Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:52:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_gcs_me_jabo.pdf: 1113816 bytes, checksum: 1eb10624020c5b9792319a590c0fc737 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / No Brasil os nematóides-chave da cana-de-açúcar são Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica e Pratylenchus zeae. Dentre as práticas de manejo o controle biológico é uma alternativa importante para as grandes culturas. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi, realizar um estudo da dinâmica de população de P. zeae em área de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar, no período de março a novembro de 2009. avaliar in vitro a ação de 21 isolados de rizobactérias sobre a eclosão e motilidade de juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) de M. incognita, M. javanica e sobre a motilidade de formas ativas de P. zeae e avaliar em campo, a influência do plantio na linha e na entrelinha com nematicidas sintéticos e um isolado bacteriano sobre a população de P. zeae. Os isolados bacterianos FCAV 6, FCAV 8 e FCAV 10 apresentaram ação ovicida para M. javanica. Os isolados FCAV 5, FCAV 7 e Bacillus amyloliquefaciens mostraram-se promissores no controle biológico de P.zeae. No campo o tratamento com rizobactéria FCAV 9 + adubo organomineral se mostrou superior aos demais em relação número de perfilhos. Estes resultados confirmam a potencialidade das rizobactérias para o controle de nematóides / In Brazil, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and Pratylenchus zeae are key nematodes sugar cane. Among management practices for decreasing nematode infestation, biological control is an important alternative for the major crops. So, the objective was to carry a study of population dynamics of P. zeae area in sugar cane in growing, to evaluate the in vitro the action of 21 isolates of rhizobacteria on hatching and motility of second stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita, M. javanica and on the motility of active forms of P. zeae and to assess in the field, the influence of planting in lines and rows with synthetic nematicides and a bacterial isolate on the population of P. zeae. The bacterial isolates FCAV 6, FCAV 8 and FCAV 10 showed ovicidal action for M. javanica. Isolate C116 showed promise for the control of J2 of M. javanica. Isolates FCAV 5, FCAV 7 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens have shown promise for the biological control of P.zeae. In the treatments 5 (Isolate FCAV 9 in the rows) and 6 (Isolate FCAV 9 between rows), were superior to others for the biometric analysis. These results confirm the potential of rhizobacteria for control of nematodes

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-08-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:04:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_hs_dr_botfca.pdf: 1546408 bytes, checksum: d25b46b4f52200f204737b84f9ba16ae (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Avaliou-se a produtividade, o acúmulo e a exportação de nutrientes por plantas de pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) enxertadas e não enxertadas, cultivadas sob ambiente protegido. O experimento foi conduzido de agosto de 2003 a maio de 2004 na Escola Técnica Estadual Augusto Tortolero Araújo pertencente ao Centro Estadual de Educação Tecnológica Paula Souza, em Paraguaçu Paulista, SP. Os porta-enxertos utilizados, AF 2638 e AF 2640, possuem resistência à Phytophthora capsici Leonian e Meloidogyne incognita raça 2. Os tratamentos constaram dos híbridos 'Rúbia R' e 'Margarita' sem enxertar, enxertados sobre os dois porta-enxertos e enxertados neles mesmos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com oito tratamentos, quatro repetições e 15 plantas por parcela. As plantas foram avaliadas quanto a altura da maior haste, altura da primeira bifurcação, precocidade de florescimento, comprimento e número médio de internódios, produção e características dos frutos produzidos em 12 colheitas, massa de matéria verde e seca de folhas, caules e frutos. As análises químicas foram realizadas em uma planta por parcela aos 35, 83, 135, 178 e 213 dias após o transplante, para determinar a marcha de absorção e exportação de nutrientes. Verificou-se que os híbridos enxertados e não enxertados apresentaram produtividades médias de 132 e 153 t ha-1 para as combinações enxertadas de 'Rúbia R' e 'Rúbia R' pé-franco respectivamente e de 144 e 132 t ha-1 para as combinações enxertadas de 'Margarita' e 'Margarita' pé-franco respectivamente. O acúmulo de nutrientes não foi significativamente diferente entre plantas enxertadas e pés-francos, e a ordem decrescente dos nutrientes acumulados foi: K>N>Ca>Mg>P>S. A partir do que foi observado, concluiu-se que, nessas condições, a enxertia em plantas de pimentão não alterou seu desempenho agronômico, nem teve influência sobre a marcha de absorção de nutrientes. / It was evaluated the yield, accumulation and exportation of nutrients by sweet pepper plants grafted and non grafted, under protected cultivation. The research was carried out from August 2003 to May 2004, at the Technical School Augusto Tortolero Araújo, part of Paula Souza State Center of Technological Education, in Paraguaçu Paulista, SP, in Brazil. The rootstocks used - AF 2638 and AF 2640, are resistant to Phytophthora capsici Leonian and Meloidogyne incognita race 2. The treatments were constituted of non grafted hybrids 'Rúbia R' and 'Margarita'; grafted on two evaluated rootstocks and grafted on themselves. The experimental design was of completely randomized blocks with eight treatments, four replications and fifteen plants per plot. Five plants were sent for chemical analysis. Evaluations of the total plants height, first fork height, early blossom, length and average number of internodes, total yield and fruits characteristics of 12 harvests, fresh and dry matter of leaves, stems and fruits, were carried out. The samples for the chemical analysis were taken at the 35th, 83th, 135th, 173th and 213th days after transplantation, with the objective of determining the accumulation and exportation of the nutrients. The results proved that the grafted and non grafted plants had average yield, with the average of 132 and 153 t ha-1 for the grafted combinations of 'Rúbia R' and non grafted plants of 'Rúbia R' respectively and 144 and 132 t ha-1 for the grafted combinations of 'Margarita' and non grafted plants of 'Margarita' respectively. The accumulation of the nutrients was equivalent for grafted combinations and non grafted plants, and nutrients in decreasing order of accumulation were: K>N>Ca>Mg>P>S. It was evidenced that grafting sweet pepper plants neither its agronomic performance, nor interfered on the uptake of nutrients' absorption.

Resumo: A enxertia é uma técnica frequentemente recomendada para a cultura do pepino em áreas infestadas com nematoides das galhas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produção de pepineiro enxertado em solo infestado com Meloidogyne incognita raça 2 ou com M. javanica. Foram avaliados nove tratamentos (fatorial 3x3: pepino híbrido Tsuyataro pé-franco, enxertado na abóbora híbrida Shelper e enxertado em abóbora híbrida Excitte Ikki x sem inoculação, inoculação com M. incognita e inoculação com M. javanica), no delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e seis plantas por parcela. As características avaliadas foram em relação ao crescimento vegetativo, nutrição das plantas, produção dos frutos e aos nematoides. Os teores de nutrientes avaliados não diferiram em função das espécies de nematoides (com ou sem inoculação), porém houve diferença em relação aos porta-enxertos, com maiores valores de fósforo nas plantas enxertadas e magnésio no pé-franco. Para as características de produção de frutos avaliadas não foi obtida interação entre os fatores. Obteve-se maior produção de frutos em plantas enxertadas sobre a abóbora 'Shelper', independentemente da espécie de nematoide, enquanto que a enxertia sobre 'Excitte Ikki' não diferiu do pé-franco para produção total. Ambas as espécies de nematoide reduziram a produção de frutos, porém este efeito foi mais pronunciado com a M. javanica. Tanto o pepino pé-franco como as plantas enxertadas foram suscetíveis, pois permitiram a multiplicação dos nematoides, com fator de reprodução, em avaliação realizada aos 72 dias após a inoculação, variando de 3,57 a 15,04, sendo este valor maior no pepino pé-franco inoculado com M. javanica / Abstract: Grafting is a technique often recommended for cucumber culture in root-knot nematodes infested areas. This study aimed to study yield of cucumber grafted in infected soil with Meloidogyne javanica or with M. incognita race 2. Nine treatments (factorial 3x3: Japanese cucumber hybrid Tsuyataro without grafting, grafted on squash hybrid Shelper and grafted on squash hybrid Excitte Ikki x without nematode inoculation, inoculated with M. incognita and inoculated with M. javanica) were evaluated in a randomized blocks design, with four repetitions and six plants per plot. The evaluated characteristics were in relation to vegetative growth, plant nutrition, fruit yield and nematodes. The nutrient levels evaluated did not differ between nematode species (inoculated and not inoculated), but there was a difference from the rootstock, with higher values for phosphorus in plant grafted and magnesium in non grafted. There was no interaction between factors for yield evaluated characteristics (total and commercial fruit yield). Greater fruit yield was obtained in cucumber grafted on 'Shelper', for both nematode species, while cucumber grafted on 'Excitte Ikki' did not differ from non grafted plants for total fruit weight. Both nematode species reduced fruit yield, but inoculation with M. javanica resulted greater reduction. Grafted and non grafted plants were susceptible, because they enabled the multiplication of nematodes, with a reproduction factor, in evaluation made 72 days after inoculation, ranging from 3.57 to 15.04, with the highest value in cucumber not grafted inoculated with M. javanica / Orientador: Antonio Ismael Inácio Cardoso / Coorientador: Sívia Renata S. Wilcken / Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas / Banca: Mario Massayuki Inomoto / Banca: Leila Trevizan Braz / Banca: Amanda Regina Godoy / Doutor

Orientador: Pedro Luiz Martins Soares / Coorientador: Jaime Maia dos Santos / Banca: Rita de Cássia Panizzi / Banca: Marineide Mendonça Aguillera / Resumo: Considerando o aumento nas áreas de produção do milho e a alta ocorrência dos nematoides de maior importância para esta cultura, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a reação de híbridos de milho, com e sem tratamento de sementes, quanto à ação de Meloidogyne spp. e Pratylenchus spp. Avaliaram-se altura da parte aérea da planta; número de internódios; média do comprimento dos três primeiros internódios; diâmetro do colmo; número de folhas; índice de clorofila; massa fresca das partes aéreas; massa fresca das raízes; número de nematoides nas raízes e por grama de raízes para: DKB390 PRO, DKB350 PRO, DKB250 PRO, AS1572 PRO, AG8061 PRO e EXP1 (híbrido experimental), nos tratamentos com Avicta® Completo e duas testemunhas, com e sem nematoides, aos 60 e 110 dias após a inoculação de Meloidogyne spp. e, aos 90 e 134 DAI de Pratylenchus spp. Meloidogyne javanica foi mais patogênico e comprometeu o desenvolvimento da média do comprimento dos três primeiros internódios e o índice de clorofila, aos 60 dias, e o diâmetro do colmo, aos 110 dias, quando comparado com M. incognita. Já M. incognita multiplicou-se menos em todos os híbridos (DKB390 PRO, DKB350 PRO, DKB250 PRO, AS1572 PRO, AG8061 PRO e EXP1), porém prejudicou mais o número de internódios, aos 110 dias e, o número de folhas e a massa fresca de raízes, aos 60 dias, em relação a M. javanica. Avicta® Completo incrementou a média do comprimento dos três primeiros internódios no híbrido DKB390 PRO, aos 60 dias, e forneceu suporte ao desenvolvimento de todos os híbridos quanto ao número de internódios, quando inoculados com M. javanica, aos 110 dias. Nesse mesmo período, Avicta® Completo agiu suprimindo a multiplicação das duas espécies de nematoides de galha no híbrido DKB390 PRO e de M. javanica, por grama de raízes, no híbrido DKB350 PRO. Com referência os nematoides das lesões ... / Abstract: Considering the corn production increase and the high occurrence of greatest importance nematodes to this culture, this study aimed to evaluate the reaction of maize hybrids with and without seed treatment, under the action of Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus spp.. Were evaluated plant height, internodes number, length of first three internodes , stem diameter, leaves number , chlorophyll content, aerial part fresh weight ,roots fresh weight, nematodes number on the roots and per gram of roots for, nematodes number on the roots and per gram of roots for DKB390 PRO, DKB350 PRO, DKB250 PRO, AS1572 PRO, AG8061 PRO and EXP1 (experimental hybrid), in treatments with Avicta® Complete and two controls, with and without nematodes at 60 and 110 days after Meloidogyne spp inoculation and 90 and 134 DAI of Pratylenchus spp. Meloidogyne javanica was more pathogenic and undertook the development of the average length of the first three internodes and chlorophyll content at 60 days, and stem diameter at 110 days compared to M. incognita. Meloidogyne incognita has multiplied less in all hybrids (DKB390 PRO, DKB350 PRO, DKB250 PRO, AS1572 PRO, AG8061 PRO and EXP1) but harmed more number of internodes at 110 days, the leaves number, and the roots fresh weight at 60 days when compared to M. javanica. Avicta® Complete has increased the length average of the first three internodes in hybrid DKB390 PRO at 60 days and had supported development to all hybrids concerning internodes number, when were inoculated with M. javanica, at 110 days. In the same period, Avicta® Complete acted suppressing the multiplication the two species of Meloidogyne in the hybrid DKB390 PRO and M. javanica per gram of roots in hybrid DKB350 PRO. With reference to roots lesion nematode, Pratylenchus zeae has multiplied more in relation to P. brachyurus on evaluated hybrids ... / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-07-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:34:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000739190.pdf: 386166 bytes, checksum: 2f0bf449f56aad0da45959dc5ca53dc4 (MD5) / Considerando o aumento nas áreas de produção do milho e a alta ocorrência dos nematoides de maior importância para esta cultura, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a reação de híbridos de milho, com e sem tratamento de sementes, quanto à ação de Meloidogyne spp. e Pratylenchus spp. Avaliaram-se altura da parte aérea da planta; número de internódios; média do comprimento dos três primeiros internódios; diâmetro do colmo; número de folhas; índice de clorofila; massa fresca das partes aéreas; massa fresca das raízes; número de nematoides nas raízes e por grama de raízes para: DKB390 PRO, DKB350 PRO, DKB250 PRO, AS1572 PRO, AG8061 PRO e EXP1 (híbrido experimental), nos tratamentos com Avicta® Completo e duas testemunhas, com e sem nematoides, aos 60 e 110 dias após a inoculação de Meloidogyne spp. e, aos 90 e 134 DAI de Pratylenchus spp. Meloidogyne javanica foi mais patogênico e comprometeu o desenvolvimento da média do comprimento dos três primeiros internódios e o índice de clorofila, aos 60 dias, e o diâmetro do colmo, aos 110 dias, quando comparado com M. incognita. Já M. incognita multiplicou-se menos em todos os híbridos (DKB390 PRO, DKB350 PRO, DKB250 PRO, AS1572 PRO, AG8061 PRO e EXP1), porém prejudicou mais o número de internódios, aos 110 dias e, o número de folhas e a massa fresca de raízes, aos 60 dias, em relação a M. javanica. Avicta® Completo incrementou a média do comprimento dos três primeiros internódios no híbrido DKB390 PRO, aos 60 dias, e forneceu suporte ao desenvolvimento de todos os híbridos quanto ao número de internódios, quando inoculados com M. javanica, aos 110 dias. Nesse mesmo período, Avicta® Completo agiu suprimindo a multiplicação das duas espécies de nematoides de galha no híbrido DKB390 PRO e de M. javanica, por grama de raízes, no híbrido DKB350 PRO. Com referência os nematoides das lesões... / Considering the corn production increase and the high occurrence of greatest importance nematodes to this culture, this study aimed to evaluate the reaction of maize hybrids with and without seed treatment, under the action of Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus spp.. Were evaluated plant height, internodes number, length of first three internodes , stem diameter, leaves number , chlorophyll content, aerial part fresh weight ,roots fresh weight, nematodes number on the roots and per gram of roots for, nematodes number on the roots and per gram of roots for DKB390 PRO, DKB350 PRO, DKB250 PRO, AS1572 PRO, AG8061 PRO and EXP1 (experimental hybrid), in treatments with Avicta® Complete and two controls, with and without nematodes at 60 and 110 days after Meloidogyne spp inoculation and 90 and 134 DAI of Pratylenchus spp. Meloidogyne javanica was more pathogenic and undertook the development of the average length of the first three internodes and chlorophyll content at 60 days, and stem diameter at 110 days compared to M. incognita. Meloidogyne incognita has multiplied less in all hybrids (DKB390 PRO, DKB350 PRO, DKB250 PRO, AS1572 PRO, AG8061 PRO and EXP1) but harmed more number of internodes at 110 days, the leaves number, and the roots fresh weight at 60 days when compared to M. javanica. Avicta® Complete has increased the length average of the first three internodes in hybrid DKB390 PRO at 60 days and had supported development to all hybrids concerning internodes number, when were inoculated with M. javanica, at 110 days. In the same period, Avicta® Complete acted suppressing the multiplication the two species of Meloidogyne in the hybrid DKB390 PRO and M. javanica per gram of roots in hybrid DKB350 PRO. With reference to roots lesion nematode, Pratylenchus zeae has multiplied more in relation to P. brachyurus on evaluated hybrids ...

Resumo: No Brasil os nematóides-chave da cana-de-açúcar são Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica e Pratylenchus zeae. Dentre as práticas de manejo o controle biológico é uma alternativa importante para as grandes culturas. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi, realizar um estudo da dinâmica de população de P. zeae em área de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar, no período de março a novembro de 2009. avaliar in vitro a ação de 21 isolados de rizobactérias sobre a eclosão e motilidade de juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) de M. incognita, M. javanica e sobre a motilidade de formas ativas de P. zeae e avaliar em campo, a influência do plantio na linha e na entrelinha com nematicidas sintéticos e um isolado bacteriano sobre a população de P. zeae. Os isolados bacterianos FCAV 6, FCAV 8 e FCAV 10 apresentaram ação ovicida para M. javanica. Os isolados FCAV 5, FCAV 7 e Bacillus amyloliquefaciens mostraram-se promissores no controle biológico de P.zeae. No campo o tratamento com rizobactéria FCAV 9 + adubo organomineral se mostrou superior aos demais em relação número de perfilhos. Estes resultados confirmam a potencialidade das rizobactérias para o controle de nematóides / Abstract: In Brazil, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and Pratylenchus zeae are key nematodes sugar cane. Among management practices for decreasing nematode infestation, biological control is an important alternative for the major crops. So, the objective was to carry a study of population dynamics of P. zeae area in sugar cane in growing, to evaluate the in vitro the action of 21 isolates of rhizobacteria on hatching and motility of second stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita, M. javanica and on the motility of active forms of P. zeae and to assess in the field, the influence of planting in lines and rows with synthetic nematicides and a bacterial isolate on the population of P. zeae. The bacterial isolates FCAV 6, FCAV 8 and FCAV 10 showed ovicidal action for M. javanica. Isolate C116 showed promise for the control of J2 of M. javanica. Isolates FCAV 5, FCAV 7 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens have shown promise for the biological control of P.zeae. In the treatments 5 (Isolate FCAV 9 in the rows) and 6 (Isolate FCAV 9 between rows), were superior to others for the biometric analysis. These results confirm the potential of rhizobacteria for control of nematodes / Orientador: Jaime Maia dos Santos / Coorientador: Pedro Luiz Martins Soares / Banca: Marineide Mendonça Aguillera / Banca: Júlio Cesar Galli / Mestre

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-09-19T14:20:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Aluizio Tavares Cordeiro Neto.pdf: 400725 bytes, checksum: efc835355e5018885ec790a126d5b9a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-19T14:20:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aluizio Tavares Cordeiro Neto.pdf: 400725 bytes, checksum: efc835355e5018885ec790a126d5b9a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-28 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / In the present study it was carried out two experiments. In the first one it was evaluate effects of soil compactness and Meloidogyne incognita parasitism interaction on macronutrient contents in shoots, sugarcane initial development and nematode reproduction. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse in a completely randomized design in a 2 (sugarcane varieties: RB962962 and RB863129 ) × 2 (presence and absence of nematode) × 3 (soil density: 1.5, 1.6 and 1.7 g.cm-3) factorial arrangement. Fifteen days after planting seedlings were moved to vases and inoculated with approximately 5 M. incognita eggs per cm3 of soil (78000 eggs per plant). After 95 days from inoculation, plants were harvest and it was evaluated plant development, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S content in shoots and nematode reproduction. For both varieties at 1.7 g.cm-3 soil density there was reduction in plant height and weight and increase in Ca and Mg content in shoots, but there was decrease in K content of parasited plants shoots. Soil compactness increased weight and leaf area of RB962962. In the second experiment the effects of vinasse application in soil at rate of 0, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 m³.ha-1 on Meloidogyne incognita reproduction and macronutrient content of sugarcane variety RB863129 were evaluated in a completely casualised design under greenhouse. Plants were inoculated with 20000 M. incognita eggs per vase 30 days after planting, immediately after vinasse application, and results evaluated 90 days after inoculation. Nematode population density, based on number of eggs per plant and per gram of root, decreased as residue rates increased. Vinasse application significantly reduced number of M. incognita eggs per plant with maximum reduction obtained at dose of 728 m³.ha-1, but the presence of nematodes promoted significant decrease in weight of the plants. The N content in shoots was higher in the dose of 100 m³.ha-1, while for P and K, quadratic fit was reaching its maximum respectively at doses of 507 and 425 m³.ha-1. There was no difference among treatments for Ca, Mg and S. / No presente estudo foram conduzidos dois experimentos. O primeiro avaliou os efeitos da interação entre a compactação do solo e o parasitismo de Meloidogyne incognita sobre os teores de macronutrientes da parte aérea da cana-de-açúcar, desenvolvimento inicial da cultura e multiplicação dos nematoides. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 (variedades: RB962962 e RB863129) × 2 (presença e ausência de nematoides) × 3 (densidades do solo: 1,5, 1,6 e 1,7 g.cm-3). Após 15 dias da brotação, as mudas foram transplantadas para os vasos definitivos e inoculadas com aproximadamente 5 ovos de M. incognita por cm3 de solo (78000 ovos/vaso). Após 95 dias da inoculação, as plantas foram colhidas e avaliado o desenvolvimento das plantas, teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S na parte aérea e reprodução do nematoide. Para as duas variedades houve redução na altura e peso do colmo e aumento nos teores de Ca e Mg da parte aérea, quando na densidade de 1,7 g.cm-3, e redução no teor de K quando parasitadas. A RB962962 foi mais tolerante à compactação do solo apresentando incremento em peso e área foliares. No segundo estudo, os efeitos da incorporação ao solo de doses de vinhaça correspondentes a 0, 50, 100, 500 e 1000 m³.ha-1 sobre a reprodução de Meloidogyne incognita e teores de macronutrientes na cana-de-açúcar variedade RB863129 foram determinados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em casa de vegetação. As plantas foram inoculadas com 20.000 ovos de M. incognita por vaso 30 dias após a semeadura, imediatamente após aplicação da vinhaça, e os resultados avaliados 90 dias após a inoculação. A densidade populacional dos nematoides, fundamentada no número de ovos por planta, decresceu com o aumento das taxas de resíduo administradas. A incorporação da vinhaça promoveu redução significativa no número de ovos de M. incognita por planta, com máximo de redução obtido na dose de 728 m³.ha-1, porém a presença dos nematoides promoveu decréscimo significativo no peso fresco das plantas. O teor de N na parte aérea foi maior na dose de 100 m³.ha-1, enquanto que para o P e o K, houve ajuste quadrático atingindo seus máximos respectivamente nas doses de 507 e 425 m³.ha-1. Para o Ca, Mg e S, não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos.

Thesis (Ph. D. Agriculture (Plant Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016. / Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides, had been researched and developed from indigenous plants at the University of Limpopo, Green Technologies Research Centre, under the auspices of the Indigenous Cucurbitaceae Technologies (ICT) Research Programme. After the international 2005 cut-off withdrawal date of the highly effective methyl bromide nematicide from the agrochemical markets, management options on nematode population densities shifted to more environment-friendly alternatives. Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides as environment-friendly alternatives to synthetic chemical nematicides had been consistent in nematode suppression under diverse conditions. In order to avoid challenges similar to those experienced with the use of synthetic chemical nematicides, the South African Fertiliser, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies and Stock Remedies Act No. 36 of 1947 (amended) require that the product to be used in agriculture must first be registered with the National Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, after extensive efficacy and bioactivity tests. The information on bioactivity of the phytonematicides is also critical in the effective application of the product for efficient management of nematodes. Information on bioactivities of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides on nematodes, plant and soil was not available. This study comprised eight objectives: (1) to examine whether (i) increasing concentration of cucurbitacin A and B would have impact on second-stage juvenile (J2) hatch of M. incognita, (ii) the Curve-fitting Allelochemical Response Dosage (CARD) model would quantify the three phases of density-dependent growth (DDG) patterns on J2 hatch when exposed to increasing cucurbitacin concentrations, (iii) computed J2 hatch inhibition concentration (EHIC) and xli CARD-generated D-values would be statistically similar, (iv) the CARD model would provide information on minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and (v) J2 hatch inhibition would be reversible when cucurbitacins were diluted, (2) to determine whether (i) increasing concentration of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides would have impact on J2 hatch of M. incognita, (ii) the CARD model would quantify the three phases of DDG pattern on J2 hatch when compared to increasing phytonematicide concentrations, (iii) comparison of computed EHIC and CARD-generated D-values would be statistically comparable in magnitudes, (iv) the CARD model would provide information on MIC and (v) J2 hatch inhibition would be reversible when phytonematicides were diluted, (3) to establish whether (i) increasing concentration of cucurbitacin A and B would have impact on M. incognita J2 immobility, (ii) the CARD model would quantify the three phases of DDG pattern on J2 immobility when compared to increasing cucurbitacin concentration, (iii) comparison of computed J2 immobility concentration and CARD-generated D-values would be statistically comparable in magnitudes, (iv) the CARD model would provide information on MIC and (v) juvenile immobility would be reversible when cucurbitacins were diluted, (4) to test whether (i) increasing concentration of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides would have impact on M. incognita J2 immobility, (ii) the CARD model would quantify the three phases of DDG pattern on J2 immobility when compared to increasing phytonematicide concentrations, (iii) comparison of computed J2 immobility concentration and CARD generated D-values would be statistically comparable in magnitudes, (iv) the CARD model would provide information on MIC and (v) juvenile immobility would be reversible when phytonematicides were diluted, (5) to determine whether (i) increasing xlii concentration of cucurbitacin A and B would have impact on M. incognita J2 mortality, (ii) the CARD model would quantify the three phases of DDG patterns on J2 mortality when compared to increasing cucurbitacin concentration, (iii) comparison of computed lethal concentration (LC) and CARD-generated D-values would be statistically comparable in magnitudes and (iv) the CARD model would provide information on minimum lethal concentration (MLC), (6) to investigate whether (i) increasing concentration of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides would have impact on M. incognita J2 mortality, (ii) the CARD model would quantify the three phases of DDG pattern on J2 mortality when compared to increasing phytonematicide concentrations, (iii) comparison of computed LC and CARD-generated D-values would be statistically comparable in magnitudes and (iv) the CARD model would provide information on MLC, (7) to test whether (i) increasing concentrations of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides would impact on M. incognita J2 infectivity of susceptible tomato plant, (ii) the CARD model would quantify the three phases of DDG pattern (iii) generated inhibition concentration (IC) and CARD-generated D-values would be statistically comparable in magnitudes and (iv) the CARD model would provide information on MIC and (8) to determine whether nematodes can serve as bioindicators of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides in tomato plant roots/fruits, soil types and organic matter at different depths. To achieve these objectives, reliability of measured variables was ensured by using statistical levels of significance (P ≤ 0.05) and coefficient of determination (R2), with validity ensured by conducting three independent experiments over time. In Objective 1, pure cucurbitacin A and B concentration effects on J2 hatch were significant, with both exhibiting DDG patterns. xliii The DDG patterns demonstrated that J2 hatch was inhibited at low pure cucurbitacin concentrations and slightly stimulated at higher cucurbitacin concentrations. At 24-, 48- and 72-h exposure periods, cucurbitacin A reduced J2 hatch by 40‒67, 34‒66 and 34‒45%, respectively, whereas cucurbitacin B reduced J2 hatch by 12‒57, 3‒36 and 9‒54%, respectively. CARD model quantified the concentration ranges of the two pure cucurbitacins associated with the phases of DDG patterns. The J2 hatch was highly sensitive to cucurbitacin B and highly tolerant to cucurbitacin A, as shown by sensitivities values of 0‒2 and 5‒20 units, respectively. The CARD-generated MIC values for cucurbitacin A and B were 1.75‒2.88 and 1.31‒1.88 µg.mL-1, respectively. The conventionally generated J2 hatch inhibition concentrations were higher than CARD-generated D-values at all exposure periods for both pure cucurbitacins. The J2 hatch inhibition effect was not reversible for both pure cucurbitacins. In Objective 2, Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicide concentration effects on J2 hatch were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01), with both exhibiting DDG patterns. The DDG patterns demonstrated that J2 hatch inhibition increased with increase in phytonematicide concentrations. Relative to water control, Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide significantly reduced J2 hatch at 48-, 72-h and 7-d by 22‒92, 3‒79 and 1‒42%, respectively, whereas Nemafric-BL phytonematicide reduced it by 41‒93, 1‒80 and 12‒84%, respectively. The J2 hatch inhibition was highly sensitive to Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric BL phytonematicides, with sensitivity of 0‒1 and 0‒4 units, respectively. The conventionally generated J2 hatch inhibition concentrations at 50 and 100% were higher than CARD-generated D-values for both phytonematicides. The J2 hatch inhibition effect was not reversible for both phytonematicides. In Objective 3, pure cucurbitacin A xliv and B concentration effects on J2 immobility were significant, with both exhibiting DDG patterns. The J2 immobility over increasing concentrations of pure cucurbitacins had DDG patterns which were similar for conventional method and those from CARD model. The DDG patterns were characterised by stimulation of J2 immobility at low concentrations, followed by saturation at higher concentrations. The CARD model could not generate the D-values for comparison with JMC-values, but generated MIC-values for cucurbitacin A and B which were 0.5‒0.6 and 0.5‒0.7 µg.mL-1, respectively. The J2 immobility was moderately sensitive to both cucurbitacins with sensitivity of 4 units and the inhibition effect of the two pure cucubitacins was not reversible. In Objective 4, Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicide concentration effects on J2 immobility were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01), with both phytonematicides exhibiting DDG patterns. The DDG pattern had stimulation, saturation and inhibition effects for Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide, whereas for Nemafric-BL phytonematicide they had stimulation and saturation effects on J2 immobility as concentrations increased. The MIC-values for Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides were 3.6‒115.2 and 0.1‒6.5%, respectively. The CARD generated D-values were comparable with computed JMC values for Nemafric-BL phytonematicide unlike for Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide. The J2 immobility was highly sensitive to the two phytonematicides with sensitivity values of 0‒4 and 0‒2 units, respectively. The effects on J2 immobility of the two phytonematicides were not reversible. In Objective 5, pure cucurbitacin A and B concentration effects on J2 mortality were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01), with both cucurbitacins exhibiting DDG patterns. The DDG pattern had stimulation, saturation and slight inhibition effects for both cucurbitacin A and B as concentrations increased. The xlv MIC-values for cucurbitacin A and B were 0.63 and 0.61 µg.mL-1, respectively. The CARD-generated D-values were higher than the computed LC-values for both cucurbitacin A and B, with J2 mortality being highly sensitive to cucurbitacin A and B, with sensitivity of 4 units for both cucurbitacins. In Objective 6, Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicide effects on J2 mortality were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01), with both phytonematicides exhibiting DDG patterns. The DDG pattern had stimulation effect at low phytonematicide concentrations and saturation effects at higher concentrations for both relative impact and CARD-generated graphs of J2 exposed to both phytonematicides. The MIC-values for Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides were 1.12 and 0.67%, respectively. The CARD-generated D-values were higher than the computed LC-values for both phytonematicides and J2 mortalities were highly sensitive to Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides with sensitivity value of 2 and 1 units, respectively. In Objective 7, Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicide concentrations had a highly significant effect on infectivity of M. incognita post-exposure on susceptible tomato seedlings. The relationship between infectivity and increasing concentrations of the two phytonematicides exhibited DDG patterns. The DDG patterns were characterised by stimulation effect at low Nemarioc AL phytonematicide concentrations and saturation effects at higher phytonematicide concentrations, whereas for Nemafric-BL phytonematicide slight inhibition, saturation and stimulation effects were observed. The CARD-generated inhibition concentrations for Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide were comparable with computed inhibition concentrations, whereas for Nemafric-BL phytonematicides, the values were not comparable. The MIC-values for Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides were xlvi 0.2 and 0.7%, respectively and J2 infectivity were highly sensitive to the two phytonematicides, with sensitivity value of 2 and 0 units, respectively. In Objective 8, M. incognita was an excellent bioindicator in response to the application of two phytonematicides. The two phytonematicides significantly affected distribution of population densities of M. incognita across the tested soil types, with Nemafric-BL phytonematicide reducing population densities of M. incognita relative to Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide. The active ingredient of Nemafric-BL phytonematicide, cucurbitacin B tended to remain in the top layers of soil, where more roots accumulated, thereby reducing a relatively higher population densities of M. incognita than did active ingredient of Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide, cucurbitacin A which moved with water beyond the effective root zone. Soil type alone and phytonematicide alone had no effect on nematode numbers, whereas the interaction of soil type, phytonematicides and depth, the nematode population densities were inversely proportional to soil depth. The interaction of clay with any of the two phytonematicides, reduced M. incognita population densities compared to sand and loam interactions. More than 62% tomato root systems occurred in the top 0–25 cm depth. The interactions between organic matter levels, phytonematicides and depth had no effect on the population densities of M. incognita. The two phytonematicides were able to reduce nematode population densities throughout the soil column in all four soil types and organic matter levels. Cucurbitacin residues were not detected in all tomato fruit samples. In conclusion, Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides have bioactivities on J2 hatch, J2 immobility, J2 mortality and J2 infectivity. The CARD model quantified the three phases of DDG patterns for most of the variables. Even though CARD-generated inhibition xlvii concentrations at 50 and 100% were not comparable with computed values for pure cucurbitacins they were for most phytonematicide variables, the model was able to generate excellent MIC-values for all variables. The inhibition effects of the two phytonematicides were irreversible. The major findings of this study were that the two phytonematicides exhibited DDG patterns for all variables tested and that the CARD model could be adopted for the in vitro evaluation of phytonematicides. Meloidogyne incognita was an excellent bioindicator on movement of two phytonematicides across soil types and organic matter levels at different depths. Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides did not leave any cucurbitacin residues in tomato fruit. The information on bioactivities of the two phytonematicides generated in this study provides a much needed data for the registration of the products as required by the law. Proposed future research area includes, microscopy study of molecular effects of the phytonematicides on nematodes post-exposure. / National Research Foundation (NRF), Flemish Interuniversity Council (VLIR) and Land Bank Chair-University of Limpopo.

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2018-09-14T17:56:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_EssentialOilsComponents.pdf: 4263439 bytes, checksum: c1189e55f12d63ca94f4a519200746ce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2018-09-14T17:57:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_EssentialOilsComponents.pdf: 4263439 bytes, checksum: c1189e55f12d63ca94f4a519200746ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-14T17:57:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_EssentialOilsComponents.pdf: 4263439 bytes, checksum: c1189e55f12d63ca94f4a519200746ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / Óleos essenciais derivados do metabolismo secundário de plantas podem ter atividades contra nematóides das galhas, Melodogyne incognita. Devido à necessidade de nematicidas mais eficientes e menos tóxicos para o homem e para o ambiente do que os disponíveis para o controle de Meloidogyne incognita, assim, neste trabalho objetivou-se estudar os óleos essenciais de Cinnamomum cassia e de Allium sativum, que foram descritos como ativos in vitro contra o nematóide Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. O óleo essencial de ambas as espécies foi obtido por hidrodestilação, dissolvidos em solução aquosa de Tween 80 a 0,01 g mL-1 e testado in vitro contra M. incognita. A 62 μg mL-1 as emulsões dos óleos foram mais ativas sobre ovos e juvenis de segundo estagio (J2) do que o Carbofuran a 173 μg mL-1. De acordo com a análise de cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massas, o constituinte majoritário de C. cassia é o (E)-cinamaldeído (83,3%), enquanto para o óleo de alho foram trisulfeto de dialila (66.7%) e dissulfeto de dialila (21.3%). Esses constituintes explicaram a atividade nematicida in vitro do óleo essencial de cada espécie de planta. A emulsão do óleo de C. cassia (500 μg mL-1), (E)-cinamaldeído (416 μg mL-1) e alho (250 μg mL-1) reduziram o numero de galhas e de ovos em plantas de soja e tomateiro, respectivamente, a valores estatisticamente iguais àquele obtido pelo Carbofuran (416 μg mL-1). Vapores dos óleos essenciais e do (E)-cinamaldeído foram ativos tanto quanto o nematicida fumigante Basamid usado nos ensaios in vitro contra M. incognita. A infectividade e a reprodução de M. incognita em plantas de soja e de tomate cultivadas em substrato infestado artificialmente com ovos do nematóide e tratado com 0,2 mL (alho), 1,0 mL (E)-cinamaldeído e 0,25 g de Basamid foram estatisiticamente iguais entre si na redução da população do nematoide. Esses resultados inequivocamente provam a atividade nematicida dos óleos essenciais e da substância (E)-cinamaldeído contra M. incognita, portanto, tanto o óleo quanto o (E)-cinamaldeído são muito promissores ao desenvolvimento de novos nematicidas fumigantes para o controle de nematóides em plantas de soja e de tomate. / Essential oils derived from secondary plant metabolism may have activities against root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita. Because nematicides that are more efficient and less toxic to humans and the environment than those available are desirable to control this pathogen, this work aimed at studying the essential oil of Cinnamomum cassia and Allium sativum, which were described as active in vitro against the nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The essential oils of both species were obtained by hydrodistillation, initially dissolved in aqueous solution of Tween 80 at 0.01 g mL-1 and tested in vitro against M. incognita. At 62 μg mL-1 the oil emulsions were more active on eggs and second stage juveniles (J2) than Carbofuran at 173 μg mL-1. According to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, the major constituent of C. cassia is (E) -cinnamaldehyde (83.3%), while for garlic oil were diallyl trisulfide (66.7%) and diallyl disulfide (21.3%). These constituents explained the in vitro nematicidal activity of the essential oil of each plant species. The emulsion of the C. cassia (500 μg mL-1), E)-cinnamaldehyde (416 μg mL-1) and garlic (250 μg mL -1) reduced the number of galls and eggs in roots soybean and tomatoes to values statistically equal to those obtained with Carbofuran at 415 μg mL-1. Vapors from the essential oils and (E)-cinnamaldehyde were active as much as the basamid fumigant nematicide used in the in vitro assays against M. incognita. Infectivity and reproduction of M. incognita in soybean and tomato plants grown on substrate artificially infested with nematode eggs and treated with 0.2 mL (garlic), 1.0 mL (E)-cinnamaldehyde and 0.25 g of Basamid were statistically equal among themselves in reducing the nematode population. These results unequivocally proofs of the nematicidal activity of the essential oils and of the (E)-cinnamaldehyde substance against M. incognita, therefore, both oil (E)-cinnamaldehyde are very promising to the development of new fumigant nematicides for the control of nematodes in soybean and tomato plants. / UFPA/Altamira

Thesis (M.A. (Horticulture)) --University of Limpopo, 2010 / Refer to document / University of Namibia