Le développement de technologies plus propres et économes en énergie amène aujourd’hui l’industrie du raffinage à modifier ses stratégies de préparation de catalyseurs et à se tourner vers l'utilisation plus massive de catalyseurs hétérogènes plus actifs, sélectifs, stables et régénérables.Récemment une méthode originale a été développée par Dufaud et al. (J. Mater. Chem., 2009, 19, 1142-1150) pour encapsuler des polyoxométallates (POMs) dans les murs des silices mésoporeuses. Le projet de thèse a visé l’élaboration de nouveaux catalyseurs basés sur cette nouvelle méthodologie qui devrait conduire à des systèmes à haute teneur en métal actif Mo/W bien dispersé, avec une meilleure proximité spatiale entre le Mo/W et son promoteur. Afin de mettre en évidence cette proximité, différentes voies ont été envisagées :i) synthèse en deux étapes comportant l'encapsulation des POMs dans les murs de SBA-15, suivie d’une imprégnation à sec des promoteurs (Ni(NO3)2 ou Co(NO3)2)ii) synthèse en une seule étape comportant l'imprégnation à sec de POMs substitués Co3PCoMo11O40H, Ni3PNiMo11O40H, Co3/2PMo12O40 ou Ni3/2PMo12O40 iii) préparation traditionnelle par co-Imprégnation à sec d’une silice SBA-15 par une solution de POMs et Ni(NO3)2 ou Co(NO3)2, afin de mettre en évidence non seulement l'intérêt de la nouvelle méthode de préparation mais aussi le gain lié à l'utilisation de supports de type SBA-15 (par rapport aux supports aluminiques conventionnels) ayant des caractéristiques texturales aussi remarquables. L’effet du traitement de sulfuration sur ces solides a été étudié et l’évaluation des propriétés catalytiques de ces matériaux a été réalisée sur des molécules modèles en hydrogénation du toluène, hydrodésulfuration du thiophène et du 4,6-DMDBT. A partir des résultats obtenus, une des stratégies de synthèse a été optimisée, en vue de l'élaboration de matériaux encore plus actifs. / Economic growth in the developing countries over the past decade has increased the global demand for crude oil. It is projected that the global crude slate will become sourer, with a sulfur content above 1.3 wt%. An overall aim of policymakers is thus to ensure that transportation fuels do not surpass a sulfur content of 10 ppm. Several solutions are possible to achieve the nowadays goals, that affect either the process or the catalyst. The latter solution, which does not involve significant additional costs for refiners, is therefore the most studied. One way to improve the nowadays catalysts would be to increase the content of active metal (eg cobalt and molybdenum in the case of CoMo systems). Nevertheless, at higher metal loadings, the formation of refractory species such as CoMoO4 or Co3O4 by sintering during calcination and/or sulfidation steps has been reported for alumina-Supported catalysts. This PhD project is based on the development of new hydrotreating catalysts, through a 2-Step one-Pot method : synthesis of polyoxometalates-Containing mesoporous SBA-15 materials, followed by incipient wetness impregnation of active phase promoter. The encapsulation of these species within the silica matrix would prevent the agglomeration of large particles during sulfidation reactions and could thus lead to systems with high content of active metal well dispersed over the support. One aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of these catalysts in the hydrotreating of several feedstocks, such as diesel oil, gasoline or vegetal oil. A second objective was the understanding of the nature of the different interactions between the active phase precursors and the support, according to each preparation technique.The non-Promoted hybrid catalyst showed a better dispersion of the metallic phase in the oxide state, compared to the catalysts prepared by incipient wetness impregnation, which can be correlated with stronger interactions between encapsulated POM and silica functionalities, such as siloxanes and silanols, as evidenced by Raman spectroscopy. However, the wide-Angle XRD showed the presence of MoO3 crystallites. HRTEM analyzes of the sulfided catalysts showed different species on this catalyst: small MoS2 slabs and metal particles (∼ 1 nm) mainly in the walls but also on the surface of pores; curved MoS2 slabs at mesopores surface leaving the entrance of the pore free; MoS2 hanks blocking the pores.This catalyst showed a relatively low sulfidation rate (determined by XPS), which could be associated with the presence of refractory species already present before activation. Thus, the toluene conversion represented per MoS2 clearly showed the interest of the catalyst prepared by this innovative method, presenting an intrinsic activity two-Fold higher than that of the catalyst prepared by dry impregnation.The subsequent impregnation of the active phase promoter of the hybrid catalyst (Pr(NO3)2, Pr = Ni or Co; 4 <pH <6), resulted in a very heterogeneous distribution of species, which could be attributed to a POM destruction by the impregnation solution, that afterward led to the sintering of large clusters. However, the hybrid catalysts promoted showed improved catalytic performances when compared to the traditional alumina-Based catalysts, when nickel is used as a promoter. However, the sulfidation and promotion rates of these catalysts must be improved: the catalyst with the highest Ni content showed (i) a high Ni/Mo atomic ratio of 0.4, which would lead to a loss of active sites by excessive decoration, and (ii) the formation of species such as NixOwSy or NixSy, which could lead to the loss of active sites, dispersion and access to the active phase.Perspectives towards an enhanced HDT catalyst based on the findings of this project are:Milder synthesis calcination conditionsSulfidationPost-Synthetic treatment in order to introduce Ni and Mo in proximal vicinityRegeneration of HDT hybrid catalysts

Depuis le début des années 1990, l'hétéroannélation de Larock est apparue comme une méthode de choix pour obtenir, en une seule étape, des indoles 2,3-disubstitués. Cependant, bien qu'efficace, certains inconvénients restaient associés à cette stratégie comme l'utilisation d'un système catalytique homogène associé à l'emploi de sels. Pour cette raison, nous avons développé une nouvelle méthodologie sans sels ou additifs par catalyse hétérogène. Différents catalyseurs commerciaux ou faciles d'accès (Pd/C ou [Pd]/NaY) ainsi que de nouveaux complexes au palladium immobilisés sur SBA-15 ont été testés. De façon surprenante, ces nouvelles conditions ont permis une activation de 2-bromoanilines et ce, sans l'emploi d'additifs. Une autre méthode d'obtention de ces hétérocycles a émergé ces dernières années et se pose comme une alternative aux couplages traditionnels : l'arylation d'indoles. Malgré de nombreuses améliorations, aucun travail ne décrivait une procédure permettant une arylation complémentaire C2 ou C3 d'indoles libres avec un système catalytique unique. Nous avons développé un tel système, basé sur une pallado-catalyse dans l'eau. Cette stratégie permet d'atteindre des sélectivités C2/C3 ou C3/C2 élevées avec de bons rendements isolés par un simple contrôle du couple (base/halogénure d’aryle).Enfin, dans le cadre de nos travaux visant la synthèse par catalyse hétérogène de produits à haute valeur ajoutée, nous avons initié des études sur l'obtention de pyrroloiminoquinones. La méthode consistant en une catalyse hétérogène monotope en seulement deux grandes étapes devrait permettre un accès rapide à de nombreux dérivés bioactifs isolés d'organismes marins. / Since the beginning of the 90's, the Larock heteroannulation became a method of choice to afford, in a single step, 2,3-disubstituted indoles. While effective, this methodology suffered of drawbacks lied to the use of salts, additives and homogeneous catalyst. Thus, we developed the first ligand and salt free heterogeneous Larock heteroannulation. Different commercially available, home made catalysts (Pd/C or [Pd]/NaY) or new palladium complexes immobilised onto mesoporous silica SBA-15 were evaluated. Surprisingly, this methodology allowed an activation of the 2-bromoanilines without using additives. Another procedure to obtain indole nucleus emerged over the past few years as an outstanding alternative to traditional cross-coupling reactions: namely the “direct arylation”. Despite major improvements, no report focuses on complementary C2 and C3-arylation procedures by means of a unique catalytic system. Herein, we describe an innovative “on water” palladium-catalyzed C–H arylation of (NH)-indoles that is site-selective through a base/halide-controlled using cheap reagents. This methodology allows the preparation of either C2- or C3-arylindoles with high isolated yields. Finally, as part of our project related to syntheses of high added value products by heterogeneous catalysis, we investigated studies in order to obtain pyrroloiminoquinones. This new methodology using only two steps will permit an access to numerous bioactive analogues.

The main objective of the topology optimization is to fulfill the objective function with the minimum amount of material. This reduces the overall cost of the structure and at the same time reduces the assembly, manufacturing and maintenance costs because of the reduced number of parts in the final structure. The concept of reliability analysis can be incorporated into the deterministic topology optimization method; this incorporated scheme is referred to as Reliability-based Topology Optimization (RBTO). In RBTO, the statistical nature of constraints and design problems are defined in the objective function and probabilistic constraint. The probabilistic constraint can specify the required reliability level of the system. In practical applications, however, finding global optimum in the presence of uncertainty is a difficult and computationally intensive task, since for every possible design a full stochastic analysis has to be performed for estimating various statistical parameters. Efficient methodologies are therefore required for the solution of the stochastic part and the optimization part of the design process. This research will explore a reliability-based synthesis method which estimates all the statistical parameters and finds the optimum while being less computationally intensive. The efficiency of the proposed method is achieved with the combination of topology optimization and stochastic approximation which utilizes a sampling technique such as Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) and surrogate modeling techniques such as Local Regression and Classification using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Local regression is comparatively less computationally intensive and produces good results in case of low probability of failures whereas Classification is particularly useful in cases where the reliability of failure has to be estimated with disjoint failure domains. Because classification using ANN is comparatively more computationally demanding than Local regression, classification is only used when local regression fails to give the desired level of goodness of fit. Nevertheless, classification is an indispensible tool in estimating the probability of failure when the failure domain is discontinuous. Representative examples will be demonstrated where the method is used to design customized meso-scale truss structures and a macro-scale hydrogen storage tank. The final deliverable from this research will be a less computationally intensive and robust RBTO procedure that can be used for design of truss structures with variable design parameters and force and boundary conditions.

Estruturas de sílica mesoporosa cúbica em forma de gaiola (originalmente identificadas como FDU-1) altamente ordenadas, estáveis térmica e hidrotermicamente, com tamanhos de poros da ordem de 12 nm, foram sintetizadas a partir de TEOS e como molde utilizou-se o copolímero tribloco poli(óxido de etileno)-poli(óxido de butileno)-poli(óxido de etileno) 850-6600 (EO39BO47EO39), em meio ácido. Foi desenvolvido um procedimento de síntese, empregando um forno de microondas no tratamento hidrotérmico para obtenção da sílica FDU-1. Após tratamento hidrotérmico, as amostras foram calcinadas a 540°C, em duas etapas, empregando atmosferas de N2 e ar. Os materiais foram caracterizados por análise elementar, FTIR, TG, SAXS e Isotermas de adsorção de N2 a 77 K. Os dados de SAXS, associados aos das Isotermas de adsorção de N2, demonstraram que os materiais obtidos com 45 e 60 min de exposição a microondas, apresentaram propriedades texturais compatíveis com aquelas do material obtido pelo método convencional. Os ensaios de termogravimetria evidenciam a faixa de temperatura em que ocorrem as decomposições térmicas do copolímero no material como sintetizado e conduziram a uma otimização das melhores condições para calcinação. As curvas TG/DTG indicaram que no aquecimento dos materiais até 1200ºC, há a transformação completa dos grupos silanóis em siloxanos a partir da eliminação de água. Esse fato é confirmado a partir dos espectros de absorção na região do IV e possibilitou estimar que a quantidade dos grupos Si-OH na superfície do material varia com o tempo de tratamento hidrotérmico na etapa de síntese. / Highly ordered, thermally and hidrotermally stable, with large pore size of 12 nm, caged-like cubic mesoporous silica structures (originally denoted FDU-1) were synthesized from TEOS and poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(butylene oxide)poly(ethylene oxide) B50-6600 triblock copolymer template (EO39BO47EO39) under acidic conditions.The synthesis procedure was developed using microwave oven for hydrothermal treatment to obtain FDU-1 silica. After hydrothermal treatment, the samples were calcined to 540 ºC, in two stages, using N2 and air atmospheres. The materials characterized by elementary analysis, FTIR, TG, DRX and nitrogen adsorption isothermal at 77 K. The data association of SAXS and the nitrogen adsorption isothermal demonstrated that the material isolated with 45 and 60 minutes of the exposition to the microwaves in the hydrothermal treatment showed testure properties compatible to that one of material obtained by the conventional method. Thermogravimetric experiments evidenced the temperature range where occur copolymer thermal decomposition according to the synthesis, as synthesized materials. This information was important to optimize the material calcination conditions. The TG/DTG curves indicated that, in the material heated up to 1200 ºC, occurs complete transformation of silanol in to siloxane groups with water elimination. This fact is confirmed through the IR spectra and enabled to calculate the quantity of the Si-OH groups in the material surface which vary hydrothermal treatment time in the syntesis stage.

Estruturas de sílica mesoporosa cúbica em forma de gaiola (originalmente identificadas como FDU-1) altamente ordenadas, estáveis térmica e hidrotermicamente, com tamanhos de poros da ordem de 12 nm, foram sintetizadas a partir de TEOS e como molde utilizou-se o copolímero tribloco poli(óxido de etileno)-poli(óxido de butileno)-poli(óxido de etileno) 850-6600 (EO39BO47EO39), em meio ácido. Foi desenvolvido um procedimento de síntese, empregando um forno de microondas no tratamento hidrotérmico para obtenção da sílica FDU-1. Após tratamento hidrotérmico, as amostras foram calcinadas a 540°C, em duas etapas, empregando atmosferas de N2 e ar. Os materiais foram caracterizados por análise elementar, FTIR, TG, SAXS e Isotermas de adsorção de N2 a 77 K. Os dados de SAXS, associados aos das Isotermas de adsorção de N2, demonstraram que os materiais obtidos com 45 e 60 min de exposição a microondas, apresentaram propriedades texturais compatíveis com aquelas do material obtido pelo método convencional. Os ensaios de termogravimetria evidenciam a faixa de temperatura em que ocorrem as decomposições térmicas do copolímero no material como sintetizado e conduziram a uma otimização das melhores condições para calcinação. As curvas TG/DTG indicaram que no aquecimento dos materiais até 1200ºC, há a transformação completa dos grupos silanóis em siloxanos a partir da eliminação de água. Esse fato é confirmado a partir dos espectros de absorção na região do IV e possibilitou estimar que a quantidade dos grupos Si-OH na superfície do material varia com o tempo de tratamento hidrotérmico na etapa de síntese. / Highly ordered, thermally and hidrotermally stable, with large pore size of 12 nm, caged-like cubic mesoporous silica structures (originally denoted FDU-1) were synthesized from TEOS and poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(butylene oxide)poly(ethylene oxide) B50-6600 triblock copolymer template (EO39BO47EO39) under acidic conditions.The synthesis procedure was developed using microwave oven for hydrothermal treatment to obtain FDU-1 silica. After hydrothermal treatment, the samples were calcined to 540 ºC, in two stages, using N2 and air atmospheres. The materials characterized by elementary analysis, FTIR, TG, DRX and nitrogen adsorption isothermal at 77 K. The data association of SAXS and the nitrogen adsorption isothermal demonstrated that the material isolated with 45 and 60 minutes of the exposition to the microwaves in the hydrothermal treatment showed testure properties compatible to that one of material obtained by the conventional method. Thermogravimetric experiments evidenced the temperature range where occur copolymer thermal decomposition according to the synthesis, as synthesized materials. This information was important to optimize the material calcination conditions. The TG/DTG curves indicated that, in the material heated up to 1200 ºC, occurs complete transformation of silanol in to siloxane groups with water elimination. This fact is confirmed through the IR spectra and enabled to calculate the quantity of the Si-OH groups in the material surface which vary hydrothermal treatment time in the syntesis stage.