Les composites à matrice métallique ont été développés dans les années 60 initialement pour les besoins de l’industrie aérospatiale. De nos jours, les alliages d’Aluminium à durcissement structural sont souvent combinés à des particules céramiques afin d’atteindre des propriétés de résistance élevées, maintenues à haute température, tout en conservant la légèreté de l’alliage, pour un coût faible. Cependant, l’utilisation de ces alliages nécessite une bonne connaissance des transformations microstructurales ayant lieu lorsqu’ils sont soumis à certaines conditions de température puisque des phénomènes de précipitation ont lieu et impactent les propriétés de résistance mécanique du matériau. De plus, la présence du renfort, induit des modifications microstructurales majeures et notamment lors des phénomènes de précipitation de la matrice. Ainsi, ces travaux de thèse portent sur un alliage d’Aluminium à durcissement structural de la série 6xxx qui, durant son utilisation, peut être confronté à des températures comprises entre 100°C et 350°C, et ayant une séquence de précipitation complexifiée par la présence de Silicium en excès et de particules de renfort céramiques. Les objectifs visés par ces travaux sont alors : 1) De décrire l’évolution microstructurale de l’alliage d’AlMgSi à excès de Silicium étudié, avec et sans particules céramiques. Ensuite, l’évolution de la résistance mécanique a été caractérisée à partir d’un état T6 lors de traitements isothermes, 2) De prédire ces évolutions microstructurales et les propriétés mécaniques qui en découlent par des modèles à base physique. La précipitation des principales phases de l'alliage étudié a pu être prédite grâce un modèle à champ moyen basé sur des lois classiques de germination-croissance et par une approche par classes de type KWN, en tenant compte : 1) de la compétition entre la phase cohérente et semi-cohérente, 2) d'une morphologie en bâtonnet avec un rapport de forme variable et propre à la phase modélisée. Ce modèle a permis, de tracer le diagramme Temps-Température-Transformation de l’alliage et du composite tout en tenant compte de l'accélération des cinétiques de précipitation en présence de renfort et attribuée à la forte densité de dislocations. Pour finir, 2 méthodes de prédiction des propriétés mécaniques ont été confrontées : 1) Une approche empirique de type JMAK (Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov), 2) une approche à base physique. Malgré une prédiction proche des résultats expérimentaux par l'approche JMAK, cette méthode ne permet pas de remonter aux mécanismes physiques à l’origine des variations observées. Ainsi, l'approche à base physique basée sur le modèle de prédiction de la microstructure constitue une alternative prometteuse pour une prédiction plus précise des évolutions de propriétés de résistance mécaniques de ces matériaux même si de nombreuses adaptations restent à faire dans le cas du composite. / Precipitation-strengthened alloys as Al-Mg-Si alloys reinforced with ceramic particles are an appropriate alternative for industrial applications. The precipitation sequence in Al-Mg-Si alloys is particularly complex when Silicon is in excess with respect to the Mg2Si composition and it is expected to be modified by the presence of the ceramic reinforcement. This is why, for industrial applications, under certain use conditions, it is fundamental to be able to predict the evolution of the microstructure in the alloy and the consequences on mechanical properties. The present work is devoted to the study of an age-hardenable Al-Mg-Si aluminium alloy which, can be facing temperatures between 100°C and 350°C in use conditions. This material is characterized by a complex precipitation sequence due to Silicon-excess and ceramic particles. The main objectives of the work are the following: 1) To describe how the microstructure evolves in the Al-Mg-Si alloy with silicon excess studied, with or without reinforcement, during a long storage period at a temperature between 100°C and 350°C. Then, it appeared necessary to describe the evolution of the mechanical properties in the same conditions but starting from a T6 state (corresponding to peak aged conditions). 2) To predict these evolutions (microstructure and strength) using an appropriate model. It was highlighted that the high silicon excess in the studied alloy leads to a simultaneous precipitation of several semi-coherent phases. Their precipitation has been predicted thanks to a KWN-type model based on classical nucleation-growth theories, validated by the experiments, and implemented considering: 1) the competitive precipitation between coherent et semi-coherent phases, 2) the rod-shape morphology of precipitates with a variable aspect ratio. This model has been used for the prediction of the Time-Temperature-Transformation diagram of the alloys and its composite considering the acceleration of the precipitation kinetics observed and attributed to the high dislocation density resulting from the presence of ceramic particles. Finally, 2 methods for the mechanical properties prediction have been compared: 1) a JMAK-type empirical approach 2) a physically based approach. The JMAK approach allowed us a quicker and easier prediction of the loss of hardness from the T6 state, for alloy and composite, during isothermal and non-isothermal treatment. Despite a prediction close to the experimental results, this approach cannot give us information about the physical mechanisms responsible for the observed mechanical variations. Then, a physically based approach taking into account the predictions of the precipitation model was used for the yield stress estimation during aging with a micromechanical model. This approach gave encouraging results and could be a powerful tool for the prediction of the strength during industrial use conditions.

[pt] O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver compósitos à base de uma liga de AlSi (Alumix-231) com adição de 5 a 20 vol. por cento de sílica fundida, no intuito de reduzir o coeficiente de expansão térmica (CET), com relação ao da matriz, e manter as propriedades físicas do compósito, tais como densidade e dureza, ao menos no nível da matriz. Os compósitos foram desenvolvidos pela metalurgia do pó, primeiramente, prensados a 700 MPa e depois sinterizados em temperaturas entre 565 e 575 graus C por 90 min (condição T1). Os melhores resultados, em termos de redução da expansão térmica, foram alcançados após a sinterização a 565 graus C. Os compósitos com adição de 15 e 20 vol.por cento de sílica fundida exibiram coeficientes de expansão térmica tão baixos quanto 13,70 e 12,73 x 10(-6) graus C(-1) (entre 25 e 400 graus C), uma redução de 29,9 por cento e 34,8 por cento, respectivamente, em comparação com Alumix231 pura. Além disso, a densidade e a dureza desses compósitos não foram muito afetadas negativamente, pois sofreram apenas uma pequena diminuição, não superior a 6 por cento e 5 por cento, respectivamente. Em seguida, amostras sinterizadas a 565 graus C foram envelhecidas artificialmente a 160 graus C por 8 h (condição T6) e os Compósitos de Matriz Metálica (CMMs) com 15 e 20 vol. por cento de sílica fundida exibiram um aumento da dureza, cerca de 94,12 por cento e 64,71 por cento, respectivamente, em relação às amostras análogas na condição T1. Com relação à expansão térmica, houve redução dos CETs, em comparação com a liga pura envelhecida, de 27 por cento e de 32 por cento, respectivamente. Alumix-231 é uma nova e promissora liga e a sílica fundida, que nunca foi usada antes com o objetivo de reduzir sua expansão térmica, demonstrou ser uma cerâmica com aplicações promissoras como carga em compósitos de matrizes à base de Alumix-231 devido à sua expansão térmica próxima de zero e à sua baixa densidade. Como tal, os resultados obtidos mostraram que os compósitos de Alumix-231/sílica fundida são materiais potencialmente promissores para aplicações automotivas, candidatos a substituírem o ferro fundido (alta densidade, de 7,3 a 7,9 g cm(-3) , e CET de 13 x 10(-6) graus C(-1)). / [en] The goal of this study was to develop composites based on an Al-Si alloy (Alumix-231) with the addition of 5 to 20 vol. percent of fused silica, to reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) in comparison to that of the matrix (Alumix-231), keeping the composite light and without impairing its physical properties, such as density and hardness. The composites were developed by powder metallurgy, first pressed at 700 MPa, and then sintered at temperatures between 565 and 575 degrees C for 90 min (T1 condition). The best results, in terms of reduced thermal expansion, were achieved after liquiq-phase sintering at 565 degrees C. Composites with the addition of 15 and 20 vol. percent of fused silica exhibited CTEs, as low as, 13.70 and 12.73 x 10(-6) degrees C(-1) (between 25 and 400 degrees C), a reduction of 29.9 percent and 34.8 percent, respectively, compared to neat Alumix-231. Furthermore, the density and hardness of these composites were not negatively affected, as these properties presented only a small decrease, not exceeding 6 percent and 5 percent, respectively. Then, samples sintered at 565 degrees C were artificially aged at 160 degrees C for 8 h (T6 condition), and MMCs-15 and 20 vol. percent exhibited an increase in hardness of about 94,12, percent and 64,71 percent, compared to T1 samples. Regarding thermal expansion, there was a reduction of CTEs, compared to the aged neat alloy, of 27 percent and 32 percent, respectively. Alumix-231 is a promising new alloy and fused silica, which has never been used before to reduce its thermal expansion, has shown to be a ceramic with promising applications as a filler in Alumix-231-based matrix composites, due to its thermal expansion close to zero. As such, the results obtained showed that Alumix231/fused silica composites are promising materials for automotive applications and new candidates to replace heavy cast iron components.

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科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(B)(2) 課題番号:09450270 研究代表者:金武 直幸 研究期間:1997-1998年度

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(B)(2) 課題番号:09450047 研究代表者:田中 啓介 研究期間:1997-1999年度