Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:07:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_fml_me_botfca.pdf: 7467209 bytes, checksum: 3b7833c036cd2436cdc7636a5037a049 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Em cana-de-açúcar, a colheita sem queimada deixa sobre o solo uma espessa camada de palha que pode superar 20 toneladas por hectare e que intercepta grande parte do herbicida aplicado em pré-emergência, impedindo que este chegue até o solo onde irá atuar. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a eficácia do mesotrione aplicado em pré-emergência sobre palha de cana-de-açúcar em diferentes quantidades, períodos e intensidades de chuvas após a aplicação no controle de plantas daninhas. Para isso foram conduzidos 4 experimentos em casa-devegetação e um em campo. Os experimentos em casa-de-vegetação objetivaram avaliar a eficácia do herbicida mesotrione, com simulação de diferentes intervalos de chuva após a aplicação do herbicida, em associação com palha da cana-de-açúcar, sobre diferentes quantidades de palha e estimar a absorção foliar do herbicida mesotrione através do contato direto de plantas daninhas com a palha de cana-de-açúcar. O experimento conduzido em condições de campo objetivou avaliar a eficácia do herbicida mesotrione aplicado sobre diferentes quantidades de palha em comparação com o padrão de mercado hexazinone+diuron, no controle de quatro espécies de plantas daninhas (Brachiaria decumbens, Ipomoea grandifolia, Euphorbia heterophylla e Panicum maximum). Os resultados mostraram que o mesotrione controlou em pré-emergência E. heterophylla, I. grandifolia, Digitaria horizontalis, Sida rhombifolia e Commelina benghalensis, sendo os melhores resultados obtidos com o herbicida aplicado sobre a palha ou sobre o solo, porém, com subseqüente simulação de chuva. O controle das plantas daninhas por meio de absorção do herbicida pelo contato direto com a palha impregnada com o princípio ativo foi considerado satisfatório, com resultados de controle acima de 95%, chegando a 100 %, para a I. grandifolia, com simulação de orvalho; enquanto... / In sugar cane, harvesting without burning leaves on the ground a thick layer of straw that can exceed 20 tons per hectare which intercepts the herbicide applied pre-emergence, preventing it from reaching the soil where they will act . The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of mesotrione applied pre-emergence on sugar cane straw in different amounts, periods and intensities of rainfall after application to control weeds. For this four experiments were conducted in greenhouse and one in field. The experiments in greenhouse aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the herbicide mesotrione, simulating different periods of rain after herbicide application, in combination with sugar cane straw, on different amounts of straw and to estimate the foliar uptake of the herbicide mesotrione through direct contact of weeds with the sugar cane straw. The experiment conducted under field conditions aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the herbicide mesotrione applied on different amounts of straw compared with the standard hexazinone+diuron for the control of four weed species (Brachiaria decumbens, Ipomoea grandifolia, Euphorbia heterophylla and Panicum maximum). The results showed that mesotrione controlled in pre-emergence E. heterophylla, I. grandifolia, Digitaria horizontalis, Sida rhombifolia and Commelina benghalensis, and the best results obtained with the herbicide applied on the straw or on the ground, but with subsequent rainfall simulation. The weed control through herbicide absorption by direct contact with the straw impregnated with the active principle was considered satisfactory, with results of controlled over 95% to 100% for I. grandifolia, with simulated dew, while E. heterophylla was not controlled by the herbicide. The weed control with the occurrence of rain 1 DAA showed the best results for the herbicide mesotrione than rain at 14 DAA, while for imazapic and hexazinone+diuron...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

In the fall of 2011, a study was initiated at the Western Kentucky University Farm in Bowling Green, Kentucky on a Crider silt loam (Typic Paleudalf). The objective of this study was to determine cultivar, mowing height, and herbicide effects on bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers., suppression in tall fescue, Schedonorus arundinaceus [Schreb.] Dumort., nom. cons. The experimental design was a split plot design with whole plots consisting of varying mowing heights and split plots consisting of different herbicide treatments with three replications. Two separate experiments were conducted. The tall fescue variety ‘KY 31’ was utilized for one study and the turf type cultivar ‘Bullseye’ was utilized in the other. In the fall of 2011, glyphosate (Roundup Pro) was applied to selected plots at the rate of 0.36 kg ae/ha. ‘KY 31’ and ‘Bullseye’ tall fescues were sown into an existing mixed stand of common and hybrid bermudagrass at 342 kg pls/ha. Mowing heights were maintained at 7.62 cm, 10.16 cm, and 12.70 cm. In the spring of 2012, treatments containing fenoxaprop (Acclaim Extra), mesotrione (Tenacity), and fluazifop (Fusilade II) were applied to selected plots at the rates of 0.07 kg ai/ha, 0.48 kg ai/ha, and 0.24 kg ai/ha respectively. A non-ionic surfactant at 0.25% (v/v) was utilized in treatments containing mesotrione and fluazifop. Three weeks later these treatments were applied a second time. Data were collected visually on turf quality, tall fescue cover, broadleaf weed cover, and bermudagrass cover. The study was repeated in 2012 – 2013. Fluazifop and glyphosate + fluazifop resulted in significantly lower turf quality than all other treatments up until ten weeks after initial treatment. Treatments containing fluazifop significantly reduced tall fescue cover but also significantly suppressed bermudagrass cover the greatest. However, these treatments also resulted in the greatest amount of broadleaf weed cover. High mowing heights may play a role in achieving high turf quality ratings and better broadleaf weed and bermudagrass suppression in forage type tall fescue than in turf type tall fescue.

Orientador: Edivaldo Domingues Velini / Banca: Eduardo Negrisoli / Banca: Neumárcio Vilanova da Costa / Resumo: Em cana-de-açúcar, a colheita sem queimada deixa sobre o solo uma espessa camada de palha que pode superar 20 toneladas por hectare e que intercepta grande parte do herbicida aplicado em pré-emergência, impedindo que este chegue até o solo onde irá atuar. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a eficácia do mesotrione aplicado em pré-emergência sobre palha de cana-de-açúcar em diferentes quantidades, períodos e intensidades de chuvas após a aplicação no controle de plantas daninhas. Para isso foram conduzidos 4 experimentos em casa-devegetação e um em campo. Os experimentos em casa-de-vegetação objetivaram avaliar a eficácia do herbicida mesotrione, com simulação de diferentes intervalos de chuva após a aplicação do herbicida, em associação com palha da cana-de-açúcar, sobre diferentes quantidades de palha e estimar a absorção foliar do herbicida mesotrione através do contato direto de plantas daninhas com a palha de cana-de-açúcar. O experimento conduzido em condições de campo objetivou avaliar a eficácia do herbicida mesotrione aplicado sobre diferentes quantidades de palha em comparação com o padrão de mercado hexazinone+diuron, no controle de quatro espécies de plantas daninhas (Brachiaria decumbens, Ipomoea grandifolia, Euphorbia heterophylla e Panicum maximum). Os resultados mostraram que o mesotrione controlou em pré-emergência E. heterophylla, I. grandifolia, Digitaria horizontalis, Sida rhombifolia e Commelina benghalensis, sendo os melhores resultados obtidos com o herbicida aplicado sobre a palha ou sobre o solo, porém, com subseqüente simulação de chuva. O controle das plantas daninhas por meio de absorção do herbicida pelo contato direto com a palha impregnada com o princípio ativo foi considerado satisfatório, com resultados de controle acima de 95%, chegando a 100 %, para a I. grandifolia, com simulação de orvalho; enquanto... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In sugar cane, harvesting without burning leaves on the ground a thick layer of straw that can exceed 20 tons per hectare which intercepts the herbicide applied pre-emergence, preventing it from reaching the soil where they will act . The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of mesotrione applied pre-emergence on sugar cane straw in different amounts, periods and intensities of rainfall after application to control weeds. For this four experiments were conducted in greenhouse and one in field. The experiments in greenhouse aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the herbicide mesotrione, simulating different periods of rain after herbicide application, in combination with sugar cane straw, on different amounts of straw and to estimate the foliar uptake of the herbicide mesotrione through direct contact of weeds with the sugar cane straw. The experiment conducted under field conditions aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the herbicide mesotrione applied on different amounts of straw compared with the standard hexazinone+diuron for the control of four weed species (Brachiaria decumbens, Ipomoea grandifolia, Euphorbia heterophylla and Panicum maximum). The results showed that mesotrione controlled in pre-emergence E. heterophylla, I. grandifolia, Digitaria horizontalis, Sida rhombifolia and Commelina benghalensis, and the best results obtained with the herbicide applied on the straw or on the ground, but with subsequent rainfall simulation. The weed control through herbicide absorption by direct contact with the straw impregnated with the active principle was considered satisfactory, with results of controlled over 95% to 100% for I. grandifolia, with simulated dew, while E. heterophylla was not controlled by the herbicide. The weed control with the occurrence of rain 1 DAA showed the best results for the herbicide mesotrione than rain at 14 DAA, while for imazapic and hexazinone+diuron...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

<p>  </p> <p>Giant ragweed (<em>Ambrosia trifida</em> L.) is an annual broadleaf plant capable of emergence throughout the cropping season, opportune colonization of disturbed soil, rapid biomass accumulation, and a propensity to evolve mutations that endow resistance to herbicides, all of which contribute to giant ragweed being one of the most challenging weeds to control in row-crop production. Many soybean growers rely on acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides such as cloransulam for control of giant ragweed prior to its emergence, though the spread of biotypes resistant to ALS inhibitors can render these herbicides largely ineffective. Mesotrione inhibits the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) enzyme, and applications of this herbicide have recently been approved for use in mesotrione-resistant soybean varieties. Field experiments demonstrated that preemergence applications of mesotrione resulted in greater control of giant ragweed populations segregating for ALS-inhibitor resistance than several other commonly used herbicide combinations. Where mesotrione was applied, giant ragweed biomass was reduced by an average of 84% relative to the nontreated, while treatments without mesotrione increased biomass by an average of 34% by suppressing competition from other weed species. Additionally, both soil- and agar-based bioassays demonstrated that combinations of mesotrione and metribuzin can be synergistic for control of giant ragweed. </p> <p>Cloransulam was shown to result in strong selection for giant ragweed individuals with ALS-inhibitor resistance, increasing the proportion of resistant plants that emerged at one field site from 15% to greater than 90% after a single preemergence application. This selection pressure was reduced when mesotrione was co-applied with cloransulam. However, no herbicide combination, including sequential applications of non-ALS-inhibiting herbicides, consistently resulted in a resistance frequency similar to the baseline if an ALS inhibitor was applied preemergence. Resistance to cloransulam and other ALS inhibitors is expressed in giant ragweed plants possessing at least one mutant (Trp574Leu) <em>ALS</em> allele. The distribution of this allele in one field violated the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, despite the fact that <em>ALS</em> is a nuclear gene and the Trp574Leu mutation does not incur a fitness penalty. We suspected that the inheritance of this mutation may be linked with a gene or genes responsible for self-incompatibility (SI) in giant ragweed, and that linkage drag was disrupting pollination in resistant plants. This research provided evidence that giant ragweed does possess SI, as greater pollen retention, pollen tube growth, and seed set were observed in cross-pollinated plants compared with self-pollinated plants. Non-Mendelian inheritance of the Trp574Leu mutation was documented in crosses between plants from three different giant ragweed populations, indicating that the mutant <em>ALS</em> allele may be linked with an SI allele common to many plants because of a shared resistant ancestor.  In crosses between plants from one population, production of resistant F1 seeds was 33% greater on average compared with the expectation under Mendelian inheritance. </p> <p>Collectively, this research demonstrated that mesotrione may become a highly effective tool for control of giant ragweed in soybean. Applications of mesotrione can also reduce the selection for an increased frequency of ALS inhibitor-resistant biotypes induced by cloransulam, though a more robust weed management strategy may be necessary to maintain the long-term viability of ALS inhibitors.  The need for sound weed management practices is underscored by the impact of the linkage of SI and <em>ALS</em> genes, which may be encouraging a more rapid spread of herbicide-resistance than was previously anticipated.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CAMILA FERREIRA.pdf: 1055676 bytes, checksum: d6ad9b268ad142d66ed7332d519cee2e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Increase the productive potential of agricultural crops with cultivation practices and management are some challenges of agricultural research in the face of growing demand for food. Accordingly, experiments were conducted with the aim to evaluate the effects of the growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl combined or not with modes of application of herbicides in corn. There were two distinct works, one evaluating the effects of trinexapac-ethyl at different doses and application times and another evaluating the consequences of desiccation or not the area in pre-seeding and application of methods of herbicides post-emergence combined or not the growth regulator, in two corn hybrids. In the season 2010/11 were carried out two experiments, one with the hybrid Status TL and the other with the Maximus TLTG,both in the experimental design of randomized blocks in factorial scheme 4 x 4 (trinexapac-ethyl applied at stages V2, V4, V6 and V8 corn, at doses of 0.0, 187.5, 375.0 and 562.5 g ha-1). The results showed that the time of application did not affect the morphological characteristics of both hybrids, at the dose of the regulator, to the Status TL no material effect on the measured characteristics, but for the Maximus TLTG, increasing the dose of the product resulted in an increased width and decrease in length of the sheet above the ear, with no effect on components of production and productivity. In the season 2010/11 and 2011/12, there were two experiments in each year, in a randomized block design in a factorial 2 x 2 x 2, with treatments consisting of desiccation or not the day of seeding, the unique application sequential or post-emergence herbicides, in combination with atrazine and mesotrione for hybrid Status TL and glyphosate to Maximus TLTG, besides the application or not a growth regulator, trinexapac-ethyl in combination with postemergence herbicides. Desiccation in two seasons on the day of seeding resulted in greater productivity for the Maximus TLTG. The productivity of Status TL increased with desiccation in pre-sowing only in 2010/11 crop. The mode of application of herbicides post-emergence changed some yield components of hybrid Status TL in 2010/11 crop. The application of trinexapac-ethyl did not affect substantially the characteristics of the hybrids in two seasons. / Aumentar o potencial produtivo das culturas agrícolas através de práticas de cultivo e manejo são alguns desafios da pesquisa agronômica diante da crescente demanda por alimentos. Nesse sentido, realizaram-se experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do regulador de crescimento trinexapac-ethyl combinado ou não a modos de aplicação de herbicidas na cultura do milho. Foram realizados dois trabalhos distintos, sendo um avaliando os efeitos do trinexapac-ethyl em diferentes doses e épocas de aplicação e outro avaliando as consequências da dessecação ou não da área em pré-semeadura e de modos de aplicação de herbicidas em pósemergência combinados ou não ao regulador de crescimento, em dois híbridos de milho. Na safra 2010/11 foram realizados dois experimentos, um com o híbrido Status TL e o outro o Maximus TLTG, sendo ambos no delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 (trinexapac-ethyl aplicado nos estádios V2, V4, V6 e V8 do milho, nas doses de 0,0, 187,5, 375,0 e 562,5 g ha-1). Os resultados mostraram que a época de aplicação não afetou as características morfológicas de ambos os híbridos e, em relação à dose do regulador, para o Status TL não houve efeito relevante sobre as características avaliadas, mas para o Maximus TLTG, o aumento da dose do produto resultou em aumento da largura e diminuição do comprimento da folha acima da espiga, sem efeitos na produtividade e seus componentes. Na safra 2010/11 e na 2011/12, realizaram-se dois experimentos em cada ano, no delineamento de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 2, cujos tratamentos constaram da dessecação ou não no dia da semeadura, da aplicação única ou sequencial de herbicidas em pós-emergência, mesotriona combinado com atrazina para o híbrido Status TL e glifosato para o Maximus TLTG, além da aplicação ou não do regulador de crescimento trinexapacethyl em combinação aos herbicidas em pós-emergência. Nas duas safras a dessecação no dia da semeadura resultou em maiores produtividades para o Maximus TLTG. A produtividade do Status TL aumentou com a dessecação em présemeadura somente na safra 2010/11. O modo de aplicação dos herbicidas em pósemergência alterou alguns componentes de rend mento do híbrido Status TL na safra 2010/11. A aplicação do trinexapac-ethyl não afetou de forma substancial as características dos híbridos nas duas safras.

Les pesticides de nouvelle génération sont le plus souvent épandus à de faibles doses et en mélange. Peu d’études se sont intéressées jusqu’à présent à l’effet de ces mélanges sur la biodégradation et la toxicité de chaque pesticide et/ou métabolite. Le but de ces travaux de thèse était d’étudier les voies de biotransformation de chacun des trois herbicides d’un mélange constitué de mésotrione (β-tricétone), nicosulfuron (sulfonylurée) et S-métolachlore (chloroacétanilide) utilisé sur les cultures de maïs, ainsi que la toxicité (test Microtox ® ) des herbicides et de leurs métabolites, seuls et en mélanges. L’identification des métabolites de la mésotrione chez la souche Bacillus megaterium Mes11 et une étude de protéomique différentielle ont suggéré l’implication de nitroréductases dans la première étape de la biotransformation de cet herbicide, rôle confirmé ensuite par la caractérisation structurelle et fonctionnelle de deux enzymes capables de transformer la mésotrione : les nitroréductases NfrA1 et NfrA2, appartenant à la sous-famille NfsA-FRP des Nitro-FMN réductases. La voie de biotransformation du nicosulfuron a, quant à elle, été étudiée chez la souche Pseudomonas fluorescens SG-1 isolée à partir de sol agricole, capable de transformer cet herbicide par co-métabolisme. Cette biotransformation conduit à la formation de deux métabolites majoritaires issus du clivage de la liaison sulfonylurée du nicosulfuron, l’un deux (l’ADMP, 2-amino-4,6-diméthoxypyrimidine) présentant une toxicité 20 fois supérieure à celle de la molécule mère. Nous avons également étudié qualitativement et quantitativement la biotransformation de la mésotrione et du nicosulfuron par la souche Mes11 séparément ou en mélange, et en présence ou non de S-métolachlore Les résultats ont montré un effet négatif de la mésotrione sur la biotransformation du nicosulfuron et un effet positif du S-métolachlore sur la biotransformation de la mésotrione. Tous les mélanges d’herbicides testés ont montré des effets synergiques pour la toxicité vis-à-vis de A. fischeri, tandis que les mélanges de métabolites (avec ou sans S-métolachlore) étaient majoritairement synergiques ou antagonistes. La dernière partie des travaux de thèse est focalisée sur le développement d’une technique préventive de traitement de la pollution par les pesticides d’origine agricole (bioprophylaxie). Nous avons fait la preuve de concept de cette technique par une étude en microcosmes de sol. L’épandage simultané de l’herbicide 2,4-D (acide 2,4-dichlorophénoxyacétique) et de la souche Cupriavidus necator JMP134 capable de le minéraliser a en effet permis de réduire le temps de demi-vie de ce composé d’un facteur 3, tout en conservant son activité herbicide. / The new-generation pesticides are often sprayed at low dosages and in mixtures. Up to now, a few studies focused on the effect of these mixtures on the biodegradation and the toxicity of each pesticide and/or metabolite. The aim of this Ph.D. work was to study the biotransformation of each herbicide of a mixture composed of mesotrione (β-triketone), nicosulfuron (sulfonylurea) and S-metolachlor (chloroacetanilide) applied on maize crops, as well as the toxicity (Microtox® test) of the herbicides/metabolites alone or in mixture. The identification of mesotrione metabolites by the strain Bacillus megaterium Mes11 and a differential proteomic approach suggested the role of nitroreductases in the first step of mesotrione biotransformation. This was confirmed by the structural and functional characterization of two enzymes able to biotransform mesotrione: the NfrA1 and NfrA2 nitroreductases, belonging to the NfsA-FRP sub-family of Nitro-FMN reductases. The biotransformation pathway of nicosulfuron has been elucidated for the strain Pseudomonas fluorescens SG-1 isolated from an agricultural soil and able to co-metabolically biotransform nicosulfuron. Two major metabolites resulting from the cleavage of the sulfonylurea bridge were identified, one of them (ADMP, 2-amino-4,6-dimethoxypyrimidine) presenting a 20-fold higher toxicity than the parent compound. The simultaneous biotransformation of mesotrione and nicosulfuron by the strain Mes11 was also qualitatively and quantitatively studied, showing a negative effect of mesotrione on nicosulfuron biotransformation, and a positive effect of S-metolachlor on mesotrione biotransformation. All parent compound mixtures tested resulted in synergistic effects towards A. fischeri, while metabolite mixtures (with or without S-metolachlor) were mostly synergistic or antagonistic. The last part of the PhD work was devoted to the development of a preventive technique for the treatment of pollutions caused by agricultural pesticides (bioprophylaxis). We made the proof of concept of this method by using a soil microcosm study. The simultaneous spreading of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) herbicide and the strain Cupriavidus necator JMP134 able to mineralize it allowed a 3-fold reduction of 2,4-D half-life in soil, while preserving its herbicide activity.

Parmi les stratégies visant à réduire l’utilisation de pesticides, l’augmentation de l’efficacité des matières actives par du design de formulations ou par l’utilisation de cocktails de pesticides, épandus chacun à plus faible dosage, est une piste très suivie. Cependant, l’influence de mélanges de molécules sur le devenir, le comportement et la toxicité de chacune d’elle individuellement n’a été que rarement décrite. Nous avons donc étudié l’impact des formulations et du mélange d’un herbicide, la mésotrione, et d’un fongicide, le tébuconazole, sur leur biodégradation respective, en termes de cinétiques et de modulations de voies métaboliques de dégradation, mais aussi sur la croissance de différents microorganismes dégradant ou non. Un schéma général de biodégradation de la mésotrione commun à de nombreux microorganismes, Gram positif et négatif, a été proposé conduisant, dans nos conditions, à l’accumulation d’un métabolite, l’AMBA. L’étude comparée avec la formulation (Callisto®) a montré une forte influence des adjuvants sur la cinétique de biodégradation de la mésotrione, allant d’une forte inhibition pour les souches Gram positif testées jusqu’à une stimulation pour une souche d’E. coli. Pour le tébuconazole, seules 3 souches se sont montrées capables de dissiper ce fongicide et de nouveaux métabolites ont pu être mis en évidence. L’utilisation de la formulation (Balmora®) conduit à des effets variables sur sa biodégradation en fonction de la souche et de la concentration. Cependant, les adjuvants présentent toujours un effet inhibiteur, souvent même fort, sur la croissance des microorganismes testés, en particulier sur les souches bactériennes Gram positif, qui se sont toujours révélées plus sensibles. Les études sur le mélange de ces deux pesticides, purs ou formulés ont mis en évidence la complexité des phénomènes : effets inhibiteurs, neutres et souvent stimulation des cinétiques de biodégradation de chaque pesticide que le microorganisme testé dégrade ou non le composé en question ; effet synergique du mélange de pesticides, purs ou formulé, sur la toxicité. / Among the strategies aiming to reduce the use of pesticides, the increase in active ingredient efficiency by formulation design or pesticide mixture (each one being spread at a lower dose) is a well-established approach. Nevertheless, the effect of chemical mixture on the fate, behaviour and toxicity of each compound has not been widely studied. The impact of formulation and mixture of a herbicide, mesotrione, and a fungicide, tebuconazole, on their own biodegradation, in terms of kinetics and metabolic pathway, but also on microbial growth of several microbial strains degrading- or not was studied. A biodegradative pathway for mesotrione common to several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was proposed, leading under our conditions, to the accumulation of AMBA metabolite. The comparison with the formulation Callisto® showed a high effect of additives on the kinetics of mesotrione biodegradation, ranging from a strong inhibition for the Gram positive strains to stimulation for a strain of E. coli. For tebuconazole, only three bacteria were found capable of dissipating this fungicide and new metabolites were identified. The use of the formulation Balmora® lead to variable effects on tebuconazole biodegradation according to the strain and its concentration. Nevertheless, the additives always had an inhibitory effect on microbial growth, in particular on Gram positive bacteria. Studies on mixtures of both pesticides, pure or formulated, showed the complexity of the processes involved: variable effects but often increase of the pesticide biodegradation although the microorganism studied did or did not degrade them; a synergic toxic effect of pure or formulated pesticide mixture on microbial growth.

Pesticides and their excessive use lead to environmental pollution. Violation of the guidelines for their use disposal of empty containers could lead to contamination of water, soil and poisoning of animals and beneficial insects. Honey bee is useful creature on our planet. Good farming depends entirely on the pollination, but whole vegetal kingdom couldn’t exist it form known and used by mankind. Therefore, rules that protect these useful creatures against inadequate use of pesticides have been developed. This study focuses on the evaluation of the possibility to use bee products as bioindicators of the state of environment. Five active substances which are components of pesticides used in the treatment of agricultural field around Tasovice village were analysed in the pollen and honey. For sample preparation QuEChERS and SPE methods were used, gas chromatography with to mass spectrometric detection was employed as final analytical technique.