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Influence goals in seeking compliance in persuasive messages in isiXhosaRalarala, Monwabisi Knowledge 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (DLitt (African Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It has been observed in human interaction within our social milieu that individuals make
attempts from time to time to influence others in order to accomplish their goals. The
scholarly interest in the message-production side of this phenomenon has assumed the
study of compliance gaining or persuasion (Wilson 2002; Dillard 2004). According to
Wilson (2002:15), “contemporary theories of persuasive message production are guided
by a metaphor of ‘goal pursuit’” .This study pursues this proposition by focusing on the
following purposes:
(a) To explore the social influence goals that are characteristic of interpersonal
persuasive communication in Xhosa
(b) To explore the empirical and theoretical properties of communicative competence of
isiXhosa speakers as exemplified in the planning and accomplishment of influence
goals within the framework of Wilson’s (1997, 1998, 2002) Cognitive Rule (CR)
model of interaction goals, Berger’s (1997) approach to planning social influence
goals in persuasive messages, and Dillard’s (2004) Goal Plan Action (GPA) model
(c) To establish the theoretical questions raised by the empirical evidence of social
influence goals of Xhosa speakers for the extension, refinement and modification of
the cited models of interaction goals and persuasive message production
The data, from which the written descriptions of the persuasive messages were analysed,
were collected from college students at False Bay College in Khayelitsha, in the Western
Cape. A total of 24 Xhosa-speaking students (12 women and 12 men) within the age
range of 18 to 23 years were asked to write self-reports on their recollection of recent
influence episodes in which they attempted to change other fellow students’ behaviour on
specific themes, i.e. Religion, Education, Parent-child relationship, Social/casual
relationship, Favour from a friend and Intimacy/relationship.
The research data were analysed and evaluated against the amalgamation of the
concepts, principles and propositions that constitute the designated theoretical
frameworks, namely the CR model, the planning approach and the GPA model.
The results indicate that the proposed theoretical mechanisms are applicable and
profitable in the analysis of the research data of the current study. This finding is evidenced by the frameworks’ utility in addressing and explaining the nature and scope of
persuasive imperatives that presumably underlie the influence goals in seeking
compliance in Xhosa.
The results indicate that the proposed theoretical mechanisms are applicable and
profitable in the analysis of the research data of the current study. This finding is
evidenced by their utility in addressing and explaining the nature and scope of persuasive
imperatives that presumably underlie the influence goals in seeking compliance in Xhosa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tydens interaksie tussen mense in ons sosiale omgewing is al opgemerk dat individue van
tyd tot tyd pogings aanwend om ander te beïnvloed ten einde hul eie doelwitte te bereik.
Die wetenskaplike belangstelling in die boodskapproduksiedeel van hierdie verskynsel het
op die studie van die bereiking van nakoming of oorreding gefokus (Wilson 2002; Dillard
2004). Wilson (2002:15) is van mening dat hedendaagse teorieë van
oorredingsboodskapproduksie deur ’n metafoor van ‘doelwitnastrewing’ gerig word.
Hierdie studie ondersoek hierdie stelling deur op die volgende doelwitte te fokus:
(a) Om die sosiale-invloed-doelwitte wat kenmerkend is van interpersoonlike
oorredingskommunikasie in Xhosa te ondersoek
(b) Om die empiriese en teoretiese eienskappe van kommunikatiewe vaardigheid van
Xhosa-sprekers te ondersoek, soos in die beplanning en bereiking van
invloeddoelwitte binne die raamwerk van Wilson (1997, 1998, 2002) se
kognitiewereël- (KR-)model van interaksiedoelwitte, Berger (1997) se benadering tot
die beplanning van sosiale-invloed-doelwitte in oorredingsboodskappe, en Dillard
(2004) se doelplanaksie- (DPA-)model toegelig word
(c) Om die teoretiese vrae wat op grond van die empiriese bewyse van Xhosa-sprekers
se sosiale-invloed-doelwitte na vore kom, te bepaal, sodat die genoemde modelle
van interaksiedoelwitte en oorredingsboodskapproduksie uitgebrei, verfyn en
gewysig kan word
Die data waaruit die skriftelike beskrywings van die oorredingsboodskappe ontleed is, is
van kollegestudente by Valsbaai Kollege in Khayelitsha in die Wes-Kaap versamel. ’n
Totaal van 24 Xhosa-sprekende studente (12 vroue en 12 mans) in die ouderdomsgroep
18 tot 23 jaar is gevra om selfverslae te skryf oor hul herinnerings van onlangse invloedepisodes
waarin hulle gepoog het om ander medestudente se gedrag ten opsigte van
spesifieke temas te verander. Dit temas was Geloof, Opvoeding, Ouer-kind-verhouding,
Sosiale/oppervlakkige verhouding, Guns van ’n vriend en Intimiteit/verhouding.
Die navorsingsdata is ontleed en ten opsigte van die samevoeging van die konsepte,
beginsels en stellings waaruit die aangewese teoretiese raamwerke, naamlik die KRmodel,
die beplanningsbenadering en die DPA-model bestaan, geëvalueer. Die resultate toon aan dat die voorgestelde teoretiese meganismes toepaslik en nuttig is in
die ontleding van die navorsingsdata van hierdie studie. Die bevinding word gestaaf deur
die raamwerke se nut om die aard en omvang van oorredingsopdragte, wat vermoedelik
ten grondslag van die invloeddoelwitte in die strewe na nakoming in Xhosa lê, bloot te lê
en te verklaar.
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Persuasive messages of some married men in XhosaTiti, Nonzolo 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA (African Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Issues relating to persuasive-message production motivated this study to investigate
the extent to which married Xhosa men use persuasive messages in their
conversations. The study also explored the influence goals that married Xhosa men
wish to attain when they engage in persuasive interactions. The study furthermore
aimed to determine the persuasive strategies used by married Xhosa men in their
persuasive messages.
Dillard and Marshall (2003) defined persuasion as an occurrence that comprises
longer, naturally impromptu messages concentrating mainly on a large body of
discussion with preferred topics of social, political and commercial importance.
Goals have been given much attention, since they play a major role in persuasive
messages. Dillard and Marshall (2003) distinguished between two types of goals:
primary goals and secondary goals. Primary goals are also referred to as influence
goals and are defined as the state of affairs that people wish to bring about (Dillard &
Marshall, 2003). The two authors mentioned also identified different types of primary
goals, referring to them as motivations behind the source’s influence attempt.
Different types of primary goals have been found in various works, including the
works of Dillard (2003), Wilson and Sabee (2003), Wilson (2002), Cody et al. (1994),
Dillard et al. (1989), Wilson and Kunkel (2000) and Schrader and Dillard (1998).
This study examined the approaches, such as directness or indirectness, that
married Xhosa men use when conveying their messages. It endeavoured to discover
the persuasive problems encountered by these men and other issues related to the
production of a persuasive message. In this study, the goal of giving advice appeared
to be the one used most by the men. The study revealed that the main reason for the
men giving advice was to help people in their society to lead healthy lifestyles. It also
showed that the common use of the advisory goal is valued in Xhosa culture and that
it is, to a certain extent, appreciated by those who are being advised. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kwessies wat verband hou met die skep van oorredende boodskappe was die
dryfveer agter hierdie studie wat ondersoek ingestel het na die mate waartoe
getroude Xhosamans oorredende boodskappe in hulle gesprekke gebruik. Die studie
het ook die invloed van doelstellings wat getroude Xhosamans graag wil bereik
wanneer hulle by oorredende interaksies betrokke raak, verken. Die studie het verder
ten doel gehad om die oorredende strategieë wat deur getroude Xhosamans in hulle
oorredende boodskappe gebruik word, te bepaal.
Dillard en Marshall (2003) het oorreding gedefinieer as gebeurtenis wat langer
boodskappe, wat van nature impromptu is, behels en wat hoofsaaklik op groot
massa bespreking met verkose onderwerpe van sosiale, politieke en kommersiële
belang konsentreer.
Heelwat aandag is aan doelstellings gegee aangesien dit belangrike rol in
oorredende boodskappe speel. Dillard en Marshall (2003) onderskei twee soorte
doelstellings: primêre doelstellings en sekondêre doelstellings. Primêre doelstellings
word ook invloeddoelstellings genoem en dit word gedefinieer as die toedrag van
sake wat mense teweeg wil bring (Dillard & Marshall, 2003). Genoemde twee outeurs
noem ook geïdentifiseerde verskillende soorte primêre doelstellings, en beskryf
hierdie soort as motiverings agter die bron se poging tot invloed. Verskillende soorte
primêre doelstellings is in verskeie werke aangetref, met inbegrip van die werk van
Dillard (2003), Wilson en Sabee (2003), Wilson (2002), Cody et al. (1994), Dillard et
al. (1989), Wilson en Kunkel (2000) en Schrader en Dillard (1998).
Hierdie studie het die benaderings, soos direktheid of indirektheid, ondersoek wat
getroude Xhosamans gebruik wanneer hulle boodskappe oordra. Daar is probeer om
die oorredende probleme wat deur hierdie mans teëgekom word en ander kwessies
wat met die produksie van oorredende boodskap verband hou, vas te stel. In
hierdie studie lyk dit asof die doel om raad te gee dié is wat die meeste deur die
mans gebruik word. Die studie het aan die lig gebring dat die hoofrede waarom die
mans raad gee, is om mense in hulle gemeenskap te help om gesonde lewenstyle te
handhaaf. Dit het ook getoon dat daar aan die gewone gebruik van die raadgewende
doel in die Xhosakultuur waarde geheg word en dat dit, tot sekere mate, deur
diegene wat raad gegee word, gewaardeer word. / ISISHWANKATHELO: Imicimbi enxulumene nokuveliswa kwemiyalezo yotshintsho lwengqondo iye
yaphembelela ukuba kuphandwe ubungakanani bokusetyenziswa kwemiyalezo
etshintsha ingqondo kwincoko ngamadoda amaXhosa atshatileyo. Esi sifundo
sikwaphonononga ezona njongo zoxinzelelo la madoda athi abe nomnqweno
wokuzifezekisa xa ezibandakanya kwiinkqubo zotshintsho lwengqondo. Ngaphezu
koko, esi sifundo sikwajolise ekufumaniseni amaqhinga okutshintsha ingqondo athi
asetyenziswe ngamadoda amaXhosa atshatileyo kwimiyalezo yawo yokutshintsha
ingqondo.
Njengoko kuchaziwe ngu Dillard no Marshall (2003), utshintsho lwengqondo
sisenzeko esiquka imiyalezo emide, engalungiselelwanga kwangendalo, egxila
ngakumbi kwiingxoxo ezinemiba eliqela enemixholo engentlalo, ezopolitiko
nezingokubaluleka korhwebo.
Iinjongo abantu abathi bafune ukuzifezekisa zinikwe ingqwalasela enkulu nanje
ngoko zidlala indima ephambili kwimiyalezo etshintsha ingqondo. UDillard no
Marshall bangowama-(2003) bohlula phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini zeenjongo
abantu abanazo nabathi banqwenele ukuzifezekisa; iinjongo ezisisiseko (Primary
goals) kunye neenjongo zenqanaba lesibini (Secondary goals). Iinjongo ezisisiseko
zikwabizwa ngokuba ziinjongo ezinoxinixelelo (influence goals) kwaye zichazwa
ngokuba ziinjongo abathi abantu banqwenele ukuzifezekisa ngu Dillard no Marshall
bangowama-(2003). Bakwalatha iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenjongo ezisisiseko
abakwazibiza ngokuba ziimpembelelo ezithi ziphembelele umzamo wokutshintsha
ingqondo womvelisi womyalezo lowo. Ezi ntlobo zahlukeneyo zeenjongo ezisisiseko
zifunyaniswe kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, misebenzi leyo equka umsebenzi ka-
Dillard no Marshall bangowama-(2003), ka-Wilson no Sabee bangowama-(2003), ka-
Wilson wangowama-(2002), ka-Cody et al. bangowama-(1994), ka-Dillard et al.
bangowama-(1989), ka-Wilson no Kunkel bangowama-(2000), kwakunye noka
Schrader no Dillard bangowama-(1998). Esi sifundo sikwaphonononga nendlela athi amadoda amaXhosa atshatileyo
ayisebenzise xa egqithisa imiyalezo yawo, umzekelo ukuthi ngqo (Directness)
okanye ukungathi ngqo (Indirectness) kwimiyalezo yawo. Esi sifundo sikwazama
ukufumanisa iingxaki zotshintsho lwengqondo ezithi zifunyanwe ngala madoda
kuquka neminye imiba enxulumene nokuveliswa kwemiyalezo yotshintsho ingqondo.
Kwesi sifundo injongo yokunika icebiso ibonakala iyeyona isetywenziswa kakhulu
ngamadoda amaXhosa atshatileyo. Esi sifundo sivelisa ukuba iyonke injongo
yokucebisa kula madoda kukunceda abantu ekuhlaleni ukuba babenobomi
obusempilweni. Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwenjoko yokucebisa kwesi sifundo
kukwabonakalisa ukuba injonjo yokucebisa ixatyiswe kakhulu kwinkcubeko
yamaXhosa kwaye ngokwezinga elithile ikwathakazelelwa ngabo banikwa icebiso
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Persuasive messages of women in XhosaSijadu, Zameka Paula 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA (African Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to explore interpersonal persuasive messages of Xhosaspeaking
women. The findings suggest that the majority of attempts at interpersonal
persuasion take place in close and often personal relationships. The findings further
show that the majority of Xhosa-speaking women tend to persuade those they are
familiar with, such as husbands, children, siblings and friends. Specific cultural aspects
also influence the persuasive messages of these women, such as collectivism,
indirectness, politeness and ubuntu (caring).
Research conducted by Cody et al. (1994), Dillard (1989) and Rule et al. (1985)
suggests that individuals seek to persuade others for a variety of reasons. They
discovered that the most sought-after influence goals are the following: give advice, gain
assistance, share activity, change orientation, change relationship, obtain permission
and enforce rights and obligations. These seven influence goals cover a large portion of
the persuasive landscape, and were dealt with considerably in this research.
The data for this research were collected from Xhosa-speaking women situated in the
Eastern Cape, specifically in the region of East London. A total of 20 women in the age
range of 30 to 45 participated by writing self-reports in which they attempted to influence
their friends, colleagues or family members. Participants also had to relate persuasive
incidents that recently took place. In addition, they were asked to mention whether the
process of gaining compliance was successful or not.
The research data were analysed and evaluated against the following:
1. Different types of influence goals
2. Message dimensions (explicitness, dominance and argument)
3. Evidence in a persuasive message
4. Emotional appeals (threat and guilt appeals)
5. Cultural and conversational constraints
The data analysis revealed that the findings of this study among Xhosa-speaking women
are on par with the findings of the study by S.R. Wilson (2002) on culture and conversational constraints, as well as with other research conducted by Dillard (1998) in
the field of message production. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om interpersoonlike oorredingsboodskappe van ’n
aantal Xhosasprekende vroue te ondersoek. Die bevindinge doen aan die hand dat die
meerderheid pogings tot interpersoonlike oorreding in nabye en dikwels persoonlike
verhoudings plaasvind. Die bevindinge van die navorsing toon ook dat die meerderheid
Xhosasprekende vroue daartoe geneig is om diegene waarmee hulle vertroud is, te
oorreed. Dit sluit gades, kinders, broers en susters en vriende in. Sekere kulturele
aspekte beïnvloed ook die oorredingsboodskappe van hierdie vroue, soos kollektivisme,
indirektheid, beleefdheid en ubuntu (omgee).
Navorsing uitgevoer deur Cody et al. (1994), Dillard (1989) en Rule et al. (1985) voer
aan dat individue ander mense om verskeie redes probeer oorreed. Hulle het uitgevind
dat die algemeenste doelwitte van beïnvloeding die volgende is: gee advies, verkry
bystand, deel aktiwiteit, verander oriëntasie, verander verhouding, verkry toestemming,
dwing regte af en verpligtinge. Hierdie sewe doelwitte van beïnvloeding dek ’n groot
gedeelte van die gebied van oorreding, en word omvattend in hierdie studie behandel.
Die data vir die navorsing is ingesamel van Xhosasprekende vroue in die Oos-Kaap,
spesifiek in die Oos-Londen-gebied. Twintig vroue tussen die ouderdom van 30 en 45
het deelgeneem deur verslae te skryf waarin hulle gepoog het om hul vriende, kollegas
of familielede te beïnvloed. Die deelnemers moes ook verslag doen van
oorredingsinsidente wat onlangs plaasgevind het. Hulle is gevra om te meld of die
proses om toegewing te verkry suksesvol was al dan nie.
Die navorsingsdata is ontleed en teen die volgende geëvalueer:
6. Verskillende soorte doelwitte van beïnvloeding
7. Boodskapdimensies (uitdruklikheid, dominansie en argument)
8. Bewyse in ’n oorredingsboodskap
9. Emosionele beroepe (dreigemente en beroepe om skuldgevoelens)
10. Kulturele en gespreksbeperkings
Die data-ontleding het aangetoon dat die bevindinge van hierdie studie onder
Xhosasprekende vroue ooreenstem met dié van ’n studie deur S.R. Wilson (2002) oor kulturele en gespreksbeperkings, asook met navorsing deur Dillard (1998) op die gebied
van boodskapproduksie.
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