Thermally induced interfacial stress states between fiber and matrix at cryogenic temperature were studied using three-dimensional finite element based micromechanics. Mismatch of the coefficient of thermal expansion between fiber and matrix, and mismatch of coefficient of thermal expansion between plies with different fiber orientation were considered. In order to approximate irregular fiber distributions and to model irregular fiber arrangements, various types of unit cells, which can represent nonuniformity, were constructed and from the results the worst case of fiber distributions that can have serious stress states were suggested. Since it is difficult to measure the fiber transverse coefficient of thermal expansion at the micro scale, there is an uncertainty problem for stress analysis. In order to investigate the effect of error in assumed fiber transverse coefficient of thermal expansion on thermally induced interfacial stresses, systematic studies were carried out. In this paper, the effect of measurement errors on the local stress states will be studied. Also, in order to determine fiber transverse CTE values from lamina properties, a back calculation method is used for various composite systems.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19050号 / 農博第2128号 / 新制||農||1032 / 32001 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 村上 章, 教授 藤原 正幸, 教授 澤田 純男 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

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The term “granular material” describes any assembly of macroscopic particles. This broad definition encompasses a wide variety of everyday materials, for example sand, cereals, gravel and powders. However, despite their commonplace nature, to date no universally accepted set of constitutive equations exists to describe the behaviour of these materials. Thermomechanics and micromechanics are two modelling methodologies previously employed in separate efforts to represent granular behaviour. In this thesis, the two theories are integrated to develop new models of idealised granular materials. (For complete abstract open document)

Thesis (Ph.D.), Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1999. / Bibliography: p. 97-104.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 129-133).

In-vessel tungsten components of a future demonstration fusion reactor are likely to be operated in the material's non-ductile regime. Assessment of the components' reliability is not possible with current ductile design codes or through experimental qualification. There is therefore an urgent need for non-ductile assessment procedures. One such approach currently considered is Weibull's weakest link theory, which is based on linear-elastic fracture mechanics and has its origins in ceramics. A full assessment of its validity has been performed, and the challenge of obtaining irradiated material data addressed. Bend tests at the macroscopic scale confirm previous findings that the scatter in strength of pure tungsten follows a two-parameter Weibull distribution, provided the material fractures within its elastic regime. However, tests conducted over a range of specimen sizes reveal the technique's shortcomings in accurately predicting the material's size effect in fracture, questioning its applicability to pure tungsten and also other brittle metallic materials. Fracture strength tests conducted at the micrometre scale through cantilever bending have addressed the challenge of obtaining irradiated material data. An ultra-fine grained self-passivating tungsten alloy, considered as an alternative contender to tungsten for in-vessel components, is shown to fracture within its linear-elastic regime at the microscopic scale. A reliable and repeatable measurement of its strength of approximately 5.9 GPa is obtained. The scatter in measurements is shown to be greater than random errors, and to be described well by a two-parameter Weibull distribution. Cantilever tests conducted over a range of specimen sizes reveal a strong size effect (4.3 - 9.0 GPa), which is accurately predicted by Weibull's weakest link theory. Ion implantations, conducted in the tungsten alloy to mimic neutron induced elastic collision damage, result in a statistically confirmed drop (6 %) in cantilever measured fracture strength at low doses (0.7 dpa), and an increase (9-16 %) at higher doses (7 dpa).The cantilever test technique is therefore suitable for the measurement of ion and neutron irradiation effects on the material's fracture strength. Provided a full validation of Weibull's weakest link theory strength extrapolation from the micro- to macroscopic scale is realised on a future heterogeneity free material batch, irradiated material data obtained from cantilever tests could be used to assess the reliability of in-vessel components fabricated from a self-passivating tungsten alloy, and fill the current gap in non-ductile design assessment procedures.

Fraturas são descontinuidades físicas, presentes em diversos materiais utilizados na engenharia, e são responsáveis pela redução da resistência e da rigidez global dos materiais. Tratando-se de fraturas de pequena dimensão, é possível definir a existência de duas escalas: a escala microscópica, onde as fraturas são visíveis, e a escala macroscópica, onde o material fraturado é homogêneo. Maghous et al. (2010) utilizaram a micromecânica para expor o tensor de rigidez homogeneizado para materiais elásticos fraturados, fazendo a ressalva de que fraturas transmitem esforços por suas faces. Utilizando os conceitos formulados por Maghous, Lorenci (2013) ampliou sua aplicação, estendendo à distribuição aleatória das fraturas. Utilizando o mesmo procedimento realizado por Lorenci, determinou-se os tensores de rigidez homogeneizados para materiais elásticos fraturados, os quais foram empregados para formular as condições de propagação de fraturas para materiais elásticos. Conceitualmente, a condição de propagação de fraturas em meios elásticos é formulada com base em conceitos clássicos da termodinâmica, baseados na dissipação de energia. Tratando-se de meios viscoelásticos, a dissipação de energia adquire um novo termo denominado de dissipação viscosa. Nguyen (2010) estabeleceu uma condição de propagação de fissuras em meios viscoelásticos, entretanto, as fissuras admitidas por Nguyen não são responsáveis pela transferência de esforços. Para estender a análise de Nguyen ao caso de fraturas, foi necessário determinar os tensores de relaxação do material viscoelástico fraturado, estes tensores foram obtidos combinando-se os tensores elásticos homogeneizados com os conceitos da transformada de Carson-Laplace, admitindo que as fraturas não se propagam ao longo do tempo. Com base no tensor de relaxação isótropo homogeneizado, determinou-se um modelo reológico equivalente que represente o material viscoelástico fraturado assumindo diferentes modelos reológicos para a matriz e para fraturas. Por fim, analisou-se as condições de propagação de fraturas em meios viscoelásticos de duas formas: de forma aproximada (apurando os estudos realizados por Nguyen) e de forma homogeneizada (admitindo que a propagação de fraturas se dá na escala macroscópica). / responsible for reducing the overall strength and stiffness of the material. In the case of small fractures, is possible set two scales: a microscopic scale, where fractures are visible, and the macroscopic scale, where the fractured material is homogeneous. Maghous et al. (2010) used the micromechanics to expose the homogenized stiffness tensor for fractured elastic materials, making the observation that fractures transmit efforts by their faces. Using the concepts formulated by Maghous, Lorenci (2013) expanded its application, extending to a random distribution of fractures. Using the same procedure performed by Lorenci, the homogenized stiffness tensor was determined for fractured elastic materials, which were employed to formulate the fracture propagation conditions for elastic materials. Conceptually, the fracture propagation conditions for elastic means is made based on classical concepts of thermodynamics, based on the energy dissipation. In the case of viscoelastic means, the energy dissipation acquires a new term called viscous dissipation. Nguyen (2010) established a condition of crack propagation in viscoelastic means, however, the Nguyen’s cracks are not responsible for the transfer of efforts. To extend Nguyen analysis to the case of fractures, was necessary to determine the relaxation tensor for viscoelastic fractured materials, these tensors are obtained by combining the homogenized elastic tensor to the concepts of the Carson- Laplace transform, assuming that the fractures are not propagate over time. Based on the isotropic homogenized relaxation tensors, was determined an equivalent rheological model representing the fractured viscoelastic material assuming different rheological models for matrix and fractures. Finally, was analyzed the fracture propagation conditions in viscoelastic means in two ways: in an approximate way (improving the studies conducted by Nguyen) and homogenized form (assuming that the propagation of fractures occurs at the macroscopic scale).