur les liens entre théorie financière et théories de la conception. / Private equity seems to play a key role in firms’ growth. However, the relationship between investment and growth remains poorly understood. Moreover, in recent years, doubts have arisen regarding the correlation between financial valuation and firms’ long-term and virtuous development - especially for mature firms. With a focus on French medium-sized companies (“ETI”), this thesis shows that a specific kind of private equity - that we propose to call “regeneration capital”- could be better conceptualized in order to support firms’ sustainable economic growth and to empower public policy with respect to corporate funding. Regeneration capital, unlike usual private equity asset class, is less related to the firm’s life cycle stage than to the nature of targeted growth. Rather than increasing the performance of existing products, this type of growth emerges from another growth dynamic, that we call “generative growth”, which results from the regeneration of the firm’s products and resources. Based on an analysis of the financial needs of medium-sized companies, as well as on an in-depth case study of medium-sized firms extracted from Bpifrance's investment portfolio, the thesis demonstrates that the growth shortage of medium-sized firms is not due to an equity gap. Empirical evidence rather suggests a lack of valuation of generative growth by traditional investment models. Drawing on existing data, the thesis hence investigates how investors’ financial analysis can be enhanced by integrating an assessment of firms’ innovation capabilities and of the return promises of yet unknown product to be developed. We then discuss the principles but also the risks and prerequisites of regeneration capital. This model not only explains part of medium-sized firms’ difficulties to grow but opens new perspectives on the relationship between corporate finance and design theories.

企業的成長與規模擴大，能賦予企業許多優勢與利益，故一直是企業經營者關注的重點，也是策略與組織領域的學者所關注的議題。自從Penrose（1959）的企業內生成長理論提出多餘資源（尤其是管理資源）為企業成長的機制之後，後續的策略學者大多延續這樣的觀點，假設有多餘資源之後，才能進一步追求成長，並深入探討多餘資源的特性、成長策略的特性與成長率之間的關係。 然而，實務上卻發現擁有多餘資源未必能成長，而有些成功的企業反而是在資源不足之下而成長。Hamel and Prahalad（1993）即挑戰多餘資源的成長觀點，認為企業成長的動力其實是來自於經理人拉撐（stretch）其雄心與渴望水準，願意去追求既有資源與能力所無法達到的策略目標，透過善用資源而能在資源不足的情境下實踐成長，但其並未清楚說明拉撐的內涵與促進成長的機制。 本研究以Hamel and Prahalad（1993）所提出的拉撐概念為基礎，探討中小企業在資源有限、甚至不足的情境之下，如何透過拉撐其既有資源基礎，而能達成企業規模的成長。由於相關文獻不足，本研究採用Eisenhardt（1989）的探索性個案研究方法，以單一事業中小企業的規模成長現象為研究情境，總共研究了七個個案，發現了規模有所成長的中小企業所採行的拉撐式策略邏輯及形成拉撐情境的因素，從實務中歸納出五大類型拉撐資源的行動內涵，並發現了拉撐資源的行動為何能形成中小企業長期之下規模的成長。因此，本研究證實了拉撐的成長機制確實存在，Hamel and Prahalad（1993）所主張的拉撐邏輯，確實能夠促進中小企業的成長，有其獨特的成長邏輯。 中小企業為何經常處於拉撐的情境，主要因為資源不足、成長所造成的現象與長期採行拉撐式策略邏輯所致。而拉撐式策略邏輯為：追求較高的經營目標，因而使資源略顯不足，並在資源尚未完全到位時即著手進行，故必須透過拉撐、擠壓既有的資源基礎以彌補資源的缺口，克服困難而能掌握成長的機會，此外，為了避免風險，資源的投資採行精簡、小額與逐步的擴充，解決資源瓶頸而能使整體資源發揮更大的效用，並能穩健地擴充與成長。 本研究歸納出五大類型的拉撐資源行動，包括資源突破、資源重組、資源調度、資源提取與資源精簡，皆能擠壓既有的資源基礎而達到原先難以達成的目標，能增進生產績效並提昇企業的競爭力。資源突破與資源重組即為創業者的創新活動，前者針對資源本身進行創新突破；改善或增加系統中的關鍵因子，使整個系統的功能有所突破。資源重組即是將相同的人力與實體資源重新配置，改善流程或資源使用的方法，達到創新的效果並提昇生產的績效。資源調度是刻意發展資源的多功能性與通用性，能夠彈性地調度不同資源互相支援，以因應急需或降低產能的閒置。資源提取則是延長資源的使用時間，或使既有的人力資源願意與能夠提供更多、更好的服務。最後，資源精簡意指資源的投資盡量不足額，甚至延遲投資，以降低風險，並因而設法增加資源的使用效率。 為何拉撐資源的行動能使中小企業整體資源基礎得以擴充與成長？本研究發現主要是透過拉撐資源的短期與中長期效果綜合而達成。拉撐資源的短期效果為提昇既有資源的績效而能彌補資源的缺口，掌握成長的機會，因而帶來資金的挹注而能累積資本。拉撐資源的中長期效果即是短期效果的累積，包括不斷地掌握機會而持續創造出後續成長的踏腳石（亦即突破經營局面而帶來新的成長機會）；經常拉撐資源形成了獨特的、公司專屬的資源基礎與組織能力，能有效提昇公司的競爭力而增加經營的績效，進一步帶來資金的挹注；透過累積資本之後再謹慎地、精簡地擴充資源，增強資源基礎的內涵，企業內部的資源基礎因此逐步地擴充與成長。 / The growth and scale expansion of firms results in a lot of advantages and benefits for firms, therefore, it has been the focus of managerial attention and an important topic for scholars in fields of strategic management and organization theory. Most scholars follow Penrose (1959)’s internal growth theory of the firm to assume slack resources as the prerequisite of firm growth, and investigate the relationships among attributes of resources, growth strategies, and growth rates. In practice, however, firms with slack resources do not necessarily grow. Oppositely, there’re successful firms growing under resource shortage. Hamel and Prahalad (1993) had challenged the perspective of growing by slack resources and proposed that the real driver of firm growth comes from the stretching of managerial ambition and aspirations to pursue strategic goals beyond the firm’s existing resources and capabilities. Nonetheless, the authors didn’t explain clearly the contents and growth mechanisms of stretch. This study takes the view of stretch to investigate how small-and-medium-sized firms （thereafter SMEs） can achieve scale growth by stretching their limited or even infertile resource base. Due to the lack of related literature, this study adopts Eisenhardt (1989)’s explorative case study method, and choose the phenomenon of scale growth of the single-business SMEs as the research context. After investigating seven cases, this study finds the strategic discipline of stretch of SMEs, factors that result in condition of stretch, five categories of actions of resource stretching, and the relationship between resource stretching and long-term scale growth of SMEs. Hence, this study verifies that the concept of stretch proposed by Hamel and Prahalad (1993) do facilitate the scale growth of SMEs with its unique logic of growth. This study finds that SMEs are often in condition of stretch due to their insufficiencies of resources, the outcome of continued growth, and the results of running business by strategic discipline of stretch. The strategic discipline of stretch includes pursuing higher business goals by making existing resources slightly insufficient; proceeding without all resources needed so that SMEs have to stretch and squeeze the existing resource base to fill the resource gap and overcome difficulties so as to seize the opportunities for growth; and investing resources by small amount in a parsimonious way to solve the resource bottleneck so as to improve the effectiveness of the whole resource base and to make SMEs soundly expand and grow. Furthermore, this study concludes inductively with five categories of actions of resource stretching, including resource breakthrough, resource reconfiguration, resource mobilization, resource extraction, and resource parsimony, all of which can squeeze the existing resource base to achieve the unattainable goals and can improve productive performance and competitiveness of the SMEs. Resource breakthrough and resource reconfiguration are entrepreneurial activities of the entrepreneurs. The former is making innovative breakthrough to firm resources, and improving or adding critical elements in a system to make the function of the whole system upgraded. Resource reconfiguration is reconfiguring the same human and physical resources by improving the processes or methods of resource use so as to innovate and to improve productive performance. Resource mobilization is to develop the versatility and interchangeable use of resources deliberately so that all resources can be mobilized flexibly to support one another in order to response to emergent demands or to reduce the idle hours of all the resources. Resource extraction is to make longer use of resources, or to make employees willing and able to offer more and better services. Lastly, resource parsimony refers to make resource investments less than needed or even delayed, and by doing so, SMEs can reduce investment risks and are forced to raise the efficiency of their resource use. Why does resource stretching facilitate the expansion and growth of SMEs’ resource base (i.e. scale growth)? This study finds it is by the short-term and medium- and long-term effects of resource stretching. The former refers to the immediate outcomes of resource stretching, which fill the resource gap to help seize the opportunity of growth so as to obtain cash inflows for capital accumulation. The accumulation of short-term effects results in medium- and long-term effects of resource stretching, including continuously creating stepping stones for later growth by seizing opportunities; developing and accumulating distinctive and firm-specific resource base and organizational capabilities by constantly stretching resources so that SMEs improve their competitiveness and gain cash inflows; and prudently and parsimoniously expanding and enhancing resource base so that SMEs gradually expand and grow.