Orientador: Roberto Alves de Oliveira / Banca: Eugênio Foresti / Banca: Maria Bernadete Amâncio Varesche / Banca: Manoel Victor Franco Lemos / Banca: Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour / Resumo: Avaliou-se o desempenho de um reator anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo (UASB) seguido de um filtro anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente, instalados em série, com volume total de 300 L e 190 L, respectivamente, no tratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura. As cargas orgânicas volumétricas aplicadas no reator UASB foram de 9,2 a 26,7 g DQOtotal (L d)-1. Para o pós-tratamento do efluente do sistema de tratamento anaeróbio utilizou-se um filtro biológico percolador (FBP) com volume total de 250 L. O meio suporte utilizado no filtro anaeróbio e no FBP foi composto por anéis de bambu e anéis de eletroduto plástico corrugado. As cargas hidráulicas superficiais (Qs) aplicadas no FBP variaram de 3,5 a 21,1 m3 (m2 d)-1. Os tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) aplicados no sistema de tratamento anaeróbio e pós-tratamento foram de 23,3 a 66,6 h. As produções volumétricas de metano no sistema de tratamento anaeróbio variaram de 0,16 a 0,68 L CH4 (L reator d)-1. Foram observadas eficiências médias de remoção de até 97% para a demanda química de oxigênio total, de 98% para os sólidos suspensos totais, de 78% para o nitrogênio total, de 79% para o fósforo total, de 99,9% para o cobre, de 99,9% para o zinco e de 99,99% para os coliformes termotolerantes, no sistema de tratamento anaeróbio e póstratamento. Com a utilização de diferentes fontes de substrato no ensaio de atividade da microbiota, observou-se o crescimento equilibrado das populações hidrolíticas, acidogênicas, acetogênicas e metanogênicas acetoclásticas e hidrogenotróficas no lodo dos reatores anaeróbios. Com a aplicação da técnica de biologia molecular (metagenômica) foram identificadas no lodo do reator UASB e do filtro anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente arquéias metanogênicas das famílias Methanomicrobiaceae, Methanobacteriacea, Methanosaetaceae e Methanosarcinaceae. / Abstract: The performance of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) followed of the anaerobic filter, installed in series, were evaluated for the treatment of swine wastewater. The total volume of UASB and anaerobic filter were of 300 L and 190 L, respectively. The organic load rate applied on the reactor UASB were of 9.2 to 26.7 g total COD (L d)-1, in the start and assays 1, 2, 3 and 4. For the post-treatment of effluent the anaerobic system was used a trickling filter, with total volume of 250 L. The supports used in the anaerobic filter and trickling filter were composed by bamboo rings in the start up and assays 1 to 2 and plastics rings in the assays 3 to 4. The hydraulic load applied on the trickling filter were of 3.5 to 21.1 m3 (m2 d)-1. The hydraulic detetion time (HDT) applied of system anaerobic and post treatment were 23.3 at 66.6 h. The volumetric methane productions ranged from 0.16 a 0.68 L CH4 (L reactor d)-1. The efficiencies of removal the chemical oxygen demand, total solids suspended, copper, zinc and fecal coliforms were of up to 97, 98, 78, 79, 99.9, 99.9 e 99.99%, respectively, for the anaerobic and post-treatment. With the use of different substratum sources in the assays of specific methanogenic activity, it was observed the balanced growth of the populations of microorganisms in the sludge of anaerobic reactor. The archaeas of the families Methanomicrobiaceae, Methanobacteriaceae; Methanosaetaceae and Methanosarcinaceae were identified in the sludge of the reactor UASB and of the anaerobic filter. / Doutor

Orientador: Roberto Alves de Oliveira / Banca: Egenio Foresti / Banca: Maria Bernadete Amâncio Varesche / Banca: Wanderley José de Melo / Banca: Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour / Resumo: Neste trabalho avaliou-se o desempenho de sistema de tratamento combinado anaeróbio-aeróbio constituído por dois reatores anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo (UASB), em série, em escala piloto (volumes de 510 e 209 L, respectivamente) seguidos de um reator em batelada seqüencial (RBS - volume de trabalho 210 L) aeróbio, tratando águas residuárias de suinocultura com concentrações médias de sólidos suspensos totais (SST) variando de 5 a 11 g L-1 e submetidos a tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 28 e 14 h no primeiro reator (R1), 11 e 6 h no segundo reator (R2) e de 58 e 26 h no RBS. As eficiências médias de remoção de DQO total e SST variaram de 54 a 90% e de 54 a 96%, respectivamente, no conjunto de reatores UASB em dois estágios (R1+R2), com carga orgânica volumétrica (COV) de 11 a 26 g DQO (L d)-1 no R1. A produção volumétrica máxima de metano de 1,613 m3 CH4 (m3 reator d)-1 ocorreu no R1, com COV de 19 g DQO (L d)-1 e TDH de 14 h. No RBS aeróbio, como pós-tratamento do efluente gerado nos reatores UASB, as eficiências médias de remoção foram 89%, 93%, 61%, 89% e 71% para a DQO total, SST, P-total, NTK e NT, respectivamente, com COV variando de 0,4 a 3,6 g DQO (L d)-1. Assim, no sistema de tratamento combinado anaeróbio-aeróbio (R1+R2+RBS), as eficiências médias de remoção da DQO total, SST, P-total, NTK e NT atingiram valores de 96 a 99%, 96 a 99%, 77 a 85%, 76 a 97% e 68 a 89%, respectivamente, e dos micronutrientes de 77 a 98%, 94 a 99%, 83 a 97% e de 62 a 99% para Fe, Zn, Cu e Mn, respectivamente, Para os coliformes termotolerantes, as eficiências de remoção médias foram de 93,80 a 99,99%, obtendo-se valores mínimos de 2,3 x 103 NMP/100 mL. A atividade metanogênica específica do lodo dos reatores UASB foi mais elevada quando se utilizou o propionato + butirato como fonte de substrato, e quando os reatores foram operados... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In this work a combination between aerobic and anaerobic treatment systems constituted by two Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Reactor (UASB) in series, in a pilot scale (510 and 209 L volume each respectively) followed by a sequential batch reactor (SBR - 210L net volume) aerobic, treating swine residual water having from 5 to 11 g L-1 of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and under a hydraulic detention timing (HDT) of 28 and 14 hours in the first reactor (R1), 11 and 6 hours in the second reactor (R2) and 58 and 26 hours in the Sequential Batch Reactor (RBS). The COD and TSS average efficiency varied from 54 to 90% and from 54 to 96% respectively in the UASB two stages (R1 and R2), in a volumetric organic load (VOL) varying from 11 to 26g COD (L d)-1 in the R1. The maximum methane volumetric production was 1.613 m3 CH4 (m3 reactor d)-1 in the R1, having a 19g COD (L d)-1 and an HDT of 14h. Using an aerobic SBR as an effluent pretreater that was generate in the UASB reactors, it was reached an average of removing efficiency of 89%, 93%, 61%, 89% and 71% to total COD, TSS, total P, TNK and TN, respectively, COD varying from 0.4 to 3.6 g COD (L d)-1. This way, in the anaerobic-aerobic combined system (R1 + R2 + RBS) the total COD, TSS, total P, TNK and TN, average removing reached values from 96 to 99%, 96 to 99%, 77 to 85%, 76 to 97% and 68 to 89%, respectively. To Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn the average efficiency was from 77 to 98%, 94 to 99%, 83 to 97% and 62 to 99%, respectively. To the thermotolerant coliforms the removal efficiency average was from 93.80 to 99.99% reaching the lower value of 2.3 x 103 MPN/100 mL. The sludge specific methanogenic activity in the UASB reactors was more elevated when was used the propionate + butyrate as substrate in conjunction with the operation of 28 HDT, 11h and TSS affluent around 5 g L-1, reaching 0.443 and 0.206 mmol CH4 (g SV h)-1 in the reactors R1 and R2, respectively. / Doutor

Neste trabalho foi realizada a caracterização microbiana anaeróbia de reatores anaeróbios diferenciais horizontais e em batelada, operados sob condições sulfetogênicas e mesofílicas (30ºC). Os reatores diferenciais foram preenchidos com diferentes materiais suportes (espuma de poliuretano, carvão vegetal, polietileno reciclado de baixa densidade e cerâmica porosa à base de alumina) visando a seleção do suporte adequado para otimização do processo sulfetogênico, para a relação DQO/sulfato de aproximadamente 0,67. Os reatores diferenciais foram alimentados diariamente com esgoto sintético, contendo aproximadamente 1000 mg/L de DQO e 1500 mg/L de sulfato, durante 28 dias de operação. A caracterização microbiana foi realizada através da técnica de hibridação in situ fluorescente (FISH), microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Foram realizadas quantificações, em termos de porcentagens, de microrganismos pertencentes ao Domínio Bacteria (EUB338), Domínio Archaea (ARC915) e bactérias redutoras do íon sulfato (BRS) da subdivisão delta de Proteobacteria (SRB385). Nos reatores diferenciais, houve predomínio de bactérias em todos os suportes estudados. Os reatores diferenciais operados com espuma e carvão apresentaram maiores porcentagens de BRS, com valores iguais a 57,6% e 69,7%, respectivamente. A cerâmica foi o material que apresentou melhor equilíbrio de bactérias e arqueas metanogênicas, com 59,6% e 40,9%, respectivamente. Os reatores em batelada foram operados com espuma de poliuretano e carvão vegetal com relação DQO/sulfato de aproximadamente 3. As porcentagens de BRS quantificadas pelo FISH foram iguais a 65,3% e 69,1% para espuma e carvão, respectivamente. Em ambos os reatores o carvão vegetal foi o material mais favorável à sulfetogênese. / This research reports an anaerobic microbial characterization of both, a horizontal differential anaerobic and a batch reactors, operated at sulfidogenic and mesofilic conditions at 30ºC. The differential reactors were filled with four support materials (polyurethane foam, vegetable coal, recycled polyethylene of low density and alumin based porous ceramic) aiming the selection of a more appropriated support for optimization of sulfidogenic processes (ratio COD/sulfate of approximately 0.67). Differential reactors were fed daily with synthetic sewage, containing approximately 1000 mg/L of COD and 1500 mg/L of sulfate concentrations, during 28 days of operation. Microbial characterization was accomplished using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), optic and scanning electronic microscopy. It was realized a quantification, in percentages, of microorganisms belong to Bacteria Domain (EUB338), Archaea Domain (ARC915) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) of delta subdivision Proteobacteria (SRB385). Differential reactors have shown predominance of bacteria in all the support materials studied. Differential reactors operated with foam and coal presented the greatest percentages of SRB, with values equal to 57.6% and 69.7%, respectively. The ceramic was the material that presented the best equilibrium of bacteria and methanogenic archaea, with 59.6% and 40.9%, respectively. Batch reactors were operated with polyurethane foam and vegetable coal with COD/sulfate ratio of approximately 3. Percentages of SRB quantified by FISH were equals to 65.3% and 69.1% for foam and coal, respectively. In both reactors the vegetable coal have shown to be the most favorable material to sulfidogenesis.

O estudo sobre a comunidade microbiana de um sistema de tratamento biológico de águas residuárias é de particular interesse, uma vez que o conhecimento da microbiologia do processo pode levar ao aperfeiçoamento de projetos e ao aumento da eficiência dos sistemas. Este trabalho avaliou a atividade microbiana, particularmente a metanogênica, na lagoa de estabilização anaeróbia da estação de tratamento de esgotos sanitários do município de Cajati - SP. Para isso adotou a taxonomia polifásica na caracterização dos microrganismos e de seus aspectos funcionais, buscando o conhecimento da diversidade dos microrganismos e suas relações nesse tipo de sistema anaeróbio. Objetivou também contribuir para o estabelecimento de um protocolo seguro na realização dos ensaios de atividade metanogênica específica (AME). Os estudos foram realizados com amostras dos sedimento da lagoa coletadas em três períodos diferentes, a saber: outubro/2003, outubro/2004 e dezembro/2004. Durante as amostragens foram determinadas variáveis abióticas como temperatura, condutividade, pH, potencial de óxido-redução e teor de oxigênio dissolvido. Medidas do conteúdo de sólidos totais e voláteis (SV) foram também realizadas. A avaliação da atividade microbiana foi feita por exames microscópicos de contraste de fase e fluorescência, AME, determinação do DNAtotal, FISH - hibridização in-situ com sondas fluorescentes e DGGE - eletroforese em gel com gradiente linear de agentes desnaturantes. Também procedeu-se a contagem de protozoários e análise da presença de algas e cianobactérias. Os resultados revelaram que ocorreu variação nas condições do processo biológico nos períodos amostrados, sendo que em outubro/2004, durante período de fortes chuvas e ventos, a eficiência na redução da DBO foi apenas 18,2%. Nesse período, constatou-se organismos como algas do gênero Chorella sp e cianobactérias do gênero Merismopedia sp. Nas demais coletas a remoção da matéria orgânica medida em DBO foi superior a 80%, com boa atividade anaeróbia. Os resultados mostraram que a relação So/Xo de 0,25 gDQO/g SV foi a mais adequada para determinar o valor de AME, e os ensaios com as amostras de outubro/2003 e dezembro/2004 revelaram valores de AME na faixa de 0,85 a 0,21 mg\'CH IND.4\'/gSV.d. Constatou-se a ocorrência de alterações na estrutura da comunidade microbiana inicial em relação à final do experimento de AME, por meio do DGGE. Verifcou-se também nesses ensaios, que o conteúdo de SV inicial variou entre amostras e substratos, conferindo alta variabilidade ao teste. Os perfís de DGGE das amostras coletadas revelaram variação na estrutura das comunidades microbianas no sedimento, e maior diversidade de bactérias e arquéias quando a lagoa anaeróbia apresentava boa eficiência na redução da DBO. A técnica FISH como adotada não foi eficaz para quantificar e identificar os microrganismos devido ao excesso de hibridizações inespecíficas. Mesmo com suas limitações, a técnica FISH revelou a presença de microrganismos dos Domínios Bacteria e Archaea. Nesse caso, a Família Methanobacteriaceae, a ordem Methanomicrobiales e o gênero Methanosaeta sp. foram confirmados. Nas diferentes coletas, foram identificados protozoários dos gêneros Paramecium sp. e Vorticella sp., e rotíferos dos gêneros Brachionus sp., Trichocerca sp., Synchaeta sp. e Keratella sp. / Microbial diversity studies have remarkable relevance since the knowledge about the microbiology of process can improve plants and system efficiency. This work assessed microbial activity, specially methanogenic, at anaerobic pond for domestic wastewater treatment in the city of Cajati, São Paulo State, Brazil. Poliphasic taxonomy was adopted in onder to contribute to the understanding of microbial community diversity and functionality. As well as to contribute for the establishment of a protocol to the specific methanogenic activity test (SMA). Three periods of sampling were done at the sediment of the anaerobic pond (october 2003, october 2004 and december 2004). Abiotic variables as temperature, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen and redox potential were measured at sampling time. TS and VS contents were determined in the samples. Microbial studies were done by observation on optical and fluorescent microscopy, analyse of SMA, totalDNA quantitation, counting of protozoa, analyze of algal and cyanobacteria presence, as well as application of two molecular techniques: Fluorescent in-situ Hybridization (FISH) and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE). Results showed that general conditions of the anaerobic pond changed among samplings. On October 2004, when the rain and wind were very strong, the organic matter removal efficiency (BOD basis) in the anaerobic pond was low (18.2%) and predominant microorganisms were of aerobic algae, as Chorella sp, and the blue-green algae Merismopedia sp. On the other hand, the removal of organics at other two samplings was more than 80% and the anaerobic microbial activity was verified in the sample. SMA tests showed the food/microorganism rate (F/M) of 0.25 gDQO/g VS was the most suitable to the samples. The results showed SMA values between 0.85 and 0.21 mg\'CH IND.4\'/gVS.d for samples of October 2003 and October 2004. SMA test induced modifications in the structure of the microbial community according to DGGE-profile. In addition, VS content, which was used in the SMA tests as biomass measurement, displayed variable behavior making test results difficult to interpret in some situations. DGGE-profile showed variation in the sediment community structure. Higher bacterial and archaeal diversity was observed when anaerobic pond showed 80%, or more, of DBO removal. FISH technique was not a suitable method to secure quantification and identification of the microorganisms from in excess. In spite of the technique limitations, it was possible to identify microorganisms of Bacteria Domain, Archaea Domain, Methanobacteriaceae Family, Methanomicrobiales Order, and microorganisms belonging to Methanosaeta genus. Paramecium and Vorticella were the protozoans identified in all samplings. Rotifers belonging to genders Brachionus, Trichocerca, Synchaeta and Keratella were also observed.

Foram operados dois reatores UASB de bancada (volumes de 39,0 e 10,5 L) instalados em série, alimentados com águas residuárias de suinocultura com concentração de sólidos suspensos totais (SST), no primeiro reator, em torno de 5000 mg/L, com temperatura controlada (de 25 a 30 graus Celsius) e com tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) no primeiro reator de 62 a 16 h e no segundo de 16 a 4 h. O objetivo foi avaliar o desempenho e caracterizar física e microbiologicamente o lodo dos reatores UASB operados em dois estágios. Os resultados obtidos no ensaio 1, com TDH de 62 h no primeiro reator e SST no afluente de 5240 mg/L, mostraram eficiências de remoção de DQO total de 86% e 59% e SST de 82% e 57%, no primeiro e segundo reatores, respectivamente. A eficiência de remoção de DQO total e SST no sistema, no ensaio 1, foi de 95% e 94%. No ensaio 2, com TDH de 31 h no primeiro reator e SST de 5000 mg/L no afluente, observou-se eficiência de remoção de DQO total de 86% e 43% e SST de 85% e 58%, no primeiro e segundo reatores, respectivamente. A eficiência de remoção de DQO total e SST no sistema, no ensaio 2, foi de 92% e 94%. No ensaio 3, com TDH de 16 h no primeiro reator e SST de 5490 mg/L no afluente, observou-se eficiência de remoção de DQO total de 73% e 23% e SST de 65% e 20%, no primeiro e segundo reatores, respectivamente. A eficiência de remoção de DQO total e SST no sistema, no ensaio 3, foi de 79% e 73%. A TCOV aplicada no primeiro reator, no ensaio 1, foi de 4,55 kg DQO total/\'M POT.3\'.d, no ensaio 2 de 8,75 kg DQO total/\'M POT.3\'.d e no ensaio 3 de 18,65 kg DQO total/\'M POT.3\'.d. A produção de \'CH IND.4\' no primeiro reator foi de 17,50 a 68,20 L \'CH IND.4\'/d e no segundo reator de 1,62 a 5,50 L \'CH IND.4\'/d com a diminuição do TDH. Os reatores UASB instalados em série foram eficientes na remoção da fração dissolvida e, principalmente, da fração devido à concentração de SST do afluente. Para TCOV de 4,55 kg DQO/\'M POT.3\'.d no primeiro reator, pôde-se obter eficiências de remoção de DQO total e de SST acima de 90% e de DQO dissolvida acima de 85%. Para TCOV de 18,65 kg DQO/\'M POT.3\'.d no primeiro reator, as eficiências de remoção de DQO total e de SST foram acima de 70% e DQO dissolvida acima de 75%. As maiores produções específicas de metano foram obtidas com TCOV de 2,55 kg DQO/\'M POT.3\'.d para o segundo reator e de 8,65 kg DQO/\'M POT.3\'.d para o primeiro reator. A operação dos reatores UASB com valores de concentração de SST no afluente em torno de 5000 mg/L foram prejudiciais ao processo de granulação do lodo. Os grânulos apresentaram distribuição dispersa das morfologias microbianas ao longo da parede, não caracterizando a divisão em camadas definidas. As arqueas metanogênicas predominantes foram as semelhantes à Methanosaeta. / Two bench scale UASB reactors (volumes of 39,0 and 10,5 L) were operated in sequence, fed with swine wastewater with total suspended solids (TSS) concentration around 5000 mg/L in the first reactor, with controlled temperature (from 25 to 30 Celsius degrees) and operating with hydraulic detention time (HDT) in the first reactor varying from 62 to 16 h and in the second reactor from 16 to 4 h. The objective was to evaluate the performance and to characterize physically and microbiologically the sludge from UASB reactors operated in two stages treating swine wastewater. The results obtained in phase 1, with HDT of 62 h in the first reactor and TSS in the influent of 5240 mg/L, presented total COD removal efficiencies of 86% and 59% and TSS reduction efficiency of 82% and 57%, in the first and second reactors, respectively. The removal efficiency of total COD and TSS in the system, in phase 1, was 95% and 94%, respectively. In the phase 2, using HDT of 31 h in the first reactor and TSS of 5000 mg/L in the influent, it was observed a total COD removal efficiency of 86% and 43% and TSS reduction efficiency of 85% and 58%, in the first and second reactors, respectively. The system removal efficiency of total COD and TSS in phase 2, was 92% and 94%, respectively. In phase 3, with a HDT of 16 h in the first reactor and TSS of 5490 mg/L in the influent, it was observed a total COD removal efficiency of 73% and 23% and TSS reduction efficiency of 65% and 20%, in the first and second reactors, respectively. The total COD removal efficiency and TSS reduction efficiency in the system, in phase 3, was 79% and 73%, respectively. The volumetric organic loading rate (VOLR) applied in the first reactor, in phase 1, was 4,55 kg total COD/\'M POT.3\'.d, in phase 2 was 8,75 kg total COD/\'M POT.3\'.d and in phase 3 was 18,65 kg total COD/\'M POT.3\'.d. The \'CH IND.4\' production in the first reactor was from 17,50 to 68,20 L \'CH IND.4\'/d and in the second reactor from 1,62 to 5,50 L \'CH IND.4\'/d decreasing the HDT in the experiment phases. The UASB reactor installed in sequence were efficient in the dissolved fraction removal and, mainly, to the fraction due to the TSS influent concentration. The total VOL value of 4,55 kg COD/\'M POT.3\'.d was measured in the first reactor, it was achieved TSS and total COD removal efficiencies above 90% and dissolved COD above 85%. For the OVL of 18,65 kg COD/\'M POT.3\'.d in the first reactor the TSS and total COD removal were above 70% and dissolved COD above 75%. The larger methane specific production was obtained with a total VOL of 2,55 kg COD/\'M POT.3\'.d in the second reactor and 8.65 kg COD/\'M POT.3\'.d in the first reactor. The UASB reactors operation with the TSS concentration values of 5000 mg/L in the influent was prejudicing the sludge granulation process. The granules present a microbial morphology disperse distribution that doesn\'t characterize a layers defined distribution. The predominant metonogenic archeas were similar to Methanosaeta.

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de verificar a eficiência de um reator anaeróbio híbrido (RAH) alimentado com uma mistura de ácidos orgânicos acético, propiônico, butírico, e láctico, bem como do álcool metanol, perfazendo uma DQO de 6,88 g/L, e avaliar nessas condições, a degradação do pentaclorofenol (PCP) na faixa de 2,0 a 21,0 mg/L. O RAH apresentou adequada performance na ausência de PCP, tendo sido inoculado com um lodo com AME cerca de 0,57 g DQO-CH4/g SV.d. Durante os 21 meses de operação do RAH na ausência de PCP verificou-se uma remoção média de DQO de 93% produção média de metano de 84%. Através de testes de toxicidade realizadas em batelada com o lodo granulado do RAH, antes da adição de PCP no reator, calculou-se o IC50, cujos valores foram 10, 12 e 13,69 mg/L. Na presença de PCP na faixa de 2,0 a 2,1 mg/L, o RAH apresentou remoção média de DQO de 96,7%, produção média de metano de 85,5% e remoção dos ácidos voláteis próxima a 74% do acético, 93% do butírico e 64% do propiônico. Individualmente, na presença da maior concentração de PCP adicionada, ocorreu decréscimo na remoção dos ácidos voláteis, principalmente do ácido propiônico e na taxa de conversão DQO/biogás. O PCP foi removido do sistema na ordem de 99% pela ação do lodo granulado com predominância do grupo das Archaea metanogênicas, verificada por exames microscópicos e hibridação \"in situ\". Valores da ordem de grandeza microbiana para os microrganismos metanogênicos nos períodos anteriores e posteriores a adição de PCP permaneceram na faixa de 105 e 106 céls./mL, quando cultivados em metanol e lactato mais sulfato, respectivamente. Os resultados sugerem que as Archaea metanogênicas podem estar envolvidas na degradação do PCP. A velocidade de remoção do organoclorado foi igual a 1,07 mg PCP/g SV.d quando a maior concentração de PCP foi estudada (21,0 mg/L). / The present research aimed to verify the efficiency of an Anaerobic Hybrid Reactor (AHR) supplied with a mixture of fatty acids, acetic, propionic, butyric and lactic and methanol as well. The total amount of COD was 6.88 g/L. The performance of the reactor was remarkably stable and efficient during PCP additions at range from 2.0 to 21.0 mg/L. The AHR showed a great performance in the PCP absence, inoculated with sludge with an specific methanogenic (SMA) activity of 0,057 g.COD-CH4/g. VS.d. During the 21 months of operation without PCP, the reduction of COD was around 93% and methane was up to 84% in the biogas. Before PCP addiction, two toxicity batch tests conducted with the granular sludge presented IC50 values around 10.12 mg/L and 13.69 mg/L. In the presence of PCP, at the range of 2.0 to 21.0 mg/L, the efficiency of volatile fatty acids breakdown was 93%, 64% and 74% respectively for butyric, propionic and acetic acids. Individually, at the presence of the higher PCP concentration studied, a decrease in the conversion of COD to biogas and organic acids removal occurred, mainly with propionic acid. PCP total removal of more than 99% was reached by granular sludge activities formed by the total time of reactor operation with a prevalence of methanogenic Archaea, verified under direct microscopy exams and in situ hybridization. Methanogenic cells predominance was noticed with 105 to 106 cells/mL during enumeration on methanol and lactate plus sulfate culture media, respectively. The results suggest that methanogenic Archaea can be involved in PCP degradation. The organochlorine removal rate was 1.07 mg PCP.g-1 VS.d-1 during the highest PCP (21.0 mg/L) concentration addition.

Orientador: Marcus César Avezum Alves de Castro / Resumo: No Brasil são geradas quantidades significativas de resíduos orgânicos provenientes das perdas no segmento de produção e processamento da cadeia de fornecimento de alimentos, ou desperdiçadas no varejo e no consumo final. Ainda, no país há carência de aplicações do processo de digestão anaeróbia no tratamento dos resíduos orgânicos alimentares, tornando pertinente seu estudo. Este trabalho analisou a influência de diferentes proporções de resíduos alimentares no processo de biometanização. Os substratos consistiram de resíduos orgânicos coletados em restaurante universitário, sendo divididos em dois grupos: Resíduos de Pré-Preparo dos alimentos (RPP) e Resíduos de Sobras das refeições (RS). Testes em batelada foram realizados para avaliar o Potencial Bioquímico de Metano (BMP) das diferentes proporções de resíduos, sob condições mesofílica e termofílica, tendo como fontes de inóculos dois lodos anaeróbios granulares provenientes de reatores UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket). Para verificar a atividade dos lodos foram realizados testes de Atividade Metanogênica Específica (AME), tendo o acetato como fonte de carbono, com aplicação de diferentes relações Substrato/Inóculo (So/Xo) (0,5, 1,0 e 1,5). Os resultados dos testes de AME sob condições mesofílica e termofílica demonstraram bom desempenho dos inóculos com índices 0,1965 e 0,1559 g DQOCH4.g STV-1.d-1, respectivamente, sendo que a relação So/Xo=1,0 foi a mais indicada para aplicação na biodigestão anaeróbia dos resíduo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In Brazil, significant amounts of organic waste are generated from losses in the production and processing segment of the food supply chain, or wasted on retail and final consumption. Still, in the country there is a lack of applications of the anaerobic digestion process in the treatment of organic food residues, making its study pertinent. This work analyzed the influence of different proportions of food residues on the biomethanization process. The substrates consisted of organic residues collected in a university restaurant, being divided into two groups: Food Pre-Preparation Residues (RPP) and Residues of Leftovers from meals (RS). Batch tests were carried out to evaluate the Biochemical Potential of Methane (BMP) of the different proportions of residues, under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, having as inoculum sources two granular anaerobic sludge from UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactors. In order to verify the activity of the sludges, tests of Specific Methanogenic Activity (AME) were carried out, with acetate as carbon source, applying different Substrate/Inoculum (So/Xo) ratios (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5). The results of the AME tests under mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures showed good performance of the inoculum with indexes 0.1965 and 0.1559 g DQOCH4.g STV-1.d-1, respectively, with the ratio So/Xo=1.0 was the most indicated for application in anaerobic biodigestion of food waste. BMP tests under different proportions of food residues demonstrated ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Foram estudados três procedimentos para o tratamento prévio de amostras provenientes de três sistemas de biodigestão anaeróbia operados com resíduos sólidos urbanos padronizados (RSUDp), com o fim de promover o desprendimento de células microbianas de fibras e outros materiais, e com isso obter um inóculo mais homogêneo para contagens celulares. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes: (a) suspensão de amostras em tampão fosfato e processamento em liqüidificador; (b) homogeneização mecânica e manual de amostras em solução mineral anaeróbia; (c) amostras submetidas a banho de ultra-som. O método do Número Mais Provável (NMP) foi utilizado para avaliar o número de bactérias celulolíticas e arqueas metanogênicas, em meio mineral contendo celulose em pó. Não foram constatadas diferenças entre os três tratamentos empregados, considerando-se os valores encontrados para ambos os grupos, da ordem de 102 células/mL. O tratamento com ultra-som foi escolhido para outras determinações em função da simplicidade quanto à manipulação. Assim, foram operados dois biorreatores anaeróbios com RSUDp para avaliação da reprodutibilidade dos valores das amostras após tratamento com ultra-som, para a determinação do número de microrganismos (celulolíticos, acetogênicos e metanogênicos) e avaliação da atividade microbiana anaeróbia na degradação do RSUDp. Os resultados das contagens de bactérias celulolíticas e arqueas metanogênicas pelo método do NMP em meio contendo celulose não foram superiores a 103 células/mL, e as réplicas foram bastante semelhantes. O aumento do número do grupo metanogênico pôde ser correlacionado com o aumento dos teores de metano no biorreator amostrado. As contagens de organismos acetogênicos e metanogênicos em meio mineral com fontes específicas revelou valores até 103 células/mL. Os tipos morfológicos predominantes nos exames microscópicos dos sistemas de biodigestão foram bacilos curvos, retos, sarcinas e cistos de sarcinas e as amostras dos tubos de contagem mostraram para celulolíticas, bacilos, cocos e sarcinas, para acetogênicas bacilos, bacilos espessos, cocos e cistos de sarcinas e para as arqueas metanogênicas bacilos fluorescentes e sarcinas. A evolução do processo de biodigestão anaeróbia nos dois últimos sistemas operados mostrou-se bastante próxima a proposta por BARLAZ et al. (1989b), em que o número de bactérias celulolíticas e de arqueas metanogênicas aumenta na fase considerada metânica acelerada. O conteúdo de sólidos totais diminuiu em 50% ao longo do processo e os teores de ácidos orgânicos voláteis diminuíram de 27,5 para 8, 79 g de ác. acético/L. / Three different treatments were applied to samples from three anaerobic biodigestion systems operated with standardized municipal solid waste to promote the release of microbial cells adhered to fibers and other materials, resulting in a more homogeneous inoculum to cellular counting. The following treatments were applied to the samples: a) suspension in phosphate buffer followed by blending; b) mechanical and hand homogenization in anaerobic mineral solution; c) sonication in ultrasound bath. The Most Probable Number (MPN) technique was employed to evaluate the populations of cellulolytic bacteria and methanogenic Archaea, in mineral medium containing powdered cellulose. The populations of both groups of microorganisms were close to 102 cells/mL independently of the treatment applied to release the cells and no clear distinction among them could be made concerning their efficiencies. In view of this fact the ultrasound treatment was employed in all other determinations due to its simple execution. Two anaerobic bioreactors operated with standardized municipal solid waste were monitored to evaluate the reliability of sonication as a procedure for cell release, to determine microorganism populations (cellulolytic, acetogenic bacteria and methanogenic Archaea) and to evaluate the microbial anaerobic activity concerning the biodegradation of the standardized municipal solid waste. Cellulolytic bacteria and methanogenic Archaea had similar populations (lower than 103 cells/mL) as well as acetogenic and methanogenic microorganisms (up to 103 cells/mL). The increase in the methanogenic population could be directly related to the increase of methane production in the studied reactor. The morphological types which predominate in the microscopic examinations of the biodigestion systems were curved and straight rods and sarcina. The tubes for MPN countings showed the presence of rods, coccus and sarcina for cellulolytic bacteria; rods, tick rods, coccus and sarcina for acetogenic bacteria and fluorescent rods and sarcina for methanogenic Archaea. The evolution of the anaerobic biodigestion process in the latter two monitored systems was very similar to the one proposed by BARLAZ et al. ( 1989b) where the number of cellulolytic bacteria and methanogenic Archaea increase during the accelerated methane phase. The total content of solids decreased 50% during the process and the volatile acidity decreased from 27,5 g acetic acid/L to 8,79 g acetic acid/L.

Thesis (Msc Food Sc (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The food and beverage industry generates large volumes of wastewater annually. The disposal of factory effluent from the fruit processing industry has always been a cause of concern to both the fruit processors and controlling bodies responsible for effluent management. Traditional disposal of wastewater into sewerage works has become undesirable due to its economical and environmental impacts. Therefore, on-site anaerobic treatment of wastewater has received considerable interest due to lower capital outlays and energy recovery possibilities. Thus, the aim of this study was to establish an operational treatment profile for an anaerobic pond system treating fruit-processing wastewater. The specific activity of the microbial populations was also monitored to determine the effect of the fruit processing seasons (peak and off-peak season). The biogas production potential at various temperatures was also assessed to determine the viability of methane recovery. The influence of the processing and environmental conditions on the ponds’ performance was established by monitoring various process parameters. The results showed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels decreased during the off-peak season but the pond pH remained relatively stable between 6.0 and 6.4 during the entire year. Pond alkalinity was found to be dependent on the regular lime dosing to maintain the necessary alkalinity. The volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations indicated that the microbial populations of the pond were functioning well. However, a decrease in microbial activity and VFA concentrations were observed at the lower temperatures during the winter months. The temperature profile of the pond showed that the pond temperature was impacted by the fluctuations in the ambient air temperature. The general trend established by the operational treatment profile clearly showed the impact of the peak and off-peak season. The sludge activity of the anaerobic pond was evaluated to determine the effect of the apple-processing peak and off-peak season on the specific activity of the acidogenic and methanogenic populations within the sludge. An activity test using four different test media was used during the activity assays. Sludge samples were taken at four different sampling positions across the pond’s sludge bed. The sludge was also subjected to a biogas formation study, which was designed to simulate pond conditions on laboratory scale in order to evaluate the biogas production potential of the anaerobic pond. The cumulative biogas volume and total CH4 composition showed little or no difference between the four sludge sampling sites. A major difference was found between the activity of the microbial populations during the peak and off-peak seasons. The overall trend regarding the biogas production rate (SB) and the methane production rate (SM) values showed an increased activity during peak-season and a decreased activity during off-peak season. For the biogas formation test the highest incubation temperature (25°C) resulted in the most biogas being produced, followed by 18°C, and with 10°C resulting in the lowest biogas volume. The biogas formation tests indicated that microbial activity and therefore biogas production was dependent on especially favourable temperature conditions. The pond and activity of the microbial populations are therefore influenced by factors like environmental changes such as decreased air temperatures and substrate changes such as decreased COD concentrations during the off-peak season. This in turn influences the rate of biogas production as well as the methane production rate. The theoretical CH4 calculations and estimates based on the results obtained during the biogas formation tests indicated that CH4 recovery from the anaerobic pond would definitely be a worthwhile consideration. If it were assumed that the estimated CH4 volumes (based on only 15% of the pond volume for practical reasons) obtained could be applied as an energy source, the minimum yearly savings in coal usage would amount to about R 665 000. This study was valuable in evaluating the factors such as pond conditions, pond activity and air temperatures and the effect on the biogas production potential as well as more importantly, CH4 production for the purpose of energy recovery.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:43:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santana_am_dr_jabo.pdf: 5909203 bytes, checksum: 3d660be8aee8bbcfabdb656e3b158b48 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Neste trabalho avaliou-se o desempenho de sistema de tratamento combinado anaeróbio-aeróbio constituído por dois reatores anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo (UASB), em série, em escala piloto (volumes de 510 e 209 L, respectivamente) seguidos de um reator em batelada seqüencial (RBS - volume de trabalho 210 L) aeróbio, tratando águas residuárias de suinocultura com concentrações médias de sólidos suspensos totais (SST) variando de 5 a 11 g L-1 e submetidos a tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 28 e 14 h no primeiro reator (R1), 11 e 6 h no segundo reator (R2) e de 58 e 26 h no RBS. As eficiências médias de remoção de DQO total e SST variaram de 54 a 90% e de 54 a 96%, respectivamente, no conjunto de reatores UASB em dois estágios (R1+R2), com carga orgânica volumétrica (COV) de 11 a 26 g DQO (L d)-1 no R1. A produção volumétrica máxima de metano de 1,613 m3 CH4 (m3 reator d)-1 ocorreu no R1, com COV de 19 g DQO (L d)-1 e TDH de 14 h. No RBS aeróbio, como pós-tratamento do efluente gerado nos reatores UASB, as eficiências médias de remoção foram 89%, 93%, 61%, 89% e 71% para a DQO total, SST, P-total, NTK e NT, respectivamente, com COV variando de 0,4 a 3,6 g DQO (L d)-1. Assim, no sistema de tratamento combinado anaeróbio-aeróbio (R1+R2+RBS), as eficiências médias de remoção da DQO total, SST, P-total, NTK e NT atingiram valores de 96 a 99%, 96 a 99%, 77 a 85%, 76 a 97% e 68 a 89%, respectivamente, e dos micronutrientes de 77 a 98%, 94 a 99%, 83 a 97% e de 62 a 99% para Fe, Zn, Cu e Mn, respectivamente, Para os coliformes termotolerantes, as eficiências de remoção médias foram de 93,80 a 99,99%, obtendo-se valores mínimos de 2,3 x 103 NMP/100 mL. A atividade metanogênica específica do lodo dos reatores UASB foi mais elevada quando se utilizou o propionato + butirato como fonte de substrato, e quando os reatores foram operados... / In this work a combination between aerobic and anaerobic treatment systems constituted by two Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Reactor (UASB) in series, in a pilot scale (510 and 209 L volume each respectively) followed by a sequential batch reactor (SBR – 210L net volume) aerobic, treating swine residual water having from 5 to 11 g L-1 of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and under a hydraulic detention timing (HDT) of 28 and 14 hours in the first reactor (R1), 11 and 6 hours in the second reactor (R2) and 58 and 26 hours in the Sequential Batch Reactor (RBS). The COD and TSS average efficiency varied from 54 to 90% and from 54 to 96% respectively in the UASB two stages (R1 and R2), in a volumetric organic load (VOL) varying from 11 to 26g COD (L d)-1 in the R1. The maximum methane volumetric production was 1.613 m3 CH4 (m3 reactor d)-1 in the R1, having a 19g COD (L d)-1 and an HDT of 14h. Using an aerobic SBR as an effluent pretreater that was generate in the UASB reactors, it was reached an average of removing efficiency of 89%, 93%, 61%, 89% and 71% to total COD, TSS, total P, TNK and TN, respectively, COD varying from 0.4 to 3.6 g COD (L d)-1. This way, in the anaerobic-aerobic combined system (R1 + R2 + RBS) the total COD, TSS, total P, TNK and TN, average removing reached values from 96 to 99%, 96 to 99%, 77 to 85%, 76 to 97% and 68 to 89%, respectively. To Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn the average efficiency was from 77 to 98%, 94 to 99%, 83 to 97% and 62 to 99%, respectively. To the thermotolerant coliforms the removal efficiency average was from 93.80 to 99.99% reaching the lower value of 2.3 x 103 MPN/100 mL. The sludge specific methanogenic activity in the UASB reactors was more elevated when was used the propionate + butyrate as substrate in conjunction with the operation of 28 HDT, 11h and TSS affluent around 5 g L-1, reaching 0.443 and 0.206 mmol CH4 (g SV h)-1 in the reactors R1 and R2, respectively.