Thesis advisor: Brian J. Gareau / For my dissertation research, I am focused on the sociopolitical relations of electronics disposal, a less-considered but increasingly important stage in the life cycle of electronics. Although much has already been written on the global trade in hazardous wastes, the Basel Convention that regulates this trade, and the environmental injustice of the global waste trade--with wealthy countries dumping the "negative externalities" of their consumption on vulnerable communities in the global South--the reality today appears to be more complex. Regulators in the Basel Convention and the UN Environment Program, as well as civil society actors in industry and NGOs, have an increased interest in promoting the development of markets and infrastructure in high tech e-waste recycling. Historically, e-wastes have been both talked about, and treated as, a toxic and unwanted byproduct of the digital age. However, today key actors in the regulatory, industrial and civil society spheres are now discussing e-wastes as critical "resources" for economic and technological development. I hypothesize that uncovering the economic, technological and geopolitical drivers of this shift will reveal that the global trade in e-wastes can no longer be described as a clear-cut North/South, "perpetrator-victim," scenario, rather, it must be seen as a dynamic process where environmental inequalities are mitigated and reconstituted in new forms and at various sites. I identify two dominant paradigms that scholars, activists, policy makers and industry actors employ in evaluating the global trade in electronic wastes. I label these two paradigms the "environmental justice evaluation" and the "resource capture evaluation." By engaging concepts from global political economy and environmental sociology (particularly, O'Connor 1979; Harvey 2003; Pellow 2003) and applying them to my case, my dissertation attempts to bring a nuanced perspective to the e-waste debate. My initial findings suggest that both of these frameworks do not account for the key economic processes that are driving the e-waste trade. A better understanding of these processes will better illuminate the pathway to finding meaningful solutions to the persistent, presently illegal global trade in discarded electronics. My data consists of a comprehensive examination of meeting archives from the Basel Convention (where the experts and political decision makers on this issue implement policies that affect the global e-waste trade) spanning from 1992 to the present, as well as reviews of the proceedings of other relevant actors in e-waste policy (for example, annual meetings of the global organization StEP, and publications and pamphlets from trade organizations in the US and abroad and publications from the US government). In addition, I conducted semi-structured interviews with 25 key actors in the national regulatory, global regulatory, industry and NGO spheres in order to understand how the key decision makers in the e-waste trade understand the drivers and implications of the shift "from waste to resources." Finally, I draw on ethnographic observations conducted at a pivotal Basel Convention meeting in 2011, where a decision was made that has the potential to fundamentally reshape the Basel Convention and enable increased global trade in discarded electronics through the development of formalized recycling centers in less-developed countries. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Sociology.

Submitted by Fabiany Feitosa (fabiany.sousa@ufba.br) on 2016-03-15T21:53:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Reis Albuquerque.pdf: 1237752 bytes, checksum: 1db28b6044c33d9a2a06fe57aa797693 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2016-03-22T21:35:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Reis Albuquerque.pdf: 1237752 bytes, checksum: 1db28b6044c33d9a2a06fe57aa797693 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T21:35:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Reis Albuquerque.pdf: 1237752 bytes, checksum: 1db28b6044c33d9a2a06fe57aa797693 (MD5) / Este estudo tem caráter exploratório, multicaso, tendo sido escolhido o método qualitativo, com a aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas, análise documental e observação participante. O objetivo desta dissertação foi estudar os conflitos no relacionamento entre Franqueadores e Franqueados soteropolitanos, nas áreas de alimentação, vestuário e acessórios pessoais e calçados. A escolha de tais segmentos se deve não somente por sua representativa participação na geração de valor para o varejo, mas por concentrar grande número de empresas, inclusive de empresas associadas à ABF – Associação Brasileira de Franchising. A partir da identificação dos pontos mais importantes do conflito entre Franqueadores e Franqueados – como perfil do candidato, recursos financeiros, ponto comercial e comunicação –, avaliamos as práticas adotadas para minimizar o impacto dos conflitos, além de propormos uma contribuição para a estabilização dessa convivência. A relação entre as duas partes, apesar de contratual e legal, está sempre sendo avaliada por esses atores, ficando evidenciado que os aspectos financeiros são os mais relevantes, já que tanto para o Franqueador como para o Franqueado, no final, o sucesso está associado ao resultado financeiro do desempenho do empreendimento. As entrevistas semiestruturadas e a observação participante nos permitiram constatar os postulados das Teorias da Agência e da Escassez de Recursos. A análise documental mostrou a preocupação dos Franqueadores em seguir o que determina a legislação, tanto para os Contratos quanto para a COF – Circular de Oferta de Franquia. Tendo sido confirmados os fatores de assimetria, propomos formas de minimização dos conflitos nas relações do sistema de franchising. / ABSTRACT This study is exploratory, multicase and was chosen the qualitative method, with the application of semi-structured interviews, document analysis and participant observation. The aim of this work was to study the conflicts in the relationship between franchisors and franchisees soteropolitanos in feeding areas, clothing and personal accessories and shoes. The choice of food segments, clothing and personal accessories and shoes, one should not only by their representative participation in generating value for retailers but also for concentrating large number of companies, including companies associated with ABF – Brazilian Franchising Association. From the identification of the most important points of conflict between franchisors and franchisees – candidate profile, financial, commercial and communication point –, we evaluated the practices adopted to minimize the impact of conflict and the contribution in stabilizing this relationship. The relationship between these two parties, although contractual and legal, is always being evaluated, becoming evident that the financial aspects are the most relevant. So much for the franchisor as for the franchisee, in the end, success is associated with the positive financial result of the enterprise's performance. Found in semi-structured interviews and participant observation the postulates of the theories of the Agency and Resource Shortage. The documentary analysis found the concern of franchisors to follow what determines the law for both contracts and for the COF - Franchise Offering Circular. From the confirmations of asymmetry factors, we propose ways to minimize conflicts in relations franchising system.

Akutmottagningar har ansvaret att erbjuda vård av hög kvalitet i livets slutskede. Tidigare forskning beskriver att akutsjukvårdsverksamheter och dess ledning brister i utformningen av palliativ vård, vilket potentiellt kan minska förtroendet för hälso- och sjukvårdssystemet. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka och beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att vårda patienter i livets slut på en akutmottagning. Metoden var att utifrån en teoretisk utgångspunkt från de fyra hörnstenarna i palliativ vård göra en systematiserad allmän litteraturstudie. Resultatet grupperades i två huvudkategorier: Faktorer som kan påverka omvårdnaden vid vård i livets slut och Sjuksköterskans upplevelse kan påverka omvårdnaden vid livets slut. Resultatet presenterades i totalt sex underkategorier där det framkommer att vården av patienter i livets upplevs som negativ av sjuksköterskor på akutmottagningar. Akutmottagningens uppdrag, dess miljö och kunskapsbrist anges som orsaker till detta. Upplevelsen av den negativa uppfattningen förstärks av sjuksköterskans upplevelse av hög arbetsbelastning, brist på resurser och brist på tid för att utföra god omvårdnad för patienter i livets slut. Detta bekräftar tidigare forskning att akutmottagning är en olämplig miljö för patienter i livets slut. Slutsatsen är att dels bör akutmottagningens resurser stärkas för denna patientkategori, dels bör akutsjukvårdens styrning ses över så att dessa patienter skall styras till andra mer lämpliga enheter än akutmottagning om behov av akut sjukvård uppstår. / Emergency departments have the responsibility to provide high-quality end-of-life care. Previous research describes deficiencies in the provision of palliative care within emergency healthcare facilities and their management, which could potentially undermine trust in the healthcare system. The aim of this study is to investigate and describe nurses' experiences of caring for patients at the end of life in an emergency department. The method involved conducting a systematic general literature review based on the theoretical framework of the four cornerstones of palliative care. The results were grouped into two main categories: Factors that may affect end-of-life care and Nurses' experiences that may influence end-of-life care. The results were presented in a total of six subcategories, revealing that the care of patients at the end of life is perceived negatively by nurses in emergency departments. The department's mission, its environment, and lack of knowledge are cited as reasons for this perception. The experience of this negative perception is reinforced by nurses' experiences of high workload, resource shortages, and lack of time to provide good care for patients at the end of life. This confirms and concludes previous research that emergency departments are an unsuitable environment for patients at the end of life. In conclusion, resources for this patient category in emergency departments should be strengthened, and the management of emergency healthcare should be reviewed to direct these patients to other more appropriate units than the emergency department when acute healthcare needs arise.

企業的成長與規模擴大，能賦予企業許多優勢與利益，故一直是企業經營者關注的重點，也是策略與組織領域的學者所關注的議題。自從Penrose（1959）的企業內生成長理論提出多餘資源（尤其是管理資源）為企業成長的機制之後，後續的策略學者大多延續這樣的觀點，假設有多餘資源之後，才能進一步追求成長，並深入探討多餘資源的特性、成長策略的特性與成長率之間的關係。 然而，實務上卻發現擁有多餘資源未必能成長，而有些成功的企業反而是在資源不足之下而成長。Hamel and Prahalad（1993）即挑戰多餘資源的成長觀點，認為企業成長的動力其實是來自於經理人拉撐（stretch）其雄心與渴望水準，願意去追求既有資源與能力所無法達到的策略目標，透過善用資源而能在資源不足的情境下實踐成長，但其並未清楚說明拉撐的內涵與促進成長的機制。 本研究以Hamel and Prahalad（1993）所提出的拉撐概念為基礎，探討中小企業在資源有限、甚至不足的情境之下，如何透過拉撐其既有資源基礎，而能達成企業規模的成長。由於相關文獻不足，本研究採用Eisenhardt（1989）的探索性個案研究方法，以單一事業中小企業的規模成長現象為研究情境，總共研究了七個個案，發現了規模有所成長的中小企業所採行的拉撐式策略邏輯及形成拉撐情境的因素，從實務中歸納出五大類型拉撐資源的行動內涵，並發現了拉撐資源的行動為何能形成中小企業長期之下規模的成長。因此，本研究證實了拉撐的成長機制確實存在，Hamel and Prahalad（1993）所主張的拉撐邏輯，確實能夠促進中小企業的成長，有其獨特的成長邏輯。 中小企業為何經常處於拉撐的情境，主要因為資源不足、成長所造成的現象與長期採行拉撐式策略邏輯所致。而拉撐式策略邏輯為：追求較高的經營目標，因而使資源略顯不足，並在資源尚未完全到位時即著手進行，故必須透過拉撐、擠壓既有的資源基礎以彌補資源的缺口，克服困難而能掌握成長的機會，此外，為了避免風險，資源的投資採行精簡、小額與逐步的擴充，解決資源瓶頸而能使整體資源發揮更大的效用，並能穩健地擴充與成長。 本研究歸納出五大類型的拉撐資源行動，包括資源突破、資源重組、資源調度、資源提取與資源精簡，皆能擠壓既有的資源基礎而達到原先難以達成的目標，能增進生產績效並提昇企業的競爭力。資源突破與資源重組即為創業者的創新活動，前者針對資源本身進行創新突破；改善或增加系統中的關鍵因子，使整個系統的功能有所突破。資源重組即是將相同的人力與實體資源重新配置，改善流程或資源使用的方法，達到創新的效果並提昇生產的績效。資源調度是刻意發展資源的多功能性與通用性，能夠彈性地調度不同資源互相支援，以因應急需或降低產能的閒置。資源提取則是延長資源的使用時間，或使既有的人力資源願意與能夠提供更多、更好的服務。最後，資源精簡意指資源的投資盡量不足額，甚至延遲投資，以降低風險，並因而設法增加資源的使用效率。 為何拉撐資源的行動能使中小企業整體資源基礎得以擴充與成長？本研究發現主要是透過拉撐資源的短期與中長期效果綜合而達成。拉撐資源的短期效果為提昇既有資源的績效而能彌補資源的缺口，掌握成長的機會，因而帶來資金的挹注而能累積資本。拉撐資源的中長期效果即是短期效果的累積，包括不斷地掌握機會而持續創造出後續成長的踏腳石（亦即突破經營局面而帶來新的成長機會）；經常拉撐資源形成了獨特的、公司專屬的資源基礎與組織能力，能有效提昇公司的競爭力而增加經營的績效，進一步帶來資金的挹注；透過累積資本之後再謹慎地、精簡地擴充資源，增強資源基礎的內涵，企業內部的資源基礎因此逐步地擴充與成長。 / The growth and scale expansion of firms results in a lot of advantages and benefits for firms, therefore, it has been the focus of managerial attention and an important topic for scholars in fields of strategic management and organization theory. Most scholars follow Penrose (1959)’s internal growth theory of the firm to assume slack resources as the prerequisite of firm growth, and investigate the relationships among attributes of resources, growth strategies, and growth rates. In practice, however, firms with slack resources do not necessarily grow. Oppositely, there’re successful firms growing under resource shortage. Hamel and Prahalad (1993) had challenged the perspective of growing by slack resources and proposed that the real driver of firm growth comes from the stretching of managerial ambition and aspirations to pursue strategic goals beyond the firm’s existing resources and capabilities. Nonetheless, the authors didn’t explain clearly the contents and growth mechanisms of stretch. This study takes the view of stretch to investigate how small-and-medium-sized firms （thereafter SMEs） can achieve scale growth by stretching their limited or even infertile resource base. Due to the lack of related literature, this study adopts Eisenhardt (1989)’s explorative case study method, and choose the phenomenon of scale growth of the single-business SMEs as the research context. After investigating seven cases, this study finds the strategic discipline of stretch of SMEs, factors that result in condition of stretch, five categories of actions of resource stretching, and the relationship between resource stretching and long-term scale growth of SMEs. Hence, this study verifies that the concept of stretch proposed by Hamel and Prahalad (1993) do facilitate the scale growth of SMEs with its unique logic of growth. This study finds that SMEs are often in condition of stretch due to their insufficiencies of resources, the outcome of continued growth, and the results of running business by strategic discipline of stretch. The strategic discipline of stretch includes pursuing higher business goals by making existing resources slightly insufficient; proceeding without all resources needed so that SMEs have to stretch and squeeze the existing resource base to fill the resource gap and overcome difficulties so as to seize the opportunities for growth; and investing resources by small amount in a parsimonious way to solve the resource bottleneck so as to improve the effectiveness of the whole resource base and to make SMEs soundly expand and grow. Furthermore, this study concludes inductively with five categories of actions of resource stretching, including resource breakthrough, resource reconfiguration, resource mobilization, resource extraction, and resource parsimony, all of which can squeeze the existing resource base to achieve the unattainable goals and can improve productive performance and competitiveness of the SMEs. Resource breakthrough and resource reconfiguration are entrepreneurial activities of the entrepreneurs. The former is making innovative breakthrough to firm resources, and improving or adding critical elements in a system to make the function of the whole system upgraded. Resource reconfiguration is reconfiguring the same human and physical resources by improving the processes or methods of resource use so as to innovate and to improve productive performance. Resource mobilization is to develop the versatility and interchangeable use of resources deliberately so that all resources can be mobilized flexibly to support one another in order to response to emergent demands or to reduce the idle hours of all the resources. Resource extraction is to make longer use of resources, or to make employees willing and able to offer more and better services. Lastly, resource parsimony refers to make resource investments less than needed or even delayed, and by doing so, SMEs can reduce investment risks and are forced to raise the efficiency of their resource use. Why does resource stretching facilitate the expansion and growth of SMEs’ resource base (i.e. scale growth)? This study finds it is by the short-term and medium- and long-term effects of resource stretching. The former refers to the immediate outcomes of resource stretching, which fill the resource gap to help seize the opportunity of growth so as to obtain cash inflows for capital accumulation. The accumulation of short-term effects results in medium- and long-term effects of resource stretching, including continuously creating stepping stones for later growth by seizing opportunities; developing and accumulating distinctive and firm-specific resource base and organizational capabilities by constantly stretching resources so that SMEs improve their competitiveness and gain cash inflows; and prudently and parsimoniously expanding and enhancing resource base so that SMEs gradually expand and grow.