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L’hypopituitarisme se définit par le déficit d’une ou plusieurs hormones hypophysaires.L’hypopituitarisme congénital est lié à des mutations de facteurs de transcriptionimpliqués dans le développement hypophysaire. Identifier les mécanismes et étiologiesd’hypopituitarisme congénital doit permettre d’améliorer les traitements des patients.Dans cette optique, ce travail a porté sur 3 aspects :Clarifier les mécanismes permettant la différenciation des lignées hypophysaires. Aucours du développement hypophysaire chez la souris, il existe un phénomène complexed’interaction entre 2 facteurs de transcription à homéodomaine paired (Prop1 et Hesx1),la voie Wnt-ßcaténine et les co-répresseurs de la famille Groucho/TLE. Ces interactionssont nécessaires à l’expression d’un autre facteur de transcription hypophysaire, Pit-1(Pou1f1), impliqué dans la différentiation des lignées hypophysaires somato-lactotropeset thyréotropes. Nous avons démontré in vitro, que les co-répresseurs de la famille TLEjouaient un rôle inhibiteur direct sur l’activation de l’early enhancer de POU1F1 à e12-e13, indépendamment de l’action de HESX1. Nos modèles de souris transgéniquesavec expression permanente de HESX1 et TLE3 permettent de mettre en évidence lerôle inhibiteur majeur de HESX1, et le rôle accessoire de TLE3. Les mutations dePROP1 étant à l’origine d’une expression persistante de HESX1 et TLE3, il est probablequ’ils jouent un rôle dans le déficit en sous-unité alpha observé chez les patientsdéficitaires en PROP1.Identifier et analyser la signification fonctionnelle de nouveaux variants alléliques dugène d’un facteur de transcription à homéodomaine LIM, LHX4. La mutation T99fs deLHX4 est à l’origine d’un phénotype hypophysaire très variable au sein d’une mêmefamille, en termes de déficits et de morphologie hypophysaires, et d’anomalies extrahypophysairesassociées. Les études fonctionnelles ont montré que cette mutation étaitresponsable d’un phénomène d’haplo-insuffisance. Cette nouvelle mutation permetd’enrichir le spectre phénotypique des patients chez lesquels doit être effectué unséquençage du gène LHX4 à la recherche d’étiologie de déficit hypophysaire combinémultiple.Identifier des mécanismes nécessaires au développement de l’axe thyréotrope. Dessouris exprimant une nouvelle recombinase Cre sous contrôle du promoteur de la Tshßont été croisées avec des souris transgéniques pour lesquelles les gènes de Pitx2 oud’Isl1 (2 facteurs de transcription impliqués dans le développement hypophysaire)étaient encadrés de séquences flox. Les modèles permettaient ainsi l’inactivation dePitx2 et Isl1 au sein des cellules thyréotropes au cours de l’embryogenèse. L’étudephénotypique retrouve un déficit de croissance compatible avec un déficit thyréotropepartiel en cas d’inactivation de Pitx2 : ce phénotype est probablement lié à unmécanisme compensateur assuré par PITX1, un facteur de transcription àhoméodomaine bicoïde possédant le même homéodomaine et domaine C terminal quePITX2. A l’inverse, l’inactivation de Isl& se traduit par un déficit thyréotrope complet. Lefait que les transcrits de l’ensemble des facteurs de transcription nécessaires audéveloppement de l’axe thyréotrope soient diminués dans ce modèle souligne le rôlemajeur de ISL1 dans la fonction et la maintenance de l’axe thyréotrope.Nos résultats permettent de mieux appréhender certains des nombreux mécanismes etfacteurs impliqués dans le développement hypophysaire chez la souris, et dans lapathologie hypophysaire chez l’homme. / Hypopituitarism is defined by one or several pituitary deficiencies. Congenital hypopituitarism is mostly due to transcription factors mutations. Our aims were to try to better identify some of the mechanisms involved in pituitary ontogenesis and pituitary diseases, mainly pituitary deficiencies: new pathways, new transcription factors, new mutations. - First we identified novel mechanisms necessary for the differenciation of the Pou1f1 lineages (ie somatolactotroph and thyrotroph cells). The role of TLE co-repressors is crucial, as they are able by themselves to inhibit the stimulatory actions of PROP1 on POU1F1 promoter. This is necessary to obtain a correct timing of differentiation during pituitary development (Carvalho, Brinkmeier, castinetti et al., Molecular Endocrinology, 2010). - Second, we showed the roles of 2 transcription factors, PITX2 and ISL1, in thyrotrophs maintenance and function. By using a new cre recombinase driven by the TSHb promoter, we managed to inactivate each of these transcription factors in the thyrotrophs. Inactivation of PITX2 led to a partial thyrotroph deficiency, counterbalanced by an overexpression of PITX1 (Castinetti et al., Molecular Endocrinology, submitted). Inactivation of ISL1 led to a complete thyrotroph deficiency (Castinetti et al., Molecular Endocrinology, in preparation). - Finally, we reported 1 new mutation of the LIM transcription factor LHX4, responsible for combined pituitary hormone deficiencies in a family. New phenotypic traits will help the physician improve the way to select which patients to screen for LHX4 mutations (Castinetti, Saveanu et al., JCEM, 2008).

Telômeros são complexos DNA-proteína presentes nas extremidades dos cromossomos. Os telômeros se encurtam a cada divisão celular, sendo o comprimento telomérico, portanto, considerado um biomarcador do envelhecimento celular. Esse encurtamento é vinculado a diversas doenças relacionadas à idade avançada. Na doença de Alzheimer (DA), têm sido associados com diversas vias fisiopatológicas, como a neuroinflamação e o estresse oxidativo, porém seus mecanismos ainda são pouco conhecidos. A maioria dos estudos sobre comprimento telomérico na DA é realizada em DNA leucocitário, pouco se sabendo sobre seu estado no sistema nervoso central. O lítio é um importante estabilizador de humor, com efeitos neuroprotetores amplamente evidenciados, mas pouco se sabe sobre seu efeito na manutenção do comprimento telomérico. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento crônico com lítio no comprimento telomérico em diferentes regiões cerebrais (córtex parietal, hipocampo e epitélio olfatório) de camundongos triplo transgênicos para DA (3xTg-AD) e selvagens. Dezoito animais transgênicos e 22 selvagens foram tratados por oito meses com ração contendo 1,0 g (Li1) ou 2,0 g (Li2) de carbonato de lítio/kg, ou ração padrão (Li0). O comprimento telomérico do DNA extraído destes tecidos foi quantificado por PCR em tempo real. O tratamento crônico com lítio foi associado a telômeros mais longos no córtex parietal (Li1, p=0,04) e hipocampo (Li2, p=0,02) dos camundongos 3xTg-AD comparados com os respectivos selvagens. Nossos achados sugerem que o tratamento crônico com lítio afeta a manutenção do comprimento telomérico, mas que a magnitude desse efeito depende da concentração de lítio ministrada e das características do tecido envolvido. Esse efeito foi apenas observado quando comparando os animais triplo transgênicos com os selvagens, indicando que a presença da patologia, no caso a DA, se faz necessária para a modulação do comprimento telomérico promovida pelo lítio / Telomeres are DNA-protein complexes present in the extremities of chromosomes. Telomeres shorten at each cell division, being the telomere length, therefore, considered a cell aging biomarker. This telomere shortening is associated to several age-related diseases. In Alzheimer\'s disease (AD), telomere length has been linked to several pathophysiological pathways, such as neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, though its mechanism are still poorly understood. Majority of studies regarding telomere length in AD are based in leucocyte DNA, with little information about its status in the central nervous system. Lithium is an important mood stabilizer, with neuroprotective effects widely evidenced, but little is known about its effects in telomere length maintenance. The objective of this present study was to evaluate the effect of chronical lithium treatment on telomere length in different brain regions (parietal cortex, hippocampus and olfactory epithelium) of wild type and triple transgenic mice model for AD (3xTg-AD). Eighteen transgenic and 22 wild type male mice were treated for eight months with chow containing 1.0g (Li1) or 2.0g (Li2) of lithium carbonate/kg, or standard chow (Li0). Telomere length of extracted DNA from theses tissues was quantified by real-time PCR. Chronic lithium treatment was associated with longer telomeres in the parietal cortex (Li1, p=0.04) and in the hippocampus (Li2, p=0.02)of 3xTg-AD compared with the respective wild type.Our findings suggest that chronic lithium treatment does affect telomere maintenance, but the magnitude of this effect depends on the working concentrations of lithium and characteristics of the involved tissue. This effect was only observed when comparing triple transgenic with wild type mice, suggesting that the presence of AD pathology was required for the lithium modulation of telomere length

Development of a suitable animal model of AIDS is much needed in AIDS research to study infection and pathogenesis as well as to evaluate methods of prevention and treatment of HIV infection. Small animals such as rodents are attractive candidates for AIDS research due to the availability of various inbred and genetically engineered strains, extensive knowledge or their immune system, especially in mice, and the relative ease of breeding and maintaining animal colonies. Transgenic small animal models carrying entire HIV genome or selected genes have been instrumental to understand functions of HIV genes in vivo and their role in HIV pathogenesis. The type of cells in which HIV genes are expressed seems to be an import prerequisite for the study of HIV gene functions in transgenic mice. Mice constitutively expressing the entire HIV-1 genome or HIV-1 nef gene in CD4 + T cells and in the cells of macrophage/dendritic lineage develop an AIDS-like disease very similar to AIDS disease in humans. Similarly, expression of Nef in adult mice, using inducible system, results in the AIDS-like disease. This disease is characterized by thymic atrophy, impaired thymocyte maturation, loss of CD4+ T cells, increased activation and turnover of T cells, which can occur in the absence of lymphypenia, and non-lymphoid organ disease involving the lungs and kidneys. Susceptibility of adult mice to the pathological effects of Nef suggests that the AIDS-like disease in the constitutively expressing Nef Tg mice is not due to developmental defects caused by early expression of Nef. This model highlights the important role of Nef in HIV-1 pathogenesis. The high similarity in the disease in these Tg mice with human AIDS strongly suggest that these mice are a relevant model to study AIDS. This study further evidence that mouse cells can support functions of Nef and these Tg mice represent a unique model to study Nef functions in vivo in the context of the primary immune system. Moreover, the inducible Nef Tg model has given us the ability to control the level and time of expression of Nef which was impossible to do in the previously reported constitutive Nef Tg mouse models. These mice will be useful to study immune reconstitution since Nef expression can be turned off after withdrawal from dox.

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease comprised of distinct biological entities that correlate with diverse clinical outcomes. Gene expression profiling has divided this heterogeneity into luminal, ERBB2+ and basal molecular subtypes. Basal breast cancers are difficult to treat as they lack expression of candidates suitable for targeted therapies and are associated with poor outcome. / Elevated protein level of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor, MET, is observed in 20% of human breast cancers and correlates with poor prognosis. However, the role of MET in mammary tumorigenesis is poorly understood. To address this, we generated a murine model that expresses weakly oncogenic mutants of Met (Metmt) in the mammary epithelium under the transcriptional control of the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter. We demonstrate that Metmt induces mammary carcinomas with diverse phenotypes and used gene expression microarrays to elucidate gene expression changes induced by Met. Since mammary tumors contained variable contents of epithelium and stroma, we used laser capture microdissection to procure epithelial cells for microarray analysis. Based on immunohistochemistry and expression profiling, we show that Metmt produces tumors with luminal or basal characteristics. From hierarchical clustering, Metmt-induced basal tumors clustered with murine models that share features of epithelial to mesenchymal transition and human basal breast cancers. Moreover, Metmt basal tumors clustered with human basal breast cancer. The status of MET among the human breast cancer subtypes has not previously been addressed. We demonstrate that MET levels are variable across molecular subtypes but show elevation in the basal subtype and correlates with poor outcome. We used a candidate gene approach derived from microarray data to gain an understanding of signals required for Met-dependent tumorigenesis. We investigated Nck adaptor proteins and demonstrate a role for Nck in cell motility and actin dynamics of Met-dependent breast carcinoma cells and show elevated expression in human basal breast cancers. By generating a unique mouse model in which Met is expressed in mammary epithelia, with the examination of MET levels in human breast cancer, we have established a novel link between MET and basal breast cancer. This work identifies poor outcome basal breast cancers that may benefit from anti-MET therapies.

Hydroxyurea is a teratogen; treatment of dams during organogenesis causes various malformations. Administration of a free radical scavenger ameliorates the embryotoxicity of hydroxyurea, suggesting that oxidative stress mediates this toxicity. The goal of this thesis was to test the hypothesis that superoxide, a reactive oxygen species, is involved. Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) is an antioxidant enzyme that converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide. To elucidate the role of superoxide in mediating hydroxyurea teratogenicity, dams that were wildtype or hemizygous for hSOD1 were treated on gestation day 9 with saline (control) or hydroxyurea (400 or 600 mg/kg). Fetal death rate and weight were affected similarly by hydroxyurea treatment in litters from wildtype and hemizygous dams. However, fetuses from hemizygote dams exposed to 600 mg/kg hydroxyurea had fewer specific external and skeletal malformations when compared to wildtype dams. These data suggest that superoxide dismutase 1 protects fetuses against specific consequences of oxidative insult during organogenesis.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oklahoma. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 2009. / Title from title page. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online through Digital Dissertations.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A angiotensina II (Ang II), um dos mais relevantes peptídeos angiotensinérgicos, tem um importante papel na fisiologia e na fisiopatologia dos tecidos renal e cardíaco. Existem diversas enzimas capazes de gerar Ang II. Uma delas é a tonina, capaz de formar a Ang II a partir da angiotensina I (Ang I) ou diretamente do AGT. Nosso objetivo foi caracterizar o RAS no rim e no coração do camundongo transgênico que expressa tonina de rato (TGM(rTon)). Foram utilizados camundongos machos C57bl/6 (grupo controle, CT) e camundongos transgênicos [TGM(rTon)]. Vinte e quatro horas após o implante de cânulas, animais acordados, com 12 semanas de idade, foram submetidos a procedimentos de avaliação hemodinâmica. Os dados mostraram que não existem diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos quanto aos parâmetros hemodinâmicos. Após determinação da pressão arterial, os camundongos foram sacrificados por decapitação e os órgãos (rim e coração) foram retirados. O coração foi dividido em átrios (AT) [direito + esquerdo], ventrículo direito (VD) e ventrículo esquerdo (VE). Usando o tetradecapeptídeo sintético como substrato, a atividade tonina foi avaliada nos rins e nas estruturas cardíacas. A atividade da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) foi determinada usando os substratos ZPhe-His-Leu (específico para o domínio N da ECA) e Hip-His-Leu (específico para o domínio C). Tanto a atividade da tonina, quanto da ECA nos rins e no AT foram significantemente maiores no grupo TGM(rTon) quando comparado ao dos camundongos CT. Já entre as estruturas cardíacas o AT mostrou atividade significantemente maior em ambos os grupos, quando comparados aos ventrículos. A expressão da isoforma de 65 kDa da ECA foi significantemente maior no grupo TGM(rTon) nos rins e no AT. Apenas no rim foi analisada a expressão de ECA e não foi observada diferença estatística entre os grupos. As concentrações da angiotensina 1-7 [Ang-(1-7)] e da Ang I foram significantemente diminuídas no grupo TGM(rTon) quando comparadas ao CT. Entretanto, não foi observada diferença estatística nos níveis da Ang II entre os grupos. Sugerimos que o ambiente com abundância em tonina pode aumentar a atividade N-domínio da ECA por meio de uma secretase, explicando os baixos níveis da Ang-(1-7) encontrados no grupo transgênicoPela primeira vez foi mostrado um importante papel fisiológico da tonina comomodulador do SRA renal e cardíaco. / Angiotensin II (Ang II), one of the most relevant angiotensinergic peptides, has an important role in the renal and cardiac physiology. There are many enzymes that generate Ang II. One of them is tonin, that is able to liberate AII from angiotensin I (Ang I) or directly from angiotensinogen (AGT). Our goal was to characterize the RAS in the kidney and heart of transgenic mouse that express rat tonin [TGM(rTon)]. Twenty-four hours after implantation of cannulas, 12 weeks old awake animals were subjected to hemodynamic evaluation. Data showed no statistical differences for the hemodynamic parameters analyzed between transgenic and the wild-type (control, CT). After that mice were sacrificed by decapitation and their organs (kidney and heart) removed. Heart was separated into atria [right plus left (AT)], right ventricle (RV), and left ventricle (LV)]. Using the synthetic tetradecapeptide renin substrate, tonin activity was evaluated in the kidney and cardiac structures. The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity was determined using the substrates Z-Phe- His-Leu (specific for N-domain ACE active site) and Hip-His-Leu (specific for Cdomain active site). Both the activity of tonin and the ACE, in the kidneys and AT were significantly higher in TGM(rTon) when compared with CT mice. Among the cardiac structures AT showed significantly greater activity in both groups when compared to the ventricles.The expression of the 65 kDa ACE isoform was significantly higher in TGM(rTon) in the kidney and AT when compared with CT. ACE2 expression was determined only in the kidney and there was not statistic differences between groups. The levels of angiotensin 1- 7 [Ang-(1-7)] and Ang I was significantly decreased in TGM(rTon) when compared with CT. However, the levels of Ang II were not statistically different between groups. We suggest that the environment of tonin abundance may increase N-domain ACE activity by a secretase activity, which could explain the low levels of Ang-(1-7) in the transgenic animal. Our data show, for the first time, the physiologic role of tonin as an important modulator of renal and cardiac RAS. / FAPESP: 2009/03261-04 / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Telômeros são complexos DNA-proteína presentes nas extremidades dos cromossomos. Os telômeros se encurtam a cada divisão celular, sendo o comprimento telomérico, portanto, considerado um biomarcador do envelhecimento celular. Esse encurtamento é vinculado a diversas doenças relacionadas à idade avançada. Na doença de Alzheimer (DA), têm sido associados com diversas vias fisiopatológicas, como a neuroinflamação e o estresse oxidativo, porém seus mecanismos ainda são pouco conhecidos. A maioria dos estudos sobre comprimento telomérico na DA é realizada em DNA leucocitário, pouco se sabendo sobre seu estado no sistema nervoso central. O lítio é um importante estabilizador de humor, com efeitos neuroprotetores amplamente evidenciados, mas pouco se sabe sobre seu efeito na manutenção do comprimento telomérico. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento crônico com lítio no comprimento telomérico em diferentes regiões cerebrais (córtex parietal, hipocampo e epitélio olfatório) de camundongos triplo transgênicos para DA (3xTg-AD) e selvagens. Dezoito animais transgênicos e 22 selvagens foram tratados por oito meses com ração contendo 1,0 g (Li1) ou 2,0 g (Li2) de carbonato de lítio/kg, ou ração padrão (Li0). O comprimento telomérico do DNA extraído destes tecidos foi quantificado por PCR em tempo real. O tratamento crônico com lítio foi associado a telômeros mais longos no córtex parietal (Li1, p=0,04) e hipocampo (Li2, p=0,02) dos camundongos 3xTg-AD comparados com os respectivos selvagens. Nossos achados sugerem que o tratamento crônico com lítio afeta a manutenção do comprimento telomérico, mas que a magnitude desse efeito depende da concentração de lítio ministrada e das características do tecido envolvido. Esse efeito foi apenas observado quando comparando os animais triplo transgênicos com os selvagens, indicando que a presença da patologia, no caso a DA, se faz necessária para a modulação do comprimento telomérico promovida pelo lítio / Telomeres are DNA-protein complexes present in the extremities of chromosomes. Telomeres shorten at each cell division, being the telomere length, therefore, considered a cell aging biomarker. This telomere shortening is associated to several age-related diseases. In Alzheimer\'s disease (AD), telomere length has been linked to several pathophysiological pathways, such as neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, though its mechanism are still poorly understood. Majority of studies regarding telomere length in AD are based in leucocyte DNA, with little information about its status in the central nervous system. Lithium is an important mood stabilizer, with neuroprotective effects widely evidenced, but little is known about its effects in telomere length maintenance. The objective of this present study was to evaluate the effect of chronical lithium treatment on telomere length in different brain regions (parietal cortex, hippocampus and olfactory epithelium) of wild type and triple transgenic mice model for AD (3xTg-AD). Eighteen transgenic and 22 wild type male mice were treated for eight months with chow containing 1.0g (Li1) or 2.0g (Li2) of lithium carbonate/kg, or standard chow (Li0). Telomere length of extracted DNA from theses tissues was quantified by real-time PCR. Chronic lithium treatment was associated with longer telomeres in the parietal cortex (Li1, p=0.04) and in the hippocampus (Li2, p=0.02)of 3xTg-AD compared with the respective wild type.Our findings suggest that chronic lithium treatment does affect telomere maintenance, but the magnitude of this effect depends on the working concentrations of lithium and characteristics of the involved tissue. This effect was only observed when comparing triple transgenic with wild type mice, suggesting that the presence of AD pathology was required for the lithium modulation of telomere length