Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to apply the micropirólise and catalytic and non-catalytic microhidropirólise, in assessing the production of bio-kerosene from the cotton oil sludge. Samples of cotton oil sludge were provided by the Northeast Center for Strategic Technologies - CETENE (experimental Plant Caetés-PE) and makes up a major waste of the productive chain of biodiesel plant. The pyrolysis was performed using 50 mg of biomass. In hidropirólises and pyrolysis temperatures were used 500 ° C and 550 also being investigated the influence of dispersion of the catalyst in the sample. The catalysts PMZ, PWZ, MT and WT tested at 10% (m/m) in the study, were produced based on the application for the petrochemical industry and are as novel for this type of application. The obtained solutions were analyzed by GC-FID and GC / MS, and the gases produced were analyzed and quantified micro-GC. The use of hydrogen gas did not minimize the production of alkenes in pyrolysis. The presence of water in the biomass optimized thermal cracking process. This cracking when performed in the presence of catalysts at 550 °C showed a higher yield of liquid biofuel to hydrocarbons in the C9 to C16 range (approximately 37%) compared to the non-catalytic treatment. The semi-quantitative analysis of gases produced in the pyrolysis suggested routes decarboxylation (in the presence of CO2) and decarbonylation (the CO present) during the catalytic thermal cracking, and demonstrate the occurrence of the Fischer-Tropsch process produces hydrocarbons in the range kerosene. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo aplicar a micropirólise e microhidropirólise catalítica e não catalítica, na avaliação da produção de bioquerosene a partir da borra de óleo de algodão. As amostras da borra de óleo de algodão foram cedidas pelo Centro de Tecnologias Estratégicas do Nordeste CETENE (Usina experimental de Caetés-PE) e compõe um dos principais resíduos da cadeia produtiva de biodiesel da usina. As pirólises foram realizadas utilizando 50 mg de biomassa. Nas pirólises e hidropirólises foram utilizadas as temperaturas de 500 e 550 °C sendo investigado também a influência da dispersão do catalisador na amostra. Os catalisadores PMZ, PWZ, MT e WT testados a 10% (m/m) neste trabalho, foram produzidos para a aplicação na indústria petroquímica com o intuito de promover a isomerização de n-parafinas lineares que estão presentes no petróleo, aos seus respectivos isômeros ramificados, tendo como produto final uma gasolina com alto índice de octanagem. Porém, no processo de pirólise estes catalisadores apresentam-se inéditos. Os pirolisatos obtidos foram caracterizados por GC-FID e GC/MS, e os gases produzidos foram quantificados e analisados por micro-GC. A utilização da atmosfera de gás hidrogênio não minimizou a produção de alcenos como produto da pirólise. A presença de água na biomassa otimizou o processo de craqueamento térmico. Este craqueamento quando realizado na presença dos catalisadores na temperatura de 550 °C mostrou um rendimento maior de biocombustível líquido com hidrocarbonetos na faixa de C9 a C16 (aproximadamente 37%) em relação ao tratamento não catalítico. A análise semi-quantitativa dos gases produzidos na pirólise sugere as rotas de descarboxilação (pela presença de CO2) e descarbonilação (pela presença de CO) durante o craqueamento térmico catalítico, além de evidenciar a ocorrência do processo Fischer-Tropsch produzindo hidrocarbonetos na faixa do querosene.

Two of the most important environmental challenges in the 21st century are to protect the quality of fresh water resources and to utilize renewable energy sources to lower greenhouse gas emissions. This study contributes to the solution of the first challenge by providing methodologies for optimal design of real-time water quality monitoring systems and interpretation of data supplied by the monitoring system to identify potential pollution sources in river networks. In this study, the optimal river water quality monitoring network design aspect of the overall monitoring program is addressed by a novel methodology for the analysis of this problem. In this analysis, the locations of sampling sites are determined such that the contaminant detection time is minimized for the river network while achieving maximum reliability for the monitoring system performance. The data collected from these monitoring stations can be used to identify contamination source locations. This study suggests a methodology that utilizes a classification routine which associates the observations on a contaminant spill with one or more of the candidate spill locations in the river network. This approach consists of a training step followed by a sequential elimination of the candidate spill locations which lead to the identification of potential spill locations. In order to contribute the solution of the second environmental challenge, this study suggests utilizing available excess energy in water distribution systems by providing a methodology for optimal design of energy recovery systems. The energy recovery in water distribution systems is possible by using micro hydroelectric turbines to harvest available excess energy inevitably produced to satisfy consumer demands and to maintain adequate pressures. In this study, an optimization approach for the design of energy recovery systems in water distribution networks is proposed. This methodology is based on finding the best locations for micro hydroelectric plants in the network to recover the excess energy. Due to the unsteady nature of flow in water distribution networks, the proposed methodology also determines optimum operation schedules for the micro turbines.