Thesis (Ph.D.)--Kent State University, 2006. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Mar. 5, 2009). Advisor: C. Owen Lovejoy. Keywords: growth plate, bone, epiphyses, proliferation, reserve zone, endochondral ossification, evolution, chondrocyte, histology, mouse, alligator, differential growth, PTHrP, PTH/PTHrP-receptor, Patched, Indian hedgehog, Bag-1. Includes bibliographical references (p. 144-155).

A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, November 2012. / Hominoids practice a diverse array of locomotor behavior, from obligate terrestrial bipedalism to arboreal suspensory behavior, which is reflected in the variable morphology found in their foot bones. That hominin foot bones reflect locomotor behavior is also clear, but the forms of locomotor behaviors to be inferred are less clear. Pressure plate studies indicate that the center of pressure tends to move medially in the human foot during the last half of stance phase of bipedal gaits, while it tends to remain relatively more lateral in the bonobo and chimpanzee foot during the last half of stance phase. Here is presented a comparison of metatarsals of Homo sapiens[n=22] and two species of Pan (Pan paniscus [n=15] Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii [n=22]in order to explore the relationship between Homo and Pan metatarsal morphology and foot function. Specifically, this dissertation addresses whether cortical thickness is associated with the position of maximum change in geometry on the plantar surface in metatarsals.

[Truncated abstract] Limitation of sagittal plane dorsiflexion, or hallux limitus (HL), represents the second most commonly encountered pathomechanical disorder affecting the first metatarsophalangeal joint, after hallux valgus (HV). The kinematic role of the first metatarsophalangeal joint represents an integral component of the gait cycle. It has often been reported that for adequate leverage and propulsion to occur during normal gait, the hallux must be able to dorsiflex approximately 65° on the head of the first metatarsal. Secondary gait compensation mechanisms have often been observed clinically as a result of HL. The effect of HL on gait can be reflected in transverse plane alteration of the foot in relation to the line of progression during gait, defined as the angle of gait (AOG). The first purpose of this study served to investigate potential differences in dynamic angle of gait AOG in subjects with HL compared to a control group. A validated technique using coloured powdered footprints was used to quantify AOG. Furthermore, it was required to establish whether the relative amount of transverse plane motion observed in the AOG was related to factors intrinsic or extrinsic to the foot. Intrinsic factors such as the amount of forefoot to rearfoot abduction was considered, and achieved by measuring the rearfoot to forefoot axis (RFA) angle using a weight bearing composite (COMP) view radiograph. The remaining objectives of the study served to investigate other common aetiological factors associated with HL and their potential influence on AOG in subjects with HL ... Results further indicated that the amount of first metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion did not appear to influence AOG in the two groups, and that AOG did not reflect the iii amount of forefoot to rearfoot abduction in a foot with HL compared to the control group. When comparing foot type, as indicated by CIA, it appeared AOG did not significantly alter between the HL and control groups. Finally, the results indicated AOG did not differ significantly between subjects with unilateral HL. This thesis study indicated that with the current sample population, the wide variability in AOG prevented detection of any subtle differences that may exist in subjects with HL. Results also emphasised the need to incorporate other variables such as symptomology and foot dominance when considering the effects first metatarsophalangeal joint pathology might have on HL, such as AOG.

An acht isolierten Hinterbeinen gliedmaßengesunder Rinder wurden röntgen- und querschnittsanatomische Untersuchungen des Tarsus, Metatarsus und der Phalangen durchgeführt. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Tierarten gab es bisher für das Rind noch keine Erkenntnisse zur Interpretation von MRT-Befunden. Zur besseren Orientierung werden magnetresonanztomographische und anatomische Schnitte gegenübergestellt und bewertet. Es sind 23 transversale Ebenen in T1-gewichteten Sequenzen beschrieben worden. Die röntgenanatomischen Untersuchungen erfolgten immer in den beiden Standardebenen und für Sprunggelenk und Zehe zusätzlich in zwei schrägen Aufnahmerichtungen. Mit den Untersuchungen wurde nachgewiesen, dass die verwendeten Röntgenrichtungen für eine umfassende Darstellung von Knochen und Gelenken geeignet sind. Durch die verschiedenen Aufnahmerichtungen konnten die meisten Bereiche überlagerungsfrei herausprojiziert und der Beurteilung zugänglich gemacht werden. Fast alle anatomischen Strukturen wurden in der MRT-Untersuchung dargestellt und voneinander differenziert. Über den direkten Vergleich zum anatomischen Sägeschnitt zeichneten sich die MRT-Befunde durch einen sehr hohen Informationsgehalt aus. Das Magic Angle Phänomen konnte im Bereich von Sehnen und Bändern nachgewiesen werden. Die Aufzweigungen des Ramus profundus des N. plantaris lateralis konnten im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung bis in den mittleren Metatarsusbereich nachgewiesen werden. Sie sind bei anderen Tierarten als Nn. metatarsei plantares in der Nomenklatur zu finden. Ausgehend von einer sehr umfangreichen Literaturauswertung erfolgte eine umfassende Zusammenstellung des Erkenntnisstandes unter anatomischen und orthopädischen Gesichtspunkten. Die dabei zusammengetragenen Ergebnisse bilden eine entscheidende Grundlage für die Auswertung und Interpretation von Befunden der Hintergliedmaße des Rindes mit Hilfe der bildgebenden Diagnostik. / The study was based on the evaluation of eight hindlimbs from animals free from orthopedic disease. The tarsus, metatarsus and phalanges were examined radiographically and by MRI to characterize anatomical structures. Twenty-three transverse MRI sections of each limb were collected using T1 weighted images. Corresponding MRI and cross-section anatomical preparations were compared to optimize understanding of structural features. In addition to standard 0° and 90° views of the hindlimbs, oblique views of the tarsus and phalanges were made. Comparison of photographs and images was satifactory for the evaluation of bony structures without superimposition in most cases. MRI examination resulted in visualization and differentiation of tissues in almost every situation. The magic angle phenomenon was observed in areas of tendons and ligaments. The terminal branches of the R. profundus of the N. plantaris lateralis were discernable to the level of the middle of the metatarsus. These branches are described in other species as the Nn. metatarsei plantares. This work was undertaken to document anatomical findings and relationships which may be used as a resource for interpretation of images obtained from the hindlimbs of cattle using various diagnostic imaging modalities.

This thesis is composed of a collection of twelve short stories, varying in length from 2 to 14 pages. Each story contains its own discrete theme, but fits as well within the overarching theme of the collection as a whole. This overarching theme is what gives the collection its cohesiveness. The main theme of the larger work can be found in the title of the collection, People on the Edges of Dreams. In many of the stories dreams, or dream-states, figure in the lives of the protagonists. In addition to the dream-state theme there is a less obvious theme, which has to do with the extent to which most or all of the main characters in the stories are faced with a kind of inescapable compassion for others. For example, the selfinvolved, self-gratifying protagonist in Matador cannot help but feel compassion first for Pearl, the woman he insults, and second for the "bums" on whom his livelihood depends. The theme of inescapable compassion can, I believe, be found to varying degrees in each of the stories in this collection.

An acht isolierten Hinterbeinen gliedmaßengesunder Rinder wurden röntgen- und querschnittsanatomische Untersuchungen des Tarsus, Metatarsus und der Phalangen durchgeführt. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Tierarten gab es bisher für das Rind noch keine Erkenntnisse zur Interpretation von MRT-Befunden. Zur besseren Orientierung werden magnetresonanztomographische und anatomische Schnitte gegenübergestellt und bewertet. Es sind 23 transversale Ebenen in T1-gewichteten Sequenzen beschrieben worden. Die röntgenanatomischen Untersuchungen erfolgten immer in den beiden Standardebenen und für Sprunggelenk und Zehe zusätzlich in zwei schrägen Aufnahmerichtungen. Mit den Untersuchungen wurde nachgewiesen, dass die verwendeten Röntgenrichtungen für eine umfassende Darstellung von Knochen und Gelenken geeignet sind. Durch die verschiedenen Aufnahmerichtungen konnten die meisten Bereiche überlagerungsfrei herausprojiziert und der Beurteilung zugänglich gemacht werden. Fast alle anatomischen Strukturen wurden in der MRT-Untersuchung dargestellt und voneinander differenziert. Über den direkten Vergleich zum anatomischen Sägeschnitt zeichneten sich die MRT-Befunde durch einen sehr hohen Informationsgehalt aus. Das Magic Angle Phänomen konnte im Bereich von Sehnen und Bändern nachgewiesen werden. Die Aufzweigungen des Ramus profundus des N. plantaris lateralis konnten im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung bis in den mittleren Metatarsusbereich nachgewiesen werden. Sie sind bei anderen Tierarten als Nn. metatarsei plantares in der Nomenklatur zu finden. Ausgehend von einer sehr umfangreichen Literaturauswertung erfolgte eine umfassende Zusammenstellung des Erkenntnisstandes unter anatomischen und orthopädischen Gesichtspunkten. Die dabei zusammengetragenen Ergebnisse bilden eine entscheidende Grundlage für die Auswertung und Interpretation von Befunden der Hintergliedmaße des Rindes mit Hilfe der bildgebenden Diagnostik. / The study was based on the evaluation of eight hindlimbs from animals free from orthopedic disease. The tarsus, metatarsus and phalanges were examined radiographically and by MRI to characterize anatomical structures. Twenty-three transverse MRI sections of each limb were collected using T1 weighted images. Corresponding MRI and cross-section anatomical preparations were compared to optimize understanding of structural features. In addition to standard 0° and 90° views of the hindlimbs, oblique views of the tarsus and phalanges were made. Comparison of photographs and images was satifactory for the evaluation of bony structures without superimposition in most cases. MRI examination resulted in visualization and differentiation of tissues in almost every situation. The magic angle phenomenon was observed in areas of tendons and ligaments. The terminal branches of the R. profundus of the N. plantaris lateralis were discernable to the level of the middle of the metatarsus. These branches are described in other species as the Nn. metatarsei plantares. This work was undertaken to document anatomical findings and relationships which may be used as a resource for interpretation of images obtained from the hindlimbs of cattle using various diagnostic imaging modalities.

INTRODUÇÃO: As alterações do comprimento relativo dos metatarsais no plano axial são consideradas por muitos autores uma causa de distribuição inadequada da carga durante a marcha, sobrecarregando as estruturas plantares do antepé, culminando com a metatarsalgia. A meta do tratamento cirúrgico dessa síndrome é estabelecer o alinhamento da fórmula metatarsal. Porém, muitos estudos evidenciam uma taxa de 15% de recidiva da metatarsalgia após a reconstrução do formato preconizado no plano axial, conduzindo a um questionamento sobre a importância do alinhamento das cabeças dos metatarsais no plano coronal. OBJETIVO: Esse estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o padrão de alinhamento das cabeças dos metatarsais no plano coronal com carga, em indivíduos sem e com metatarsalgia. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, avaliou 106 indivíduos entre 30 a 65 anos, dividindo-os em dois grupos de 106 pés cada, um sem dor, deformidades e calosidades nos pés e outro grupo com metatarsalgia entre os 2º, 3º e 4º metatarsais. O recrutamento dos indivíduaos foi realizado no Pronto Socorro do IOT e no ambulatório do IOT HC FMUSP, respeitando os critérios de inclusão, exclusão e aplicando o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Indivíduos com deformidades no mediopé, retropé e tornozelo, pacientes com cirurgias ou fraturas prévias no pé, doenças reumatológicas e síndromes osteoneuromusculares, não foram incluídos. Após a seleção, os indivíduos foram submetidos a duas radiografias, uma axial do antepé com carga, avaliando o plano coronal de modo a aferir as alturas das cabeças dos metatarsais, e uma anteroposterior dos pés com carga, determinando o comprimento de cada raio. A análise estatística foi realizada, comparando as medidas entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 106 indivíduos, divididos em dois grupos com 106 pés cada. No grupo com metatarsalgia, 34 pés (32%) eram de pacientes do sexo masculino, apresentando uma média de idade de 49,5 anos. Foram identificados 33 pés com hálux valgo no grupo com metatarsalgia. No grupo sem patologia 54 pés (51%) eram de pacientes do sexo masculino, apresentando uma média de idade de 44,6 anos. As variáveis antropométricas como tamanho do pé, peso, altura e IMC, entre os grupos, não apresentaram diferença estatística. As cabeças dos metatarsais em ambos grupos se distribuíram em formato não retilíneo no plano coronal, seguindo a fórmula M1 M3 > M4=M5. O apoio distal do 1º raio apresentou uma posição mais plantar no grupo com metatarsalgia (p=0,000). CONCLUSÃO: As cabeças dos metatarsais em indivíduos com metatarsalgia e sem deformidade em valgo do 1º dedo, se alinharam no plano coronal de modo que M1 M3 > M4=M5, sendo M1 < M3, M1 < M4 e o M1 < M5. As cabeças dos metatarsais em indivíduos sem dor, calosidades e deformidades no antepé, se alinharam no plano coronal de modo que M1 M3 > M4=M5, sendo M1 < M3 e M1=M4=M5. No plano coronal o ponto de apoio do M1 se posicionou mais plantar nos pés de indivíduos com metatarsalgia / INTRODUCTION: Many authors consider the differences in the relative length of metatarsals in the axial plane, the cause of inadequate load distribution during the gait, overloading the forefoot plantar structures, culminating with metatarsalgia. The realignment of the metatarsal formula is the goal of surgical treatment of this syndrome. However, many studies have shown a 15% rate of metatarsalgia recurrence after the reconstruction in the axial plane, questioning the importance of the metatarsal heads alignment in the coronal plane. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the alignment pattern of metatarsal heads in the coronal plane in individuals with and without metatarsalgia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study evaluated 106 individuals between 30 and 65 years old. They were divided in two groups of 106 feet each, one without foot pathologies and another group with metatarsalgia between the 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatarsals. The recruitment was performed at the IOT HC FMUSP for both groups, respecting the criteria of inclusion, exclusion and applying the Informed Consent Term. Individuals with midfoot, hindfoot and ankle deformities, patients with previous surgeries or fractures in the foot, rheumatologic diseases and osteoneuromuscular syndromes were not included. After the selection, the subjects were submitted to one weightbearing forefoot axial radiograph, evaluating the coronal plane in order to verify the heights of the metatarsals heads, and other weightbearing anteroposterior foot radiograph, determining the length of each ray. Statistical analysis was performed comparing the measurements between groups. RESULTS: A hundred six individuals were evaluated, forming two groups with 106 feet each. The group with metatarsalgia presented 34 male patients feet (32%), with a mean age of 49.5 years. Thirty-three feet with hallux valgus were identified in the metatarsalgia group. In the non-pathological group were found 54 male patients feet (51%), with a mean age of 44.6 years. Anthropometric variables such as foot size, body weight, height and BMI between the groups did not present statistical difference. The metatarsal heads in both groups were distributed in curved line in the coronal plane, following the formula M1 M3 > M4 = M5. The distal support of the 1st ray was positioned more plantar in the metatarsalgia group (p = 0.000). CONCLUSION: The metatarsal heads in individuals with metatarsalgia and no hallux valgus, were aligned in the coronal plane following this formula M1 M3 > M4 = M5, with M1 < M3, M1 < M4 and M1 < M5. The metatarsal heads in individuals without pain, callosities and forefoot deformities, were aligned in the coronal plane following the position M1 M3 > M4 = M5, with M1 < M3 and M1 = M4 = M5. In the coronal plane, the M1 weightbearing point was more plantar in the feet of individuals with metatarsalgia

INTRODUÇÃO: As alterações do comprimento relativo dos metatarsais no plano axial são consideradas por muitos autores uma causa de distribuição inadequada da carga durante a marcha, sobrecarregando as estruturas plantares do antepé, culminando com a metatarsalgia. A meta do tratamento cirúrgico dessa síndrome é estabelecer o alinhamento da fórmula metatarsal. Porém, muitos estudos evidenciam uma taxa de 15% de recidiva da metatarsalgia após a reconstrução do formato preconizado no plano axial, conduzindo a um questionamento sobre a importância do alinhamento das cabeças dos metatarsais no plano coronal. OBJETIVO: Esse estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o padrão de alinhamento das cabeças dos metatarsais no plano coronal com carga, em indivíduos sem e com metatarsalgia. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, avaliou 106 indivíduos entre 30 a 65 anos, dividindo-os em dois grupos de 106 pés cada, um sem dor, deformidades e calosidades nos pés e outro grupo com metatarsalgia entre os 2º, 3º e 4º metatarsais. O recrutamento dos indivíduaos foi realizado no Pronto Socorro do IOT e no ambulatório do IOT HC FMUSP, respeitando os critérios de inclusão, exclusão e aplicando o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Indivíduos com deformidades no mediopé, retropé e tornozelo, pacientes com cirurgias ou fraturas prévias no pé, doenças reumatológicas e síndromes osteoneuromusculares, não foram incluídos. Após a seleção, os indivíduos foram submetidos a duas radiografias, uma axial do antepé com carga, avaliando o plano coronal de modo a aferir as alturas das cabeças dos metatarsais, e uma anteroposterior dos pés com carga, determinando o comprimento de cada raio. A análise estatística foi realizada, comparando as medidas entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 106 indivíduos, divididos em dois grupos com 106 pés cada. No grupo com metatarsalgia, 34 pés (32%) eram de pacientes do sexo masculino, apresentando uma média de idade de 49,5 anos. Foram identificados 33 pés com hálux valgo no grupo com metatarsalgia. No grupo sem patologia 54 pés (51%) eram de pacientes do sexo masculino, apresentando uma média de idade de 44,6 anos. As variáveis antropométricas como tamanho do pé, peso, altura e IMC, entre os grupos, não apresentaram diferença estatística. As cabeças dos metatarsais em ambos grupos se distribuíram em formato não retilíneo no plano coronal, seguindo a fórmula M1 M3 > M4=M5. O apoio distal do 1º raio apresentou uma posição mais plantar no grupo com metatarsalgia (p=0,000). CONCLUSÃO: As cabeças dos metatarsais em indivíduos com metatarsalgia e sem deformidade em valgo do 1º dedo, se alinharam no plano coronal de modo que M1 M3 > M4=M5, sendo M1 < M3, M1 < M4 e o M1 < M5. As cabeças dos metatarsais em indivíduos sem dor, calosidades e deformidades no antepé, se alinharam no plano coronal de modo que M1 M3 > M4=M5, sendo M1 < M3 e M1=M4=M5. No plano coronal o ponto de apoio do M1 se posicionou mais plantar nos pés de indivíduos com metatarsalgia / INTRODUCTION: Many authors consider the differences in the relative length of metatarsals in the axial plane, the cause of inadequate load distribution during the gait, overloading the forefoot plantar structures, culminating with metatarsalgia. The realignment of the metatarsal formula is the goal of surgical treatment of this syndrome. However, many studies have shown a 15% rate of metatarsalgia recurrence after the reconstruction in the axial plane, questioning the importance of the metatarsal heads alignment in the coronal plane. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the alignment pattern of metatarsal heads in the coronal plane in individuals with and without metatarsalgia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study evaluated 106 individuals between 30 and 65 years old. They were divided in two groups of 106 feet each, one without foot pathologies and another group with metatarsalgia between the 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatarsals. The recruitment was performed at the IOT HC FMUSP for both groups, respecting the criteria of inclusion, exclusion and applying the Informed Consent Term. Individuals with midfoot, hindfoot and ankle deformities, patients with previous surgeries or fractures in the foot, rheumatologic diseases and osteoneuromuscular syndromes were not included. After the selection, the subjects were submitted to one weightbearing forefoot axial radiograph, evaluating the coronal plane in order to verify the heights of the metatarsals heads, and other weightbearing anteroposterior foot radiograph, determining the length of each ray. Statistical analysis was performed comparing the measurements between groups. RESULTS: A hundred six individuals were evaluated, forming two groups with 106 feet each. The group with metatarsalgia presented 34 male patients feet (32%), with a mean age of 49.5 years. Thirty-three feet with hallux valgus were identified in the metatarsalgia group. In the non-pathological group were found 54 male patients feet (51%), with a mean age of 44.6 years. Anthropometric variables such as foot size, body weight, height and BMI between the groups did not present statistical difference. The metatarsal heads in both groups were distributed in curved line in the coronal plane, following the formula M1 M3 > M4 = M5. The distal support of the 1st ray was positioned more plantar in the metatarsalgia group (p = 0.000). CONCLUSION: The metatarsal heads in individuals with metatarsalgia and no hallux valgus, were aligned in the coronal plane following this formula M1 M3 > M4 = M5, with M1 < M3, M1 < M4 and M1 < M5. The metatarsal heads in individuals without pain, callosities and forefoot deformities, were aligned in the coronal plane following the position M1 M3 > M4 = M5, with M1 < M3 and M1 = M4 = M5. In the coronal plane, the M1 weightbearing point was more plantar in the feet of individuals with metatarsalgia