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Nedbrytbara metaller utgör en ny klass av biomaterial med potential attersätta permanenta material i tillfälliga applikationer. Detta för att minskarisken för långvariga biverkningar. I den pågående forskningen för att utvecklanya nedbrytbara metaller är screening av nya material genom in vitro testmetoderett attraktivt alternativ för att undvika onödiga, tidskrävande ochdyrbara djurstudier.Denna avhandling fokuserar på in vitro-testning av zink- och magnesiumbaserademetaller. Inverkan av faktorer såsom sammansättningen av testlösningen,buffersystemet, belastning samt mikrostruktur hos legeringar undersöktes.Genom att använda elektrokemiska in situ tekniker såsom impedansspektroskopi(EIS) är det möjligt att studera gränssnittet mellan metall ochlösning och karakterisera egenskaperna hos den korroderande ytan. Ex situytkaraktäriseringstekniker som svepelektronmikroskopi och infraröd spektroskopianvändes sedan för att komplettera resultaten av de elektrokemiskamätningarna.Korrosionen av zink i Ringer’s lösning fanns vara närmare in vivo korrosionän korrosionen i fosfatbuffrad saltlösning (PBS). Ringers lösning är därför denföredragna testmiljön för långsiktig utvärdering av zinkbaserade metallerDet biologiska buffersystemet (CO2/H2CO3) bör företrädesvis användasför att stabilisera pH-värdet på testlösningen vid magnesiumnedbrytning. NärHEPES användes för att stabilisera pH ökade korrosionshastigheten på grundav bildning av mindre skyddande skikt av korrosionsproduktMöjligheten att använda helblod och plasma som mer kliniskt relevantatestmiljöer utvärderades och befanns producera reproducerbara resultat.Bildning av ett korrosionsskikt bestående av både organiskt och oorganisktmaterial detekterades på zink i både plasma och helblod.När zink prover i helbod utsattes för belastning förhindrade korrosionsskiktetbildningen av mikrosprickor och förtidigt brott av provet. Det varvidare möjligt att detektera tidig sprickbildning på grund av belastning avMagnesium AZ61-legering med EIS.Adsorption av organiska species på zinkytan under anodisk polariseringökar yttäckningen av Zn-joner i helblod. Den ökade yttäckningen leder sedantill utfällningen av ett skyddande skikt av zinkfosfater och en minskadkorrosionshastighet vid högre potentialer.Korrosion av Zn-Mg och Zn-Ag legeringar i Ringers lösning befanns skevia selektiv upplösning. Lokal utfällning av korrosionsprodukter och bildningav ett poröst, mindre skyddande skikt av korrosionsprodukter hittades påZn-Mg legeringar. Den selektiva upplösningen av Zn-Ag legering orsakade enanrikning av AgZn3 vilket kan påverka biokompatibiliteten av ett implantatmed tiden. / Degradable metallic implants are a new class of biomaterials with potentialto replace permanent materials in temporary applications to reduce therisk of long term adverse effects.This thesis focuses on in vitro testing of zinc and magnesium based metals.As new degradable metals are developed screening of new materials within vitro test methods is an attractive option to avoid unnecessary, time consumingand expensive animal studies. The influence of factors such as ioniccomposition of the test solution, buffer system, strain and alloy compositionwas investigated. By employing electrochemical in situ techniques such asimpedance spectroscopy it is possible to study the metal-solution interfaceand determine the properties of the corroding surface. Ex situ surface characterizationtechniques such as scanning electron microscopy and infraredspectroscopy were then used to complement the results of the electrochemicalmeasurements.The importance of appropriate selection of the test solution is highlightedin this work. Zinc was found to corrode in Ringer’s solution by a mechanismcloser to in vivo corrosion than in a phosphate buffered saline solution(PBS).Ringer’s solution is therefore the more appropriate test environment for longterm evaluation of zinc based metals.When evaluating the corrosion of Zn-Mg and Zn-Ag alloys in Ringer’ssolution selective dissolution was found to occur for both types of alloys. Localprecipitation and formation of a porous, less protective, layer of corrosionproducts was found for Zn-Mg alloys. The selective dissolution of Zn-Agalloy caused an enrichment of AgZn3 on the surface which may affect thebiocompatibility of the alloy.The use of HEPES to maintain the pH of the test solution increasedthe corrosion rate of magnesium due to formation of a less protective layerof corrosion products. Magnesium corrosion should therefore preferably bestudied in solutions where the pH is maintained by the biological buffer systemCO2/H2CO3.In addition to saline solutions human whole blood and plasma were evaluatedas more clinically relevant in vitro environments. They were found toproduce reproducible results and to be suitable for short term experiments.Formation of a corrosion product layer comprised of both organic and inorganicmaterial was detected on zinc in both plasma and whole blood.During anodic polarization the adsorption of organic species on the zincsurface was found to increase the surface coverage of Zn ions in whole blood.The increased surface coverage then allowed for precipitation of a protectivelayer of Zn5(PO4)3 and a subsequent decrease in corrosion rate at higherpotentials.When subjecting zinc samples to strain the organic/inorganic corrosionproduct formed in whole blood was observed by impedance spectroscopy toprevent micro cracking and premature failure.The cracking of magnesium alloy samples under applied strain was alsocharacterized by impedance. Changes in surface properties due to crack initiation / <p>QC 20171019</p>

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Aluminium-silicon alloys have gained increasing market share in the automotive and aerospace industry because of increased environmental demands. These alloys have a high strength-to-weight ratio, good corrosion resistance, castability and recycling potential. However, variations in properties and limited performance at elevated temperature are restricting these alloys from use at elevated temperatures. During the last decades, researchers have investigated ways to improve the properties at elevated temperatures. However, the effect of some transition elements is not well understood. The aim of this work is to investigate the aluminium-silicon alloys with addition of cobalt and nickel for high temperature applications. Tensile testing and hardness testing were conducted on samples produced by directional solidification in a Bridgman furnace with condition generating a microstructure corresponding to that obtained in high pressure die casting, i.e. SDAS ~ 10 µm. The results show that cobalt and nickel improve the tensile properties up to 230 °C.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet européen BIOCOR ITN. Les matériaux métalliques habituellement utilisés dans les circuits de refroidissement de centrales électriques peuvent être affectés par la biocorrosion. L'objectif de ce travail était d'étudier l'influence de l'adsorption de biomolécules sur le comportement électrochimique et la composition chimique de surface de l'alliage 70Cu-30Ni, l'acier inoxydable 304L et le titane en milieu marin. Les interactions entre l'albumine de sérum bovin (BSA), et la surface de ces matériaux ont été étudiées. Ensuite, l'effet des substances polymériques extracellulaires (EPS) (étroitement liées -TB- et faiblement liées -LB- à la surface cellulaire) sur les couches d'oxydes a été évalué. Des mesures électrochimiques (Ecorr vs temps d'immersion, courbes de polarisation et EIS) ont été combinées à des analyses de surface (XPS et ToF-SIMS). En comparaison de l'alliage 70Cu-30Ni en eau de mer artificielle (ASW) statique sans biomolécules, pour lequel une couche duplex épaisse est montrée, la présence de biomolécules conduit à une couche mixte d'oxydes d'épaisseur plus faible. Un modèle est proposé pour analyser les données d'impédance obtenues à Ecorr. Un ralentissement de la réaction anodique par les biomolécules a été montré avec un effet d'inhibition de la corrosion par les LB EPS, dans une moindre mesure par la BSA et aucun effet néfaste en présence de TB EPS. L'effet des TB EPS et de la BSA sur la passivation du Ti dans ASW et de l'acier inoxydable 304L dans une solution sans chlorure a été étudié. Pour les deux matériaux, les couches d'oxydes sont plus protectrices avec la BSA et moins protectrices avec les TB EPS. / This thesis was carried out in the frame of the BIOCOR ITN European project. Metallic materials commonly used in cooling systems of power plants may be affected by biocorrosion. The objective of this work was to study the influence of biomolecules adsorption on the electrochemical behaviour and the surface chemical composition of 70Cu-30Ni alloy, 304L stainless steel and titanium in seawater environments. The interactions between a model protein, the bovine serum albumin (BSA), and the surface of these materials were investigated. After, the influence of tightly bound (TB) and loosely bound (LB) extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the oxide layers was evaluated. For that purpose, electrochemical measurements (Ecorr vs time, polarization curves and EIS) were combined to surface analysis (XPS and ToF-SIMS). Comparing to the 70Cu-30Ni alloy in static artificial seawater (ASW) without biomolecules, for which a thick duplex oxide layer is shown, the presence of BSA, TB EPS and LB EPS leads to a mixed oxide layer with a lower thickness. A model is proposed to analyse impedance data obtained at Ecorr. The results show a slow-down of the anodic reaction in the presence of biomolecules with a corrosion inhibition effect by LB EPS, to a lesser extent by BSA and no detrimental effect with TB EPS. On the other hand, the effect of TB EPS and BSA on the passivation behaviour of Ti in ASW and of 304L stainless steel in chloride-free solution was studied. From EIS data, resistivity profiles within oxide films can be plotted. For both materials, oxide layers are more protective with BSA and less protective with TB EPS.

The Swedish steelmaking industry produces large amounts of by-products. In 2008, the total amount of slag produced reached approximately 1,300,000 metric tons, of which 20% was deposited. Due to its strength, durability and chemistry, steel slag is of interest in the field of construction, since it has similar or better qualities than ordinary ballast stone, which makes it a competitive construction material. However, some steel slags face an array of quality concerns that might hinder their use. These concerns generally involve the following physical and chemical properties:Volume expansion Disintegration Leaching of metalsBy controlling and modifying process parameters during slag handling in liquid state, the physical and chemical properties of steel slags can be adequately modified to obtain a high-quality product for external application. The present work was undertaken as a research project within the Minerals and Metals Recycling Research Centre, MiMeR. The major goal of this work has been to investigate how different treatment methods including hot stage processing, cooling rates, ageing time and chemical composition influence the final properties of the slag. Analysis techniques used in this investigation include: thermodynamic calculations using FactsageTM, X-ray diffraction analyses (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), leaching tests (EN12457-2/3) and thermo-gravimetric analyses (TG).The results from this study show that it is possible to control/change the properties of the final product by additions to the liquid slag, thereby changing the chemical composition, as well as by varying the rate and method of cooling. The mineralogical composition, the size of the crystals and the composition of some solid solutions are affected by the cooling rate. The solubility of elements such as chromium and molybdenum varies, probably due to their presence in different minerals. The reactivity of the investigated slag samples increases as the cooling rate increases.When steel slags are aged, the leaching properties of the materials are changed. The total leachability and the pH decrease for all the investigated samples. All elements except magnesium decrease in leachability. As the slags are aged CaCO3 is formed on the slag surfaces. The degree of carbonation differs between different slags, due to the presence of different calcium-rich minerals in the slag. In order to form CaCO3, the calcium-containing mineral must be dissolved. This means that the solubility of the calcium-containing mineral will affect the outcome of the carbonation. The rate of dissolution for six typical slag minerals was investigated in order to distinguish the difference in solubility between the different minerals. Acidic to alkaline pHs (4, 7 and 10) were selected to investigate the solubility of the minerals under conditions comparable to those prevailing in newly produced slags and the potential future pH values obtained under acid conditions. It can be concluded that all six minerals behave differently when dissolving and that the rate of dissolution is generally slower at higher pH. At pH 10, the solubility of merwinite, akermanite and gehlenite is considered slow. The dissolution of γ-Ca2SiO4 is not affected in the same way as the other minerals when the pH is changed. / Godkänd; 2010; 20101213 (fren); DISPUTATION Ämnesområde: Processmetallurgi/Process Metallurgy Opponent: Professor Pekka Taskinen, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Aalto University, Finland Ordförande: Professor Bo Björkman, Institutionen för TKG, Avd för mineralteknik och metallurgi, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Fredag den 4 februari 2011, kl 10.00 Plats: F341, Luleå tekniska universitet

Global trends in automotive industry for weight reduction drives an interest for casting of structural aluminum parts. High pressure die casting (HPDC) is chosen for this purpose since it enables manufacturing of large series parts where complexity and repeatability is demanded. Aluminum alloys have hence been developed through the years to obtain suitable mechanical properties for high strength parts. These alloys have been investigated to predict the types of potential failure mechanisms during HPDC in order to determine die life through simulations. Die life prediction was performed through simulations in MAGMAsoft 5.4 with the help of a die life module, which is based on thermal stresses generated in the die material during casting cycles. Fatigue data at elevated temperature obtained from literature review of AISI H11 tool steel was complemented to the Wöhler curve in the software database. Comparison of two aluminum alloys showed that chemical composition had a major influence on die life. Chemical composition had a direct impact on solidification time and with longer solidification time, the thermal load on the die increased. Since the stress range on the die is temperature dependent, the ability of heat transfer over time proved to be critical for die life results. The most crucial process parameter to achieve a longer die life was constant cooling by tempering channels, due to their high potential to remove heat. Tempering channels and die spray also prevent the die from exceeding a critical temperature resulting in soldering formation. Mold erosion was consistently observed in the same location for all simulations.

The constants modernization in the fuels used request improvements in the combustioneffectiveness, as a consequence the material for components as the cylinder heads mustenhance their properties. Seven different compositions of compacted graphite iron (CGI)are analysed with the aim of characterized and select the most suitable material for thecylinder head service condition. The present master thesis report focuses on the impactof the matrix- either pearlitic or ferritic- and alloying elements such as molybdenum andnickel in the fatigue crack propagation ratedadNand fracture toughness (kIc).Tests to determined the fatigue crack growth rate, according to the ASTM standardE647 and fracture toughness (ASTM E399) were conducted. The equipment utilized was aservo hydraulic machine, for the fatigue crack propagation rate test and a electromechanicalmachine for the fracture toughness. Moreover, for measure the crack length a portablemicroscope camera and a camera connected to a DIC(digital image correlation) softwarewas used. The interpretation of the data obtained from the tests were done by TEMA- aDIC software- and MATLAB.The test results are analysed describing the influence of the composition and the microstructurehave over the mechanical properties achieved. Furthermore, an analyse forrelating the graphite average length and the hardness with the fatigue crack growth rateand the fracture toughness of the materials is performed.

The final degree project for a Bachelor of Science in Mining and Mineral Engineering has been carried out at Boliden Mineral AB between April and June 2013.The report describes the history and geology of the mines of Boliden, origin and the development of one of the largest metal-mining companies in Europe - Boliden Mineral AB.In the Boliden area there are many important ore fields which contain gold, zinc, copper, silver and lead.The objective of this project was to investigate and provide the guidelines for the improvement of the regrinding in the ball mill in the Concentrator flotation circuit having influence on metal recovery.The report follows the ore flow from the mine, through the Concentrator and finally to the end product, concentrates. The evaluation leads to conclusions which parameters may affect the concentration process negative.It was discovered that there are problems with the ore stockpiles at the mine and the segregation of the fractions in the silos. It is proposed to install a cone on the top of the silos to reduce segregation of ore fractions. To reduce this problem Boliden should install a mobile conveyor on the way to the silos and to the ore stockpiles in the mine. This method has been successfully installed at the Aitik ore stockpiles near the new Concentrator.The main task of the thesis was to analyze metal distribution in the flotation circuit, especially technical analysis of regrinding effects on the results of flotation. The analysis of the sampled pulp from the flotation process was done in the Mineral Processing Laboratory and in the Process Laboratory in Boliden. The analytical equipment such as X-rays and ICP were used for metal analysis and QEMSCAN was used for mineralogical determinations analyses.Theoretical calculations and results of conducted laboratory experiments suggests that regrinding in the ball mill has a positive effect on the flotation process, but some improvement is required, especially the regrinding of the gangue particles. This process helps to liberate all metal particles and improves results of metal recovery. For improvement of regrinding process, it is proposed to replace the regrinding ball mill with a newer, more efficient mill of SMD type (Stirred Media Detritor). / <p>Validerat; 20131218 (global_studentproject_submitter)</p>

Recent decades have attracted board interest in the Rheocasting process. The High demand for lightweight, strong alloys and complex design parameters involves challenges in maintaining cost-effectiveness and energy consumption. A new rheocasting technique based on Rapid Slurry Formation (RSF), called the RheoMetal™ process enables the manufacture of near net-shaped as-cast components. This research aimed to improve the Rheometal™ process by capacitating the Comptech SLURRYMAKER to improve the microstructural properties and estimate the solid fraction and contiguity as per the process parameters. The influence of slurry preparation parameters, solid fraction, and contiguity on rheological behaviour leads to a variety of viscosity, shear stress, shear rate, yield shear stress, and yield point. The study shows a correlation between control variables of the slurry, which are melt temperature, melt mass, Enthalpy Exchange Material (EEM) addition, EEM diameter, EEM stirring speed, impeller stirring speed, and impeller stirring time against solid fraction and contiguity of the A356 alloy microstructure in the state of Semi-Solid Metal (SSM).