Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University

M.Sc. (Physics) / A computer program called RAUPV was developed to simulate one-dimensional p-n structures and photo-voltaic cells. In order to simulate multilayer structures, the device is devided into a large number of discrete points with variable spacings. The physical parameters are calculated at each point, subjected to given external boundary conditions at the endpoints of the device. The physical processes are formulated from first principles, in such a way that they can be handled by numerical methods. A Newton-Raphson iteration technique is used to solve the large number of coupled, linear equations. The simulation is formulated in such a way that the equations must be solved for three variables at each point: the electron potential, the quasi-Fermi level for electrons and the quasi-Fermi level for holes. For the case of thermodinamic equilibrium, Poisson's equation is solved. A formulation is developed to handle the equation numericaly for variable intervals. Expressions for the free carrier concentrations are obtained using Fermi-Dirac statistics. Expressions for the charge density in traps are also obtained and several types of boundary conditions are considered. The program is able to calculate the band structure, charge density, internal electric field and free carrier concentrations for any multi-layer device. For the non-equilibrium case, Poisson's equation is solved simultaneously with the two continuity equations for electrons and holes. A special formulation for the current densities was developed, to assure convergence during the iteration process. Recombination is formulated in terms of capture cross-sections of trap states within the gap. Several types of boundary conditions are considered. The program is able to calculate the current densities of electrons and holes within the device and yield as output the net current through the device for a given external applied voltage. A technique was developed for the Newton-Raphson iteration to work only with the diagonals of the matrix containing the partial derivatives. This technique saves much computing time and memory. Various techniques are built into the program to assure convergence and to decrease computing time. The solar spectrum is processed in order to calculate the optical exitations within the device. Multiple reflections are taken into account and an anti-reflection layer is also simulated. The program can thus calculate current-voltage curves for a photo-voltaic cell for any given spectrum. The program runs on a PC and is able to analise p-n structures in detail. It can be used to design photo-voltaic cells using fundamental physical principles as point of departure.

This study estimates cointegration models by applying the Engle-Granger (1989) two-step es- timation procedure, the Phillip-Ouliaris (1990) residual-based test and Johansen's multivariate technique. The cointegration techniques are tested on the Raotbl3 data set, the World Economic Indicators data set and the UKpppuip data set using statistical software R. In the Raotbl3 data set, we test for cointegration between the consumption expenditure, and income and wealth vari- ables. In the world economic indicators data set, we test for cointegration in three of Australia's key economic indicators, whereas in the UKpppuip data set we test for the existence of long-run economic relationships in the United Kingdom's purchasing power parity. The study nds the three techniques not to be consistent, that is, they do not lead to the same results. However, it recommends the use of Johansen's method because it is able to detect more than one cointegrating relationship if present. / Decision Sciences / M. Com. (Statistics)

Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharm / Diabetes mellitus is a complex chronic condition and has become a major public health concern worldwide. Many diabetic patients are accessing primary health care (PHC) clinics for diabetes care. Diabetic patients who are considered stable are referred to chronic diseases of lifestyle club at the PHC facility. Effective management of this chronic condition requires a multidisciplinary team approach to diabetes care. Pharmacists are not often included in a multidisciplinary team and would consist of doctors, nurses and dieticians. Teams may be expanded and require specialist healthcare members’ expertise who can assist in the management of this disease, for example, ophthalmologists and podiatrists. Adherence to standard treatment guidelines (STGs) for the management of diabetes by healthcare professionals at a primary care level can improve glycemic control, decrease health costs and reduce the development of long-term diabetic complications.

This advanced method for trombone is designed to meet the needs of the advanced high school trombonist and to prepare him for later participation in college, civic, and professional musical organizations of higher artistic standards. The student should not be satisfied with a thorough study of this method, but should seek improvement of his musical skill in other methods. Some very worthy studies for trombone have been written by La Fosse, Vobaron, Muller, Blume and others which should prove of much value to the student.

Globally convergent homotopy methods are used to solve difficult nonlinear systems of equations by tracking the zero curve of a homotopy map. Homotopy curve tracking involves solving a sequence of linear systems, which often vary greatly in difficulty. In this research, a popular iterative solution tool, GMRES(k), is adapted to deal with the sequence of such systems. The proposed adaptive strategy of GMRES(k) allows tuning of the restart parameter k based on the GMRES convergence rate for the given problem. Adaptive GMRES(k) is shown to be superior to several other iterative techniques on analog circuit simulation problems and on postbuckling structural analysis problems. Developing parallel techniques for robust but expensive sequential computations, such as globally convergent homotopy methods, is important. The design of these techniques encompasses the functionality of the iterative method (adaptive GMRES(k)) implemented sequentially and is based on the results of a parallel performance analysis of several implementations. An implementation of adaptive GMRES(k) with Householder reflections in its orthogonalization phase is developed. It is shown that the efficiency of linear system solution by the adaptive GMRES(k) algorithm depends on the change in problem difficulty when the problem is scaled. In contrast, a standard GMRES(k) implementation using Householder reflections maintains a constant efficiency with increase in problem size and number of processors, as concluded analytically and experimentally. The supporting numerical results are obtained on three distributed memory homogeneous parallel architectures: CRAY T3E, Intel Paragon, and IBM SP2. / Ph. D.

LD2668 .T4 1966 W368 / Master of Science

Sammanfattning  Bakgrund Malnutrition är vanligt förekommande bland äldre och speciellt hos sjuka äldre. Rekommendationerna kring hälsosamt kroppsmasseindex (BMI) är högre för äldre personer. Faktorer som påverkar matintaget hos äldre är aptit, sjukdom och måltidssituation.  Syfte Att studera olika aspekter av måltidssituationen på ett kommunalt äldreboende Dorotea kommun.  Metod En vägd kostregistrering på gruppnivå genomfördes under en femdagarsperiod. Maten som intogs energi- och näringsberäknades med hjälp av Dietist XP, jämförande statistik analyserades i SPSS. Halvstrukturerade intervjuer utfördes med personal. Intervjuerna spelades in, transkriberades och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys enligt Graneheim och Lundman. Även måltidshantering och måltidssituation observerades.  Resultat Maten som vägdes intogs av 26 boende i den kvantitativa undersökningen. Intaget av protein, kostfiber och vitamin D låg signifikant lägre än rekommendationerna. Intaget av energi, kolhydrater, fett och kalcium nådde rekommendationerna. Personalen uppgav att utseende, smak och mängd på tallriken påverkade matintaget. Fokus låg på trivseln för de boende. För förbättrad måltidssituation föreslog intervjuad personal större avdelningsmatsal, förändrad måltidsordning för minskad nattfasta, fler tillfällen för önskemåltider samt mer matlagning från grunden.  Slutsats Intaget av protein, kostfiber och vitamin D var betydligt lägre än rekommenderat samtidigt som det totala intaget av energi, kolhydrater, fett och kalcium nådde rekommendationerna. Ett kostdataprogram skulle därför vara ett behjälpligt verktyg för att bättre kunna anpassa energi- och näringsinnehållet till de boendes behov. Utifrån personalens erfarenheter uppskattades måltiderna av äldreboendets bofasta. Måltidsmiljön på de undersökta avdelningarna kan förbättras med exempelvis en utbyggnad av matsal samt genom förbättrad belysning.

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There is considerable pressure on the U.K. clothing industry to remain competitive in the face of foreign competition. Market forces and the trend of decreasing contract sizes have produced perceived problems with current methods of production which, coupled with the inertia to radical change, justify research. Computer simulation is an established production management tool but its potential in clothing manufacture could not be inferred. Concentrating on progressive bundle systems as the dominant method of production, this research considers the capacity of simulation in this context. Factory-based studies identified factors affecting system performance which allowed a conceptual model with high face validity to be defined. The requirement to handle complex supervisory control strategies led to the identification of visual interactive simulation as an experimental route. A computerised model, with an appropriate user interface and reporting facilities, was developed in the ~Siman si@ulat~£~~Dguage __ This was supported by animated graphics which played a substantial role in the attainment of face validity. Replication was considered to be essential for sound estimates of system performance to be obtained from this stochastic model but, as interactive control works against replication, steps were taken to reduce compromise. Software development facilitated an experimental technique that employed interaction to develop a control strategy, which then became embedded in the model for replication. By providing control consistency between replications, a more reliable assessment of system sensitivity to stochastic variability was possible. Pilot runs and single factor analysis enabled the effect of controllable factors on system performance to be quantified. Supervisory control was found to have a major effect on system performance so that the need for consistency in interaction was amplified. Considering alternative experimental methods and the practical use of the model, application areas for simulation in the absence of real time data capture were identified and demonstrated. Each application offered significant advantage over currently available planning methods and the use of simulation was supported. Information from the model can be gained about the design and control of progressive bundle lines at the pre-production phase, and the output of performance indicators can be useful in assessing real production lines. The evidence presented by this research illustrates that animated simulation can provide insight that is otherwise unobtainable.