Metal organic framework (MOF) has emerged as a new class of porous, thermally stable material which has attracted great attention due to their wide applications in gas storage, separation, catalysis etc. Self-assembly is the operative mechanism of MOFs syntheses; however, the control of MOF self-assembly is still a challenge in the construction of predetermined, structurally well-defined MOFs. The goal of the research is to arrive at multidimensional, highly porous and functional MOFs via hierarchical assembly of smaller molecular building blocks and, at the same time, to examine the possibilities for different interesting molecular textures. This goal is to be accomplished by the knowledge of ligand coordination mode, and geometry as well as logical choices of ligands and metals from which the MOFs are to be constructed from. Preparations of novel frameworks as well as other interesting molecular architectures are highlighted with their structures characterized.

Metal organic framework (MOF) has emerged as a new class of porous, thermally stable material which has attracted great attention due to their wide applications in gas storage, separation, catalysis etc. Self-assembly is the operative mechanism of MOFs syntheses; however, the control of MOF self-assembly is still a challenge in the construction of predetermined, structurally well-defined MOFs. The goal of the research is to arrive at multidimensional, highly porous and functional MOFs via hierarchical assembly of smaller molecular building blocks and, at the same time, to examine the possibilities for different interesting molecular textures. This goal is to be accomplished by the knowledge of ligand coordination mode, and geometry as well as logical choices of ligands and metals from which the MOFs are to be constructed from. Preparations of novel frameworks as well as other interesting molecular architectures are highlighted with their structures characterized.

A new group of nanoporous materials, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), have emerged as a fascinating alternative to more traditional nanoporous materials for membrane based gas separations. Although hundreds of different MOF structures have been synthesized in powder forms, very little is currently known about the potential performance of MOFs as membranes since fabrication and testing of membranes from new materials require a large amount of time and resources. The purpose of this thesis is to predict the macroscopic flux of multi-component gas mixtures through MOF-based membranes with information obtained from detailed atomistic simulations. First, atomically detailed simulations of gas adsorption and diffusion in MOFs combined with a continuum description of a membrane are introduced to predict the performance of MOF membranes. These results are compared with the only available experimental data for a MOF membrane. An efficient approximate method based on limited information from molecular simulations to accelerate the modeling of MOF membranes is then introduced. The accuracy and computational efficiency of different modeling approaches are discussed. A robust screening strategy is proposed to screen numerous MOF materials to identify the ones with the high membrane selectivity and to direct experimental efforts to the most promising of many possible MOF materials. This study provides the first predictions of any kind about the potential of MOFs as membranes and demonstrates that using molecular modeling for this purpose can be a useful means of identifying the phenomena that control the performance of MOFs as membranes.

A novel Poly (methyl methacrylate) Composites using Copper-4, 4'- Trimethylenedipyridine Metal-Organic Framework as Fillers (CTMOF) had been synthesized and analyzed. The CTMOF structure had been characterized by X-ray crystallography. The thermal and mechanical properties of CTMOF-PMMA composites had been examined via optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), microhardness, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The results showed the increase of Glass transition temperatures and the improvement of mechanical properties of the PMMA composites as the concentration of CBMOF loading increased.

Nanoporous molecular sieve materials like metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and metal oxide nanotubes (AlSiNTs) have found a wide range of technological applications in catalysis, separations, and ion exchange due to their salient features over other contemporary sensing materials. As a result, these materials can function as a chemical recognition layer that relies on analyte adsorption and they have shown to selectively adsorb specific gas molecules from mixtures. The characterization of gas adsorption in these materials is performed predominantly by commercial gravimetric equipment, whose capital and operating costs are generally high and require relatively large amounts of sample. Thus, it is desirable to obtain a reliable measure of the gas transport properties of these materials over a substantial range of pressure and temperature by non-gravimetric methods. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the adsorption and diffusion characteristics of recently-identified nanoporous materials through the development and use of a high-pressure/high-temperature quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) device. In this regard, this thesis is divided into four main objectives, viz. (1) Design and development of high temperature/ high pressure QCM device, (2) Measurement and analysis of adsorption characteristics in nanoporous materials, (3) Diffusion measurement and analysis in polymer thin films and (4) Diffusion measurement and analysis in MOF crystals. The results obtained in Objectives 2-4 will allow us to make important recommendations regarding the use of specific nanoporous materials in molecular separation applications and also lead to significant understanding of gas uptake thermodynamics in nanoporous materials via the application of analytical models to the experimental data.

Advances in flexible and functional metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), also called soft porous crystals, are reviewed by covering the literature of the five years period 2009–2013 with reference to the early pertinent work since the late 1990s. Flexible MOFs combine the crystalline order of the underlying coordination network with cooperative structural transformability. These materials can respond to physical and chemical stimuli of various kinds in a tunable fashion by molecular design, which does not exist for other known solid-state materials. Among the fascinating properties are so-called breathing and swelling phenomena as a function of host–guest interactions. Phase transitions are triggered by guest adsorption/desorption, photochemical, thermal, and mechanical stimuli. Other important flexible properties of MOFs, such as linker rotation and sub-net sliding, which are not necessarily accompanied by crystallographic phase transitions, are briefly mentioned as well. Emphasis is given on reviewing the recent progress in application of in situ characterization techniques and the results of theoretical approaches to characterize and understand the breathing mechanisms and phase transitions. The flexible MOF systems, which are discussed, are categorized by the type of metal-nodes involved and how their coordination chemistry with the linker molecules controls the framework dynamics. Aspects of tailoring the flexible and responsive properties by the mixed component solid-solution concept are included, and as well examples of possible applications of flexible metal–organic frameworks for separation, catalysis, sensing, and biomedicine.

Two of the hottest areas in porous materials research in the last decade have been in energy storage, mainly hydrogen and methane, and in carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). Although these topics are intricately linked in terms of our future energy landscape, the specific materials needed to solve these problems must have significantly different properties. High pressure gas storage is most often linked with high surface areas and pore volumes, while carbon capture sorbents require high sorption enthalpies to achieve the needed selectivity. The latter typically involves separating CO2 from mixed gas streams of mostly nitrogen via a temperature swing adsorption (TSA) process. Much of the excitement has arisen because of the potential of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and porous polymer networks (PPNs). Both classes of materials have extremely high surface areas (upwards of 4000 m2/g) and can be modified to have specific physical properties, thus enabling high performance materials for targeted applications. This dissertation focuses on the synthesis and characterization of these novel materials for both applications by tuning framework topologies, composition, and surface properties. Specifically, two routes to synthesize a single molecule trap (SMT) highlight the flexibility of MOF design and ability to tune a framework to interact with specifically one guest molecule; computational and experimental evidence of the binding mechanism are shown as well. Furthermore, eight PPNs are synthesized and characterized for post-combustion carbon capture and direct air capture applications. In addition a high-throughput model, grounded in thermodynamics, to calculate the energy penalty associated with the carbon capture step is presented in order to evaluate all materials for TSA applications provide a comparison to the state of the art capture technologies. This includes results of working capacity and energy calculations to determine parasitic loads (per ton of CO2 captured) from readily available experimental data of any material (adsorption isotherms and heat capacities) using a few simple equations. Through various systematic investigations, trends are analyzed to form structure property relationships that will aid future material development.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23732号 / 理博第4822号 / 新制||理||1690(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 北川 宏, 教授 吉村 一良, 教授 竹腰 清乃理 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-06-29T14:46:10Z (GMT) / Submitted by MARINA PAIVA ABUCAFY null (marina.abucafy@gmail.com) on 2016-07-05T13:34:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_marina.pdf: 3546765 bytes, checksum: cbf086b9c8ef98e5961d1869ae54063b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-06T19:42:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 abucafy_mp_me_arafcf.pdf: 3546765 bytes, checksum: cbf086b9c8ef98e5961d1869ae54063b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-06T19:42:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 abucafy_mp_me_arafcf.pdf: 3546765 bytes, checksum: cbf086b9c8ef98e5961d1869ae54063b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-30 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O avanço no desenvolvimento de novos sistemas carreadores de fármacos tem contribuído na melhoria da qualidade de vida no que diz respeito a diminuir os efeitos colaterais dos fármacos e aumentar a sobrevida dos pacientes. Visando superar as limitações dos carreadores já explorados pela literatura, busca-se desenvolver novos materiais carreadores que apresentem maior capacidade de encapsulamento de fármaco. Entre esses novos materiais existem as redes metalo- orgânicas (MOFs), que são constituídas por ligantes orgânicos e centros metálicos que se unem formando redes cristalinas e altamente porosas. Assim, o foco desse trabalho foi sintetizar e caracterizar as MOFs a base de ciclodextrina, e diferentes metais como potássio (γ-KCD), sódio (γ-NaCD) e ferro (γ-FeCD), além de avaliar a capacidade de liberação de fármaco dessas materiais. As MOFs foram sintetizadas seguindo uma metodologia descrita na literatura, com algumas modificações: a ciclodextrina e o sal de metal foram solubilizados em água e em seguida colocados em difusão em metanol, após a formação dos cristais, os mesmos foram ativados com diclorometano. Os difratogramas de raios- X (DRX) mostraram a cristalinidade do material e a presença de picos característicos das MOFs a base de ciclodextrina, relatado na literatura. As análises térmicas (TG e DSC) confirmam a formação das redes através da ligação entre a ciclodextrina e o metal. As micrografias da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) mostram que as diferentes geometrias das estruturas formadas, como cúbicas para γ-KCD e γ-NaCD e forma de bastões para γ-FeCD, além de que após a ativação é possível evidenciar a presença de poros. O fármaco modelo, diclofenaco de sódio, foi incorporado nas MOFs, o que foi confirmado através da espectroscopia vibracional no infravermelho (IV), e os resultados mostram que o material apresenta alta eficiência de encapsulação, superior a 60%. Os perfis de liberação obtidos demonstraram um efeito de controle da liberação do fármaco em PBS, sugerindo que a liberação do fármaco ocorre devido à combinação de dois ou mais processos, como a difusão do fármaco e erosão da rede metalo-orgânica. Desta maneira, é possível afirmar que as MOFs desenvolvidas são biocompatíveis, apresentam grande capacidade de encapsular fármaco além de apresentarem comportamento de liberação controlada. / The development of new drug carrier systems has contributed to improving the quality of life with respect to lessen the side effects of drugs and increase patient survival. Aiming to overcome the limitations of carriers already explored in the literature, we seek to develop new carrier materials that have higher drug encapsulation capacity. Among these new materials are the organic metallo networks (MOFs), which are formed by organic ligands and metal centers that combine to form crystalline and highly porous network. Thus, the focus of this work was to synthesize and characterize MOFs cyclodextrin basis, different metals such as potassium (γ-KCD), sodium (γ-NACD) and iron (γ-FECD), and to evaluate the release capacity of these drug materials. The MOFs were synthesized following a method described in the literature with some modifications: the cyclodextrin and the metal salt were solubilized in water and then placed in methanol diffusion after formation of the crystals, they were activated with dichloromethane. The -ray diffraction (XRD) showed the crystallinity and the presence of characteristic peaks of MOFs cyclodextrin base, reported in the literature. The thermal analysis (TG and DSC) confirmed the formation of networks by linking the cyclodextrin and the metal. The micrographs of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show that different geometries of structures formed as cubical for γ-KCD and γ-NACD and form of sticks for γ-FECD, and that after activation is possible to demonstrate the presence of pores. The model drug, sodium diclofenac, was incorporated in MOFs, which was confirmed by vibrational infrared spectroscopy (IR), and the results show that the material has a high encapsulation efficiency greater than 60%. The obtained release profiles showed a drug release control effect in PBS, suggesting that drug release occurs due to the combination of two or more processes, such as diffusion of the drug and erosion of the metal-organic framework. In this way, we can say that the developed MOFs are biocompatible, have great ability to encapsulate the drug in addition to having controlled release behavior. / FAPESP: 2014/10888-1

Solar energy is a sustainable resource which has substantial potential to meet the increasing demand for renewable energy. Though there has been some success in harvesting solar energy for electricity production, converting solar energy to chemical energy as fuels is still a challenge due to low efficiency. Since the discovery of TiO2 photocatalysts for splitting water (4) and reducing CO2 (5) to form useful chemical feedstock such as H2, CO and CH4, much research has been done to increase the efficiency of photocatalysts. However, the current conversion efficiency of photocatalysts remains low (~5%) (6, 7). Issues being addressed include the wide bandgap and mismatched band edge for reactions (thermodynamic energy for reaction), poor quantum efficiency of the photon collector systems, high recombination of e-/h+ pairs and limitation in the rate of charge transfer from photocatalyst to reactants. This work focuses on improving efficiency of photocatalysts for fuel production through several approaches: (1) engineering a metal-organic-framework (MOF) to have proper band gaps and band edges for targeted reactions and for enhancing photoadsorption in the visible light range, (2) tuning an ABO3-type perovskite for desired bandgaps and thermodynamically favored bandedges for CO2 reduction with water in visible light range. A porphyrin-based Ti-MOF is studied for CO2 photoreduction to gaseous chemical fuels such as CH4 and CO. The porphyrin linkers allow porphyrin-based MOF-525 to achieve narrow bandgap (Eg = ~1.7eV) to absorb visible light, indicating its ability to harvest more solar energy than conventional TiO2. Ti/Zr-MOF-525 also exhibited the appropriate energy level alignment for CO2 and H2O redox reaction for CO and CH4 production. Its CO2 photoreactivity under visible light was demonstrated in a photoreaction, illuminated by 150W Xenon solar simulator. Interestingly, Ti/Zr-MOF-525 demonstrates a selectivity toward CH4, a more valuable fuels than CO. The gas phase reaction condition is an advance over liquid photoreaction. The catalyst stability was also studied and presented. After 3 cycles of reactions, Ti/Zr-MOF-525 is relatively stable for CO2 photoreduction and able to maintain its photoreactivity at about 60-65% of fresh catalyst. The reduction of reactivity is due to a less stable fresh catalyst. When investigating LaCr1-xFexO3 perovskite oxides for photocatalyst, it was found that when replacing Cr ions at the B sites of LaCrO3 by Fe ions, the bandgap does not follow a linear trend in regards to metal ratio composition but rather reflects the smaller bandgap of LaFeO3. Bandedges were successfully measured for the new synthesized materials. At x = 0.25, the conduction band potential remains similar with x = 0. However, at x = 0.75, the conduction band potential was more negative than either perovskites at x = 0 or x = 1. Future simulation of density of state could address this interesting observation. CO2 reduction relativities of each perovskites were predicted well by their measured bandgaps and bandedges. Among five studied perovskites, synthesized LaCr0.25Fe0.75O3 (x = 0.75) is the most active for CO2 photoreduction under visible illumination at room temperature thanks to its small bandgap (2.0 eV) and its suitable bandedges for CO2 photoreduction.