The central complex is a prominent neuropil found in the middle of the insect brain. It is considered as a higher center for motor control and information processing. Multiple neuropeptides and neurotransmitters are produced in neurons of the central complex, however, distribution patterns and functional roles of signaling substances in this brain region are poorly known. Thus, this thesis focuses on the distribution of signaling substances and on modulatory roles of neuropeptides in the central complex of Drosophila. Immunocytochemistry in combination with GAL4/UAS technique was used to visualize various signaling substances in the central complex. We revealed different central-complex neurons expressing the neuropeptides; Drosophila tachykinin (DTK), short neuropeptide F (sNPF), myoinhibitory peptide (MIP), allatostatin A, proctolin, SIFamide, neuropeptide F and FMRFamide. Subpopulations of DTK, sNPF and MIP-expressing neurons were found to co-localize a marker for acetylcholine. In addition, five metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors were found to be expressed in distinct patterns. Comparison of receptor/ligand distributions revealed a close match in most of the structures studied. By using a video-tracking assay, peptidergic modulation of locomotor behavior was studied. Different DTK and sNPF-expressing neurons innervating the central complex were revealed to modulate spatial distribution, number of activity-rest phases and activity levels, suggesting circuit dependent modulation. Furthermore, neurosecretory cells in the Drosophila brain that co-express three types of neuropeptides were shown to modulate stress responses to desiccation and starvation. In summary, we have studied two different neuropeptides (DTK and sNPF) expressed in interneuronal circuits and neurosecretory cells of the Drosophila brain in more detail. We found that these neuropeptides display multiple actions as neuromodulators and circulating hormones, and that their actions depend on where they are released. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: In press. Paper 3: Manuscript.

Os receptores glutamatérgicos metabotrópicos (mGluRs) estão envolvidos nos processos de plasticidade, neurodegeneração e neuroproteção. Avaliamos a expressão de mGluRs no sistema visual de ratos e pintos em diferentes tempos após enucleação ocular. Os animais foram avaliados pelo método de imuno-histoquímica, immunoblotting e RT-PCR, para detecção dos receptores mGluR1,2/3,5 e 7. Foi observado aumento da imunorreatividade (IR) de mGluR1, 5 e 7 no colículo superior, porém não foi observada diferença no núcleo geniculado lateral. Houve aumento na expressão protéica para mGluR1, 5 e 7 e aumento da expressão gênica para mGluR1,5 e 7; por outro lado, ocorreu uma diminuição de mGluR3. No TeO, foi observado aumento da IR para mGluR1 e 5 e diminuição para mGluR2/3. As análises de immunoblotting confirmaram o aumento observado de mGluR1 e diminuição de mGluR2/3. Os resultados indicam uma modulação diferencial na expressão gênica e protéica dos mGluRs, sugerindo a participação desses receptores em processos plásticos decorrentes de lesões no sistema visual adulto. / The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are involved in neuronal plasticity and neuroprotection. We analyzed the expression of mGluRs in the visual system of rats and chicks in several periods after ocular enucleation. The localization and expression of mGluR1, 5, 2/3 and 7 receptors were evaluated by standard immunoperoxidase, immunoblotting and real-time PCR protocols. The immunorreativity, protein and gene expression of mGluR1, 5 and 7 receptors in the superior colliculus showed an increase, whereas no changes were seen in the lateral geniculate nucleus. For mGluR3, gene expression was decreased. In the TeO, mGluR1 and 5 increased for all survival periods analyzed. Immunoblotting analyses confirmed the increases for mGluR1 and 5, decreases for mGluR2/3. These results indicate that the expression of mGluRs is regulated by the glutamatergic retinal input, and add data on a possible role of these receptors in neuroplasticity in adult animals.

Os receptores glutamatérgicos metabotrópicos (mGluRs) estão envolvidos nos processos de plasticidade, neurodegeneração e neuroproteção. Avaliamos a expressão de mGluRs no sistema visual de ratos e pintos em diferentes tempos após enucleação ocular. Os animais foram avaliados pelo método de imuno-histoquímica, immunoblotting e RT-PCR, para detecção dos receptores mGluR1,2/3,5 e 7. Foi observado aumento da imunorreatividade (IR) de mGluR1, 5 e 7 no colículo superior, porém não foi observada diferença no núcleo geniculado lateral. Houve aumento na expressão protéica para mGluR1, 5 e 7 e aumento da expressão gênica para mGluR1,5 e 7; por outro lado, ocorreu uma diminuição de mGluR3. No TeO, foi observado aumento da IR para mGluR1 e 5 e diminuição para mGluR2/3. As análises de immunoblotting confirmaram o aumento observado de mGluR1 e diminuição de mGluR2/3. Os resultados indicam uma modulação diferencial na expressão gênica e protéica dos mGluRs, sugerindo a participação desses receptores em processos plásticos decorrentes de lesões no sistema visual adulto. / The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are involved in neuronal plasticity and neuroprotection. We analyzed the expression of mGluRs in the visual system of rats and chicks in several periods after ocular enucleation. The localization and expression of mGluR1, 5, 2/3 and 7 receptors were evaluated by standard immunoperoxidase, immunoblotting and real-time PCR protocols. The immunorreativity, protein and gene expression of mGluR1, 5 and 7 receptors in the superior colliculus showed an increase, whereas no changes were seen in the lateral geniculate nucleus. For mGluR3, gene expression was decreased. In the TeO, mGluR1 and 5 increased for all survival periods analyzed. Immunoblotting analyses confirmed the increases for mGluR1 and 5, decreases for mGluR2/3. These results indicate that the expression of mGluRs is regulated by the glutamatergic retinal input, and add data on a possible role of these receptors in neuroplasticity in adult animals.