• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 334
  • 262
  • 130
  • 28
  • 23
  • 20
  • 9
  • 7
  • 6
  • 6
  • 6
  • 6
  • 5
  • 4
  • 3
  • Tagged with
  • 891
  • 220
  • 211
  • 165
  • 67
  • 55
  • 55
  • 54
  • 52
  • 49
  • 43
  • 42
  • 40
  • 38
  • 38
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
101

Resposta bacteriológica e histológica em processo de alveolite em ratos (Rattus norvegicus albinus) tratados com Mercurius solubilis

ARAÚJO, Flávia Regina Gonçalves de January 2006 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T23:00:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo8537_1.pdf: 5921633 bytes, checksum: 36de0e6e5c490e680c08c8691edd422e (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo deste estudo foi observar a resposta bacteriológica e histológica nos processos de alveolite em ratos Wistar machos tratados com Mercurius solubilis 12 CH. Os animais foram anestesiados com quetamina (10 mg/kg de peso) + xilazina (0,5 mg/kg de peso), submetidos à extração do incisivo superior direito e subseqüente alveolite, perfazendo, inicialmente, 3 grupos: I água (controle), II - Mercurius solubilis 12 CH 0/20 mL (placebo) e III - Mercurius solubilis 12 CH. Posteriormente, estes grupos foram divididos em 3 subgrupos: A, B e C, correspondendo ao 6o, 15o e 21o dia de alveolite, respectivamente. A microbiota oral foi coletada através de swab em BHI para semeio e bacterioscopia. Após o semeio, as placas de Petri foram incubadas a 37°C por 48 horas. Para o exame histológico, os espécimens foram fixados em formol a 10% por 24 horas, descalcificados e processados para microscopia de luz. Observaram-se alterações quantitativas e qualitativas da microbiota oral ao compararem-se os grupos após extração e alveolite. Os grupos I e II apresentaram maior surgimento de bactérias patogênicas, enquanto o grupo III conservou a microbiota com as características mais próximas da normal. O Mercurius solubilis 12 CH não apresentou atividade bactericida, porém conservou a microbiota dentro dos parâmetros de normalidade. A cicatrização alveolar procedeu-se mesmo diante da alveolite, ocorrendo discretamente no grupo I, mais desenvolvida no grupo II e comparável aos achados normais no grupo III. Tanto do ponto de vista bacteriológico quanto histológico, os melhores resultados foram obtidos após 21 dias de tratamento com o Mercurius solubilis 12 CH
102

Diversidade de bactérias associadas ao muco do zoantídeo Palythoa Caribaeorum (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) do litoral sul de Pernambuco

Ferreira Campos, Felipe 31 January 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T23:13:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo3053_1.pdf: 2529352 bytes, checksum: ea122352da45d79a2b72d5634d4999af (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Faculdade de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco / O zoantídeo Palythoa caribaeorum é um cnidário colonial cujo os pólipos são conectados por um espesso tecido que possui partículas minerais incorporadas e habita extensas áreas dos recifes costeiros no Brasil. Este zoantídeo é popularmente conhecido por "baba-de-boi", por secretar um muco muito viscoso. O muco produzido por corais, animais que são filogeneticamente próximos ao zoantídeos, consiste de um conjunto complexo de Eukarya Archaea e Bacteria. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma caracterização taxonômica da microbiota presente no muco de colônias saudáveis e branqueadas de P. caribaeorum. O muco foi coletado nos recifes costeiros de Porto de Galinhas e de Suape, litoral sul de Pernambuco, em 2010. O isolamento das bactérias foi realizada utilizando o meio Ágar Marinho. O PCR dos segmentos 16S rDNA foi realizado utilizando os primers universais 27F e 1492R. O Sequênciamento dos fragmentos foi realizado no sequênciador ABI 3100 e a qualidade das sequências foram verificadas usando o programa Sequencing analysis 3.4 e, então, comparadas com as sequencias depositadas no GenBank usando o algoritmo Blastn. Um total de 50 amostras de bactérias isoladas de colônias saudáveis e branqueadas foram analisadas. O grupo dominante foi -Proteobacteria com 36 isolados (72%), seguido por - Proteobacteria e Actinobacteria com seis isolados (12%) cada, e Firmicutes com dois isolados (4%). O gênero Vibrio foi o mais comum (50%), corroborando trabalhos anteriores em que este gênero foi o mais comum associado aos cnidários. Sequências de alguns isolados foram relacionados ao nível de espécie (97%) aos já depositados no GenBank, entre elas, espécies com potencial biotecnológico interessante, como bactérias do gênero Alcanivorax, que usa hidrocarbonetos derivados do petróleo como fonte de carbono e energia; e bactérias dos gêneros Vibrio, Photobacterium, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus e Pseudoalteromonas, grupos conhecidos por produzir compostos antimicrobianos e potentes toxinas marinhas. Algumas das sequências dos isolados foram relacionados com patógenos de seres humanos como V. alginolyticus e V. proteolyticus, e outras relacionadas a espécies do gênero Pseudoalteromonas, que podem ter participação no fenômeno do branqueamento. Outros isolados podem representar novas espécies uma vez que suas seqüências mostrou uma baixa similaridade com os taxa já conhecidos e muitos deles foram registrados pela primeira vez no muco de P. caribaeorum. É importante intensificar os estudos de diversidade microbiana neste zoantídeo para entender melhor o papel dessas bactérias nas propriedades farmacológicas do muco
103

The Development of Microbiota and Metabolome in Small Intestine of Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) from Birth to Weaning

Li, Zhipeng, Wang, Xiaoxu, Zhang, Ting, Si, Huazhe, Nan, Weixiao, Xu, Chao, Guan, Leluo, Wright, André-Denis G., Li, Guangyu 23 January 2018 (has links)
The dense and diverse community of microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract of ruminant animals plays critical roles in the metabolism and absorption of nutrients, and gut associated immune function. Understanding microbial colonization in the small intestine of new born ruminants is a vital first step toward manipulating gut function through interventions during early life to produce long-term positive effects on host productivity and health. Yet the knowledge of microbiota colonization and its induced metabolites of small intestine during early life is still limited. In the present study, we examined the microbiota and metabolome in the jejunum and ileum of neonatal sika deer (Cervus nippon) from birth to weaning at days 1, 42, and 70. The microbial data showed that diversity and richness were increased with age, but a highly individual variation was observed at day 1. Principal coordinate analysis revealed significant differences in microbial community composition across three time points in the jejunum and ileum. The abundance of Halomonas spp., Lactobacillus spp., Escherichia-Shigella, and Bacteroides spp. tended to be decreased, while the proportion of Intestinibacter spp., Cellulosilyticum spp., Turicibacter spp., Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Romboutsia spp. was significantly increased with age. For metabolome, metabolites separated from each other across the three time points in both jejunum and ileum. Moreover, the amounts of methionine, threonine, and putrescine were increased, while the amounts of myristic acid and pentadecanoic acid were decreased with age, respectively. The present study demonstrated that microbiota colonization and the metabolome becomes more developed in the small intestine with age. This may shed new light on the microbiota-metabolome-immune interaction during development.
104

Colonization and maturation of the foal fecal microbiota from birth through weaning and the effect of weaning method

Jacquay, Erica January 1900 (has links)
Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Joann M. Kouba / The objectives of these studies were to (1) characterize mare milk and fecal bacteria, and foal fecal microbiota from birth to 4 mo and (2) determine the effect of weaning and weaning method on foal fecal bacterial composition. Next generation sequencing of the V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was performed using the Illumina Miseq according to Earth Microbiome Project protocols and sequencing data was analyzed using QIIME. In experiment 1, mare milk, mare fecal, and foal fecal samples were collected from 9 mare and foal pairs at birth (d 0), d 2, 7, and 1, 2, 3 and 4 mo. In experiment 2, 9 foals were separated into 2 treatments: abrupt (n = 5) and gradual (n = 4) weaning methods. Fecal samples were collected the day before weaning (d-1), the day of weaning (d 0) and post-weaning on d 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7. Blood was collected for analysis of cortisol concentration at 0800 h on d -1, 1, 2, and at 0800 h and 1100 h on d 0 and 4. Heart rate was recorded in 10 min intervals on the day of weaning starting 1 h before weaning to 2 h post-weaning, and again for 1 h starting 24 h after weaning. Results from experiment 1 showed newborn foal meconium and mare milk were similar in species diversity and composition; however, large shifts in composition and increases in foal fecal bacterial diversity occurred within the first week. By 1 mo, foal fecal bacterial composition did not differ in composition from mare feces at the phylum level (P = 1.0). Firmicutes, Bacteriodetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Spirochaetes were the dominant phyla found in feces of foals 1 mo and older and adult mare feces. For experiment 2, there were no differences in species diversity (P > 0.05) or separations in bacterial community structure between weaning methods or before and after weaning. There were minor shifts in relative abundance of specific phyla and genera in response to weaning. Foals in the abrupt treatment group had increased cortisol concentrations on d 1 (P < 0.05) and increased heart rate for 50 min after weaning on d 0 (P < 0.05). The foal is born with fecal microbial communities similar to milk that rapidly change during the first week of life, reaching the same composition of its dam by the first month. The foal fecal microbiota matures prior to weaning, therefore weaning did not cause drastic changes in bacterial composition. Although acute stress was increased in abruptly weaned foals, stress associated with different weaning methods did not influence the fecal microbiota within the first week post-weaning.
105

Caracterización molecular de la microbiota de individuos celíacos

Sánchez Sánchez, Ester 13 September 2013 (has links)
La enfermedad celíaca (EC) es una enteropatía de carácter autoinmune en la que intervienen factores genéticos y ambientales. Es la enfermedad crónica intestinal más frecuente, y aunque puede presentarse a cualquier edad y con una gran variedad de síntomas, los casos típicos suelen manifestarse durante la infancia y cursar con síntomas gastrointestinales. En individuos genéticamente susceptibles a desarrollar la enfermedad la ingesta del gluten de la dieta causa una inflamación crónica en el intestino delgado que conduce a pérdidas en la integridad y la función de la mucosa intestinal. Los cambios histológicos que se generan en la mucosa de los enfermos celíacos pueden provocar la atrofia de las microvellosidades intestinales lo que conlleva malabsorción de nutrientes y manifestaciones intestinales y/o extraintestinales. El único tratamiento que existe para los celíacos es una dieta estricta exenta de gluten durante toda la vida. El mantenimiento de esta recomendación dietética es complejo debido a la presencia de gluten en la mayoría de los alimentos elaborados, de modo que los pacientes siguen expuestos al gluten y algunos continúan teniendo sintomatología, principalmente gastrointestinal, y mayores riesgos de salud. Como consecuencia se han abierto diversas líneas de investigación con el fin de desarrollar terapias complementarias y/o alternativas a la dieta sin gluten. Además del gluten y las características genéticas de los individuos, en el desarrollo de la EC intervienen otros factores como el tipo de lactancia o la incidencia de infecciones durante la infancia. Estos factores que pueden influir en la microbiota intestinal y en el desarrollo del sistema inmunitario. En los últimos años se ha demostrado que los pacientes celíacos presentan alteraciones en su microbiota intestinal en comparación con sujetos sanos. El objetivo de esta tesis ha sido avanzar en la caracterización de las alteraciones de la composición de la microbiota intestinal asociadas de forma primaria o secundaria a la EC, y establecer la posible función de los grupos microbianos relevantes en la patogénesis de la enfermedad. El estudio de las funciones de componentes específicos de la microbiota en la patogénesis y el riesgo de sufrir la enfermedad podrían permitir el posterior desarrollo de estrategias de intervención nutricional basadas en probióticos y/o prebióticos para mejorar el estado de salud de estos pacientes o reducir el riesgo de padecer la enfermedad. En el primer capítulo (estudios 1 y 2) se analizaron las poblaciones bacterianas fecales y duodenales de niños con EC y se compararon con las de controles mediante la utilización de la técnica de electroforesis en gel con gradiente desnaturalizante (DGGE). Mediante el uso de esta técnica se detectaron cambios en la diversidad y composición de las poblaciones bacterianas entre los grupos de individuos en estudiados. El siguiente capítulo se basó en la caracterización de algunos de los grupos bacterianos relevantes en la EC, bien por las diferencias detectadas a nivel cuantitativo respecto a controles o bien por su posible acción como patógenos oportunistas, mediante el uso de técnicas dependientes de cultivo. Se aislaron representantes de las poblaciones fecales de enterobacterias, estafilococos y bacteroides de individuos celíacos y controles y se identificaron a nivel de especie. Las especies dominantes se caracterizaron con el fin de determinar la presencia/ausencia de factores de virulencia. En estos estudios (estudios 3, 4 y 5) se observó que los individuos celíacos mostraban una mayor abundancia de las especies Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis y Bacteroides fragilis que los controles, y en general estas especies presentaban mayor cantidad de genes que codifican factores de virulencia que los clones aislados del grupo control. Además se aislaron e identificaron bacterias cultivables asociadas a la mucosa duodenal de pacientes celíacos y controles con el fin de establecer posibles diferencias. En este estudio (estudios 6) se observó que los pacientes con EC presentaban una menor abundancia de miembros de la familia Streptococcaceae y una mayor abundancia de miembros de las familias Enterobacteriaceae y Staphylococcaceae, y en particular de Klebsiella oxytoca, S. epidermidis y Staphylococcus pasteuri. El último capítulo (estudio 7) se planteó con el fin de caracterizar el proceso de colonización intestinal de especies de Bacteroides en recién nacidos con riesgo de desarrollar la EC y determinar su relación con factores ambientales y genéticos. Para ello se monitorizó por DGGE las poblaciones de bacteroides de recién nacidos sanos con riesgo genético a desarrollar la EC. Los resultados determinaron que el genotipo de los recién nacidos sanos puede influir en los patrones de colonización de las poblaciones de Bacteroides y por lo tanto en el riesgo a desarrollar la enfermedad. / Sánchez Sánchez, E. (2013). Caracterización molecular de la microbiota de individuos celíacos [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/32059 / Palancia
106

Variations in the Produce-Associated Microbiota and the Occurrence Frequency of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Gram-Negative Bacteria Result in Different Level of Ingestion Risks

Bokhari, Osama 04 1900 (has links)
A monitoring effort that spanned across one and a half years was conducted to examine three types of produce-associated microbiota. Produce type was determined to be the predominant factor affecting the microbial communities. Other significant factors that resulted in differences in the microbial populations were the origin and sampling date. Specifically, produce-associated microbiota among lettuce and tomatoes clustered based on the sampling period. Through molecular and cultivation-based approaches, sporadic presence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii was detected on lettuce and cucumbers during certain periods of sampling. Quantitative microbial risk assessment denoted varying levels of ingestion risks associated with different types of produce. In particular, the risks arising from ESBL-positive K. pneumoniae in the lettuce were higher than the acceptable annual risk of 10-4. Commonly used approaches to clean and wash the produce were insufficient in removing majority of the produce-associated microbiota. More invasive cleaning approaches or thorough cooking of the produce would be required to mitigate the associated risks. Most of the current reports of ESBL-positive bacterial isolates were identified in nosocomial environment. However, the carriage of such drug-resistant bacteria in food that is consumed daily
107

Examination of Animal Gut Microbiota and Mercury Reveals the Importance of Diet in This Relationship

Guo, Galen 12 November 2020 (has links)
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a global pollutant that can bioaccumulate and biomagnify along the aquatic food chain, causing adverse outcomes in humans and wildlife. Effective biomonitoring programs are needed to identify high exposure populations and to develop proper mitigation strategies. However, biomonitoring results showed high inter-individual variability in the relationship between MeHg exposure and body burden. Moreover, the gut microbiota can potentially play a role in MeHg transformations, and it is widely believed that the gut microbiota may be the underlying reason for the variability between and within a population. However, the microbially-mediated mechanisms of Hg transformation in the gastrointestinal environment is poorly understood. The overarching goal of my thesis is to investigate the role of gut microbiota in MeHg transformation in human, and the relationship between environmental pollutants and the gut microbiota of sentinel species such as river otters (Lontra canadensis) and seabirds (Arctic Tern [Sterna paradisaea], Black Guillemot [Cepphus grille], Common Eider [Somateria mollissima], Double-crested Cormorant [Phalacrocorax auratus], and Leach’s Storm Petrel [Oceanodroma leucorhoa]). My thesis consists of four research papers. In the first paper, I discovered that the gut microbiota`s ability to demethylate MeHg is significantly enhanced by altering the diet. In my second paper, I discovered a novel MeHg degradation pathway. In the third and fourth papers, I explored the effect of Hg and other environmental contaminant exposure on river otters and seabirds gut microbial community structures and found a relationship between prey selection and diet to the gut microbial structure. In conclusion, my thesis explores the relationship between diet, prey selection, environment contaminants and the humans and wildlife gut microbiota and contributes to understanding the gut microbiota’s role in biomonitoring of ecosystem and human health.
108

Contribution of Gut Microbiota on Systemic Response to Anticancer Immonumodulatory Agents / Rôle du microbiote intestinal dans l'éfficacité et la toxicité des thérapies anti-tumorales immunomodulatrice

Routy, Bertrand 14 November 2017 (has links)
Les anticorps bloquant les rétrocontrôles inhibiteurs du système immunitaire (ICB) ont révolutionné la prise en charge des patients atteints de certains cancers. Les ICB bloquent l’axe cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) ou programmed cell death protein 1/PD-L1-PD-L2 et permettent une réactivation des cellules T stimulant l’immunité anti-tumorale. Toutefois, malgré cette avancée plus de 70 % des patients finiront par progresser et ces traitements peuvent entrainer des toxicités de type auto-immunes sévères. Il est donc fondamental d’identifier des biomarqueurs prédictifs de la réponse clinique et ainsi développer une nouvelle stratégie thérapeutique efficace pour augmenter l’index thérapeutique des ICB. Plusieurs groupes ont participé à décrire le lien étroit entre le microbiote intestinal et la réponse à la chimiothérapie (cyclophosphamide), à la greffe allogénique ainsi qu’aux les thérapies immunomodulatrices (anti-CTLA4 and PD1 Abs). Mon travail de thèse vient à la suite de ces travaux princeps et a permis de montrer que la composition du microbiote intestinal est en partie responsable de l’activité anti-tumorale des ICB dans plusieurs cancers. L’analyse de 249 patients atteints d’un cancer métastatique du poumon, du rein et cancer urothelial traités par l’anti-PD-1 ou l’anti-PD-L1 les antibiotiques (ATB) diminuaient la survie sans progression (PFS) de 3.5 vs 4.1 mois (p=0.017) et la survie globale de 11.5 vs 20.6 mois (p<0.001) par rapport aux patients n’ayant pas pris d’ATB avant de débuter les ICB. Nous avons par la suite analysé par métagénomique les selles de 153 patients atteints d’un cancer du poumon et du rein traités par l’anti-PD-1. Les résultats ont montré que Akkermmansia muciniphila est plus abondante chez les patients ayant une meilleure réponse clinique et une meilleure PFS. De plus, nous avons démontré que la présence d’une réponse mémoire spécifique des cellules CD4+ ou CD8+ envers A. muciniphila est associée à une plus longue PFS. Par la suite, des transplantations de microbiote fécal (FMT) avec les selles de ces patients chez des souris axéniques ou traitées par ATB montrent que les selles des répondeurs à l’anti-PD-1 entrainent une forte réponse immunitaire anti-tumorale post anti-PD-1 comparé aux selles de non-répondeurs. De plus, un gavage oral avec A. muciniphila après la FMT avec des selles de non-répondeurs restaure une forte réponse immunitaire post anti-PD-1 via la production d’IL-12 par les cellules dendritiques entrainant l’augmentation du recrutement des cellules T CD4+CXCR3+CCR9+ du ganglion mésentérique vers le site tumoral et une augmentation du ratio CD4/Treg. L’ensemble de ces résultats suggèrent que la découverte de bactérie immunogène capable de prédire le bénéfice clinique des ICB permettra de développer une stratégie thérapeutique efficace afin d’augmenter la survie des patients atteints de cancer.Mots clés : ICB, anti-PD-1, anti-PDL-1, cancer du poumon, cancer du rein, microbiote intestinal / In oncology, a novel therapeutic era based on immune checkpoint blockades (ICB) targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) or programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitory T-cell receptors has come of age. Targeting CTLA-4 or PD-1/PDL-1/PDL-2 unleashes T cells and restores antitumor immunity. However, 70% of patients will eventually progress and drug-induced autoimmune toxicities are frequent. Therefore, predictors of clinical benefit and strategies to safely enhance ICB efficacy are urgently needed. Multiple lines of evidence have shown that conventional chemotherapy, allogeneic transplantation and immune-based therapies (IL-10R blockade, anti-CTLA4 and PD1 Abs) rely upon the composition of the gut microbiota to exert their bioactivity. During my PhD, I showed in a cohort of 249 patients with advanced NSCLC, RCC and urothelial cancer treated with anti-PD-1/PDL-1 mAb that antibiotic (ATB) prescription before ICB decreased PFS from 3.5 months vs 4.1 months (p=0.017) and OS from 11.5 months vs 20.6 months (p<0.001) compared to patients without ATB. Next, using quantitative metagenomics by shotgun sequencing, we explored the microbiota composition of 153 patients with advanced NSCLC and RCC amenable to anti-PD-1 mAb. Akkermansia muciniphila was found to be strongly associated with favorable objective response rate and longer PFS. To validate the relevance of these clinical findings, we brought up two major lines of evidence. First, we demonstrated that in NSCLC patient, the presence of specific IFNγ+ memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells toward A. muciniphila predicted a longer PFS. Secondly, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed using patient feces to recolonize germ-free or ATB-treated mice in two tumor models. Feces from patients with clinical response conveyed a stronger immune response against the tumor compared to feces from non-responders. Subsequently, oral supplementation with A. muciniphila post-FMT with non-responder feces restored the efficacy of PD-1 blockade. In this setting, dendritic cells secreted more IL-12, increasing the recruitment of CCR9+CXCR3+CD4+ T lymphocytes from the mesenteric lymph nodes into tumor beds as well as an increase of CD4+/Treg ratio within the tumor bed of mice co-treated with anti-PD1 mAb and A. muciniphila. The discovery of immunogenic bacteria capable of predicting and increasing clinical benefit of ICB will help for the development of novel biomarker tools and a future therapeutic concept, whereby treatment of cancer can be improved by the modulation of gut microbiota. Keywords: NSCLC, RCC, Immune checkpoint blockades (ICB), immunotherapies, Programmed Cell Death Protein-1 (PD-1), Microbiota.
109

Influence of intestinal microbiota in celiac disease pathogenesis and risk

Olivares Sevilla, Marta 14 December 2015 (has links)
Tesis por compendio / [EN] Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic enteropathy triggered by cereal gluten proteins in genetically predisposed individuals. The etiology is strongly associated with the genes of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) encoding the DQ2/DQ8 molecules. Most CD patients carry this genotype but this is also present in the 40% of the general population and only a small percentage develops the disease. Thus, the HLA-DQ genotype is necessary but not solely responsible for the disease development. Gluten is the main environmental trigger but its intake neither fully explains the onset nor its clinical manifestations. Other environmental factors (e.g. early feeding practices, infections, intestinal microbiota) have been associated with the risk of developing CD. The only treatment for CD patients is the adherence to a gluten free diet (GFD), but the compliance with this dietary strategy is complicated because gluten is present in many foods. Therefore, the identification of modifiable environmental factors that contribute to CD onset is critical for the development of strategies to reduce its incidence. Observational studies in CD patients revealed imbalances in the intestinal microbiota which could contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. It has been proposed that these imbalances are not only a secondary consequence of the disease but could also be a predisposing factor. To understand whether gut microbiota imbalances play a role in CD onset and pathogenesis, in vitro, animal and human prospective and intervention studies have been conducted in the context of the present PhD Thesis. The global aim of this Thesis has been to improve the understanding of the role played by intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis and risk of CD, and the possibilities of contributing to disease prevention and treatment by modulating gut microbiota composition. Chapter 1 includes two in vitro studies investigating the influence of components of the gut microbiota (bifidobacteria and enterobacteria) on the maturation and functions of immunocompetent cells (dendritic cells), and on gluten toxicity in the intestinal epithelium (Caco-2 cells). We have observed that some Bifidobacterium strains are able to reduce the activation of dendritic cells and ameliorate the toxicity of gluten on intestinal epithelial cells. In Chapter 2 the effects of the administration of Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347 was evaluated in an in vivo model of gluten induced enteropathy in newborn rats, resulting in a reduced proinflammatory cytokine production in the small intestine and CD4+T cell numbers in peripheral blood. Chapter 3 includes two observational studies in humans to unravel whether breast-feeding and human milk composition and/or the host genotype (HLA-DQ) are related to the microbiota, thereby influencing the later development of CD. We concluded that both factors may contribute to the early intestinal colonization of the infant's gut, influencing the Bifidobacterium spp. numbers. Human milk composition also varies in CD and non-CD mothers, modifying the supply of bifidobacteria and protective immune factors to the offspring. Finally, in Chapter 4 we have studied the potential beneficial effects of the administration of B. longum CECT 7347 in addition to the GFD to children with newly diagnosed CD. This study demonstrates that the bifidobacteria slightly reduces serum inflammatory markers and restored the gut microbiota composition. / [ES] La enfermedad celíaca (EC) es una enteropatía crónica de carácter autoinmune que sufren individuos genéticamente predispuestos tras la ingesta de gluten. La etiología está asociada con los genes del sistema "Antígeno Leucocitario Humano" (HLA) que codifican las moléculas DQ2/DQ8. Los pacientes con EC presentan este genotipo, sin embargo este también está presente en ¿40% de la población general y sólo un pequeño porcentaje desarrolla la enfermedad. Por lo tanto, el genotipo HLA-DQ resulta necesario pero no suficiente para que se desarrolle la enfermedad. El gluten es el principal desencadenante pero su ingesta tampoco explica su desarrollo ni sus manifestaciones clínicas. Otros factores ambientales (p.e. la lactancia, infecciones, microbiota intestinal) se han asociado con el riesgo de desarrollar la EC. El único tratamiento para los pacientes celíacos es el seguimiento de una dieta exenta de gluten (DEG), sin embargo su cumplimiento es complicado debido a que el gluten está presente en la mayoría de los alimentos procesados. Por ello, la identificación de factores ambientales modificables que contribuyan al desarrollo de la enfermedad, resulta fundamental para desarrollar estrategias que permitan reducir su incidencia. Estudios observacionales realizados en pacientes con la EC, han demostrado la existencia de desequilibrios en su microbiota intestinal, que podrían contribuir a la patogénesis de la enfermedad. Se ha propuesto que estos desequilibrios no son sólo una consecuencia secundaria de la EC, sino que podrían ser un factor predisponente. Para entender si la microbiota está implicada en el desarrollo y patogénesis de la EC, en la presente Tesis se han desarrollado estudios in vitro, con animales y estudios prospectivos y de intervención en humanos. El objetivo de esta Tesis ha sido avanzar en el conocimiento de la función que la microbiota intestinal desempeña en la patogénesis de la EC, así como, acerca de las posibilidades de tratar o prevenir esta enfermedad mediante la modulación de la composición de la microbiota intestinal. El Capítulo 1 incluye dos estudios in vitro en los que se ha estudiado la influencia de componentes de la microbiota intestinal (bifidobacterias y enterobacterias) en la maduración y las funciones de células inmunocompetentes (células dendríticas), y en la toxicidad del gluten en el epitelio intestinal (células Caco-2). Hemos observado que algunas cepas de Bifidobacterium son capaces de reducir la activación de las células dendríticas y de reducir la toxicidad del gluten sobre el epitelio intestinal. En Capítulo 2 incluye el estudio de los efectos de la administración de B. longum CECT 7347 en un modelo de enteropatía inducida por gluten en ratas recién nacidas, observándose una reducción de citoquinas proinflamatorias en el intestino y de células T CD4+ en sangre periférica. El Capítulo 3 incluye dos estudios observaciones en humanos en los que se ha investigado si la lactancia y composición de la leche materna y/o el genotipo (HLA-DQ) están relacionados con la microbiota y, si así, podrían influir en el desarrollo de la EC. Concluimos que ambos factores contribuyen a la colonización intestinal del niño en los primeros meses de vida, afectando especialmente al número de Bifidobacterium spp. La composición de la leche maternal varía entre madres celíacas y sanas, lo que podría modificar el aporte de bifidobacterias y factores inmunológicos protectores al lactante. Por último, en el Capítulo 4 incluye el estudio del potencial efecto beneficioso de la administración de B. longum CECT 7347 junto con la DEG en niños recién diagnosticados de EC. Este estudio demuestra que la bifidobacteria ligeramente reduce los marcadores inflamatorios en sangre periférica y contribuye a restablecer la composición de la microbiota intestinal. / [CA] La malaltia celíaca (MC) és una enteropatia crònica provocada per les proteines del gluten de cereals en individus predisposats genèticament. L'etiologia està fortament associat amb els gens de l'antigen leucocitari humà (HLA). Pacients amb MC porten aquest genotip però també està present en aproximadament el 40% de la població general i només un petit percentatge (1-3%) es desenvolupa la malaltia. Per tant, HLA-DQ genotip és necessària, però no l'únic responsable. El gluten és el principal desencadenant ambiental però la seva ingesta no explica completament l'inici ni les seves manifestacions clíniques. Altres factors ambientals, com la microbiota intestinal, s'han associat amb el risc de desenvolupar CD. Els estudis observacionals en pacients amb MC van revelar desequilibris en la microbiota intestinal que podria contribuir a la patogènesi de la malaltia. S'ha proposat que aquests desequilibris no només són una conseqüència secundària de la malaltia, però també podria ser un factor predisponent. Per entendre si els desequilibris microbiota intestinal podrien tenir un paper en l'aparició de CD, un estudi prospectiu amb el nen en risc la família està en marxa. L'únic tractament per als pacients amb EC és l'adherència a una dieta lliure de gluten, però el seu compliment és complicada a causa del gluten està present en molts aliments. La identificació de factors ambientals modificables que contribueixen a l'aparició de CD és fonamental per a les estratègies de desenvolupament que porten a una reducció de la incidència. Aquest pot ser el cas per als components de la microbiota intestinal, l'adquisició podria ser modulada per factors ambientals i dietètics. L'objectiu global de la tesi és desentranyar els coneixements actuals sobre el paper exercit per la microbiota intestinal en la patogènesi de l'EC, i les possibilitats de contribuir a la prevenció i tractament de la malaltia mitjançant la modulació de la composició de la microbiota intestinal En el Capítol 1 hem estudiat l'ús de models in vitro de la influència de la microbiota intestinal durant la maduració i funcions del sistema immunològic (cèl·lules dendrítiques), i les interaccions entre el gluten i intestinal intestí i la resposta de l'epiteli intestinal resultant d'aquesta interacció. Hem observat que alguns ceps de Bifidobacterium són capaços de reduir l'activació del sistema immune i millorar la resposta nociva de l'epiteli intestinal a l'estimulació amb gluten. En el Capítol 2 hem estudiat els efectes de l'administració d'una soca de Bifidobacterium (B. longum CECT 7347) per a un model animal de rates nounades. El tractament amb els bacteris es va associar amb una reducció en la producció de citocines proinflamatòries i la resposta immune de cèl·lules T CD4 +. En el Capítol 3 es va descriure que alguns genètic (HLA-DQ genotip) i factors ambientals (llet materna) influeixen en la colonització intestinal primerenca, especialment en Bifidobacterium spp., que poden influir en l'aparició de CD més tard. Finalment, en el Capítol 4 s'ha estudiat l'efecte probiòtic de l'administració de B. longum CECT 7347 en nens acabats diagnosticats d'EC i el seu paper en el restabliment de la salut intestinal. / Olivares Sevilla, M. (2015). Influence of intestinal microbiota in celiac disease pathogenesis and risk [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/58768 / TESIS / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales / Compendio
110

Impact of Psychotropics on the Gut Microbiota and Potential of Probiotics to Alleviate Related Dysbiosis

Ait Chait, Yasmina 12 February 2021 (has links)
There is an increasing interest in how therapeutic drugs could alter the human gut microbiota composition and function. While some knowledge is accumulating on the antimicrobial impact of some psychotropics on isolated strains or the gut microbiota of animal models, information about other classes of psychotropics and representative species from the human gut is poorly investigated. The antimicrobial effect of psychotropic drugs is usually neglected as a confounding factor when investigating gut microbiome biomarkers, knowing that patients are generally put in long-term medication. The purpose of the present study was to investigate (in vitro and ex-vivo) the antimicrobial activity of some oral commonly prescribed psychotropics from different therapeutic classes on colonic microbiota diversity and metabolism and the potential capacity of probiotics to alleviate related dysbiosis. The findings of this study revealed an important in vitro inhibitory activity of psychotropic drugs, which were also expressed as drastic alterations in gut microbiota composition ex-vivo. Indeed, the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria were lowered while the Proteobacteria population was increased. Families of Lachnospiraceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae were also declined by psychotropics (aripiprazole) treatment. These microbial changes were translated into a decrease of the major SCFA (butyrate, acetate, and propionate) at the metabolic level. The addition of a probiotic combination (Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium longum) concomitantly with a psychotropic (aripiprazole) had a protective effect by attenuating the decline of microbiota composition and increasing the concentrations of SCFA. These findings provide evidence that psychotropics, through their antimicrobial effect, have the potential to alter the human gut microbiota composition and metabolism, while probiotics can mitigate the related dysbiosis.

Page generated in 0.0535 seconds