This project explores the fundamental mechanisms of grain boundary sliding (GBS) with an emphasis on its role in superplasticity, using both micro- and macro-mechanical testing methods. GBS plays an important role in the deformation of polycrystalline materials, especially at high homologous temperatures (above half of the melting point). Classical models for GBS (Rachinger sliding and Lifshitz sliding) assume that all grains and grain boundaries undergo the same process, but recent research has shown this is not true. Individual grain boundaries differ in their ability to participate in sliding and diffusion. Therefore, it is important to investigate the response of individual grain boundaries to stress. This project uses microcantilevers, loaded using a nanoindenter, to investigate the response to stress of individual grain boundaries in Sn-1%Bi, which is expected to exhibit GBS at room temperature. The response of individual grain boundaries are correlated with grain boundary characters determined using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). On the macroscopic scale, both in-situ and ex-situ shear tests are conducted to investigate the superplastic behaviour of this material. The strain rate sensitivity index of the material with a grain size of 8.5 μm is found to be around 0.45. Surface marker lines have quantitatively revealed grain boundary sliding. The investigation from surface studies is expanded to the interior of bulk material in 3D by conducting an in-situ tensile test coupled with diffraction contrast tomography (DCT) at a synchrotron facility. The microcantilever tests enable grain boundary sliding and diffusion creep to be investigated separately by varying the normal and shear stresses on the grain boundary plane. GBS is dependent on grain boundary structure (misorientation angle, rotation axis and grain boundary plane orientation). The microcantilever size is similar to the grain size used in the macro-mechanical tests. It is demonstrated that the shear stress for steady-state GBS is comparable in micro- and macro-tests. Grain neighbour switching events have been identified in the interior of bulk material in 3D for the first time.

Fraturas são descontinuidades físicas, presentes em diversos materiais utilizados na engenharia, e são responsáveis pela redução da resistência e da rigidez global dos materiais. Tratando-se de fraturas de pequena dimensão, é possível definir a existência de duas escalas: a escala microscópica, onde as fraturas são visíveis, e a escala macroscópica, onde o material fraturado é homogêneo. Maghous et al. (2010) utilizaram a micromecânica para expor o tensor de rigidez homogeneizado para materiais elásticos fraturados, fazendo a ressalva de que fraturas transmitem esforços por suas faces. Utilizando os conceitos formulados por Maghous, Lorenci (2013) ampliou sua aplicação, estendendo à distribuição aleatória das fraturas. Utilizando o mesmo procedimento realizado por Lorenci, determinou-se os tensores de rigidez homogeneizados para materiais elásticos fraturados, os quais foram empregados para formular as condições de propagação de fraturas para materiais elásticos. Conceitualmente, a condição de propagação de fraturas em meios elásticos é formulada com base em conceitos clássicos da termodinâmica, baseados na dissipação de energia. Tratando-se de meios viscoelásticos, a dissipação de energia adquire um novo termo denominado de dissipação viscosa. Nguyen (2010) estabeleceu uma condição de propagação de fissuras em meios viscoelásticos, entretanto, as fissuras admitidas por Nguyen não são responsáveis pela transferência de esforços. Para estender a análise de Nguyen ao caso de fraturas, foi necessário determinar os tensores de relaxação do material viscoelástico fraturado, estes tensores foram obtidos combinando-se os tensores elásticos homogeneizados com os conceitos da transformada de Carson-Laplace, admitindo que as fraturas não se propagam ao longo do tempo. Com base no tensor de relaxação isótropo homogeneizado, determinou-se um modelo reológico equivalente que represente o material viscoelástico fraturado assumindo diferentes modelos reológicos para a matriz e para fraturas. Por fim, analisou-se as condições de propagação de fraturas em meios viscoelásticos de duas formas: de forma aproximada (apurando os estudos realizados por Nguyen) e de forma homogeneizada (admitindo que a propagação de fraturas se dá na escala macroscópica). / responsible for reducing the overall strength and stiffness of the material. In the case of small fractures, is possible set two scales: a microscopic scale, where fractures are visible, and the macroscopic scale, where the fractured material is homogeneous. Maghous et al. (2010) used the micromechanics to expose the homogenized stiffness tensor for fractured elastic materials, making the observation that fractures transmit efforts by their faces. Using the concepts formulated by Maghous, Lorenci (2013) expanded its application, extending to a random distribution of fractures. Using the same procedure performed by Lorenci, the homogenized stiffness tensor was determined for fractured elastic materials, which were employed to formulate the fracture propagation conditions for elastic materials. Conceptually, the fracture propagation conditions for elastic means is made based on classical concepts of thermodynamics, based on the energy dissipation. In the case of viscoelastic means, the energy dissipation acquires a new term called viscous dissipation. Nguyen (2010) established a condition of crack propagation in viscoelastic means, however, the Nguyen’s cracks are not responsible for the transfer of efforts. To extend Nguyen analysis to the case of fractures, was necessary to determine the relaxation tensor for viscoelastic fractured materials, these tensors are obtained by combining the homogenized elastic tensor to the concepts of the Carson- Laplace transform, assuming that the fractures are not propagate over time. Based on the isotropic homogenized relaxation tensors, was determined an equivalent rheological model representing the fractured viscoelastic material assuming different rheological models for matrix and fractures. Finally, was analyzed the fracture propagation conditions in viscoelastic means in two ways: in an approximate way (improving the studies conducted by Nguyen) and homogenized form (assuming that the propagation of fractures occurs at the macroscopic scale).

Orientadores: Eder Lima de Albuquerque, Cecília Amélia de Carvalho Zavaglia / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T18:28:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_NubiaSuelySilva_D.pdf: 4363251 bytes, checksum: 213063c74cfba9cbb1d694d631c78ebf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram elaborados compósitos poliméricos reforçados com fibras longas e contínuas de miriti, com frações de volume de fibra de 10, 20 e 30%. A fibra de miriti é proveniente do pecíolo da palmeira de burtiti (Mauritia flexuosa L.), palmeira abundante na região amazônica, utilizada na alimentação e na produção de artesanato popular. As características físicas, morfológicas, microestruturais e mecânicas da fibra de miriti, são estudadas. Para a elaboração dos compósitos as fibras receberam tratamento superficial com solução alcalina, a 5%, e a resina de poliéster insaturado foi utilizada como matriz. Foram elaborados neste trabalho, compósitos com as fibras de miriti alinhadas longitudinalmente, chamados de compósitos unidirecionais (UD), e compósitos com fibras de miriti em duas direções ortogonais entre si, chamados de compósitos bi-direcionais (2D). Os compósitos foram consolidados sob pressão, e em seguida foi conduzido o processo de pós-cura a 60 C de temperatura. A caracterização mecânica dos compósitos foi feita sob carregamento de tração (norma ASTM D 638), e sob carregamento de flexão (norma ASTM D 790). Os corpos de prova foram retirados das placas moldadas, e 5 corpos de prova de cada compósito foram submetidos aos ensaios mecânicos. Os resultados obtidos após os ensaios de tração e flexão dos compósitos, mostram a influência da adição de fibras no comportamento mecânico dos compósitos, assim como a influência da orientação das fibras no compósito. A verificação teórica dos resultados experimentais é conduzida para os compósitos unidirecionais testados sob tração, e os valores teóricos foram obtidos por meio da regra da mistura, da teoria de micromecânica dos compósitos. Aspectos macroscópicos e microscópicos da fratura após os ensaios mecânicos foram observados e mostram região de dano e interface fibra-matriz, respectivamente. Os resultados mostram que a adição de fibras à matriz de resina poliéster insaturado, foi, de modo geral, favorável às propriedades mecânicas dos compósitos. A melhor performance mecânica foi obtida pelo compósito unidirecional com 30% em fração de volume de fibras de miriti, testados na direção do carregamento. Para os compósitos bi-direcionais (2D), a adição de fração em volume de fibras somente foi favorável para as propriedades mecânicas sob tração, sendo pouco significativa para os resultados das propriedades sob flexão. Segundo a verificação teórica feita para os resultados experimentais, acima de 25% de adição de fração em volume de fibras, começa a haver sinergia entre os componentes do compósito, evidenciando o efeito reforçante das fibras de miriti / Abstract: In this work continuous miriti fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester matrix composites were elaborated, with 10, 20 and 30% of fiber volume fraction. Miriti fibers are extracted from petiole of buriti palm (Mauritia flexuosa L.), which is a typical specie that grow in Amazonian region, used as food and handicrafts. Physical, morphological, microstructural and mechanical characteristics of miriti fibers were investigated. Treated fibers with a sodium hydroxide solution (5%) were used to elaborate composites in this work. Composites with continuous miriti fibers aligned on unidirectional direction, named as unidirectional composites (UD), and composites with continuous miriti fibers aligned in orthogonal directions, named as bi-directional (2D) composites were elaborated. The composites were consolidated under pressure and a post-cure process was conducted at a 60 C temperature. Mechanical characterization of composites was made under tensile load (ASTM D 638), and under bending load (ASTM D 790). Specimens were taken from molded plates and five specimens of each composite were subjected to mechanical tests. Results obtained after the mechanical tests show the influence of fiber addition on mechanical behavior of composites, as well as the influence of fiber orientation. Theoretical verification of experimental results is conducted for unidirectional composites tested under tension, and the theoretical values were obtained by the mixture rule of micromechanical theory of composites. Macroscopic and microscopic aspects of fracture after the mechanical tests are observed and show the region of damage and fiber-matrix interface, respectively. Results obtained showed that fiber addition on unsaturated polyester resin was favorable to the mechanical properties of composites. The best mechanical performance was obtained by unidirectional composite with 30% in volume fraction of miriti fibers tested on the direction of loading. For 2D composites the addition of fiber volume fraction was only favorable for mechanical properties under tensile load, with little effect on bending properties. According to theoretical verification conducted to the experimental results, more than 25% of fiber volume fraction of miriti fibers, begins to have synergy between the components of the composite, which shows the miriti fibers / Doutorado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Le contact unilatéral entre deux surfaces est un phénomène omniprésent en physique, en mécanique et en génie civil. Une surface nominalement lisse à l’échelle macroscopique est en réalité rugueuse à l’échelle microscopique. La présence de rugosités modifie considérablement la distribution des contraintes et le champ des déformations au voisinage des surfaces en contact. La prise en compte de rugosités surfaciques à l’échelle microscopique constitue souvent une clé pour appréhender et modéliser un grand nombre de phénomènes d’interface/surface observés à l’échelle macroscopique, tels que le frottement, l’adhésion, l’usure et la conductivité thermique ou électrique. Ce travail de thèse porte sur le contact unilatéral de deux demi-espaces dont les surfaces sont périodiquement rugueuses. Dans la première partie du travail où les deux demi-espaces sont constitués de deux matériaux linéairement élastiques, une approche numérique simple et efficace est proposée et élaborée en se basant sur la méthode des éléments de frontière et la méthode d’inversion matricielle et en exploitant la périodicité du problème en question. Cette approche numérique est d’abord comparée avec et validée par des résultats analytiques et ensuite appliquée à plusieurs cas d’intérêt pratique. Dans les deuxième et troisième parties du travail, l’approche numérique proposée dans le cas élastique est étendue aux cas où les demi-espaces sont formés de matériaux d’abord linéairement thermoélastiques et ensuite linéairement viscoélastiques. Des résultats analytiques existants dans ces deux cas sont utilisés comme benchmarks pour tester la précision et l’efficacité des approches résultantes. Des exemples numériques sont donnés pour mettre en évidence des phénomènes physiques / Unilateral contact between two surfaces is a phenomenon often present in physics, mechanics and civil engineering. A nominally smooth surface on a macroscopic scale is actually rough on the microscopic scale. The presence of surficial roughness considerably modifies the stress distribution and the strain field in the vicinity of the surfaces in contact. Consideration of surficial roughness at the microscopic scale is often a key to understanding and modeling a large number of macroscopic interface/surface phenomena such as friction, adhesion, wear and thermal or electrical conduction. This work focuses on the unilateral contact of two half-spaces whose surfaces are periodically rough. In the first part of the work where the two half-spaces consist of two linearly elastic materials, a simple and efficient numerical approach is proposed and elaborated on the basis of the boundary element method and the matrix inversion method and by exploiting the periodicity of the problem in question. This numerical approach is first compared with and validated by available analytical results and then applied to several cases of practical interest. In the second and third parts of the work, the numerical approach proposed in the elastic case is extended to cases where the half-spaces are formed of materials that are first linearly thermoelastic and then linearly viscoelastic. Some existing analytical results in these two cases are used as benchmarks to test the accuracy and efficiency of the resulting approaches. Numerical examples are given to bring out some physical phenomena

Environmental issues enforce transportation sectors to limit their carbon dioxide emissions in various ways. Automotive manufacturers attempt to reduce carbon dioxide emission by seeking various strategies, e.g., increasing aerodynamic efficiency, using more fuel-efficient engines, reducing friction and wear of transmission systems, and, most importantly, by using lightweight materials and structures. This dissertation is a contribution toward a lightweight design of structures by proposing numerical models suitable for damage prediction of thermoplastic composite materials. In this dissertation, predictive damage models for two different length scales, namely micromechanics, and mesomechanics, were proposed. Micromechanics is used to predict the nonlinear damage behavior of elementary thermoplastic composite ply, while the mesomechanics is used to predict the failure behavior of thermoplastic composite laminates (test coupon or plate scale). For the micromechanics, a representative volume element (RVE) of such materials was rigorously determined using a geometrical two-point probability function and the eigenvalue stabilization of homogenized elastic tensor obtained by Hill-Mandel kinematic homogenization. We proposed a viscoelastic viscoplastic model for the polypropylene matrix to extend the capability of the micromechanics model in predicting the damage behavior of the composite ply at higher rates. At the mesoscale, we improved the classical mesomechanics damage modeling in the off-axis direction by introducing the confinement effect. The pragmatic approach consists of separating the progressive damage into two parts, namely “diffuse damage regime” and “transverse-cracking regime”, were described by two distinct damage parameters. We also enriched the mesomechanics model by proposing a viscoelastic and viscoplastic model to account for the rate-dependent behavior of the thermoplastic composites. We showed that the predictions given by the proposed micromechanics and mesomechanics models were in excellent agreement with the experimental results in terms of the global stress-strain curves, including the linear and nonlinear portion of the response and also the failure point, making it useful virtual testing tools for the design of thermoplastic composites.

HCP materials are exceedingly being used as alloys and composites in several high strength light weight applications such as aerospace and aeronautical structures, deep sea maritime applications, and as biocompatible materials. To understand the deformation of HCP materials, reliable tools and techniques are required. One such technique is the Elasto-Plastic Self Consistency (EPSC) model. ESPC models use Eshelby’s Inclusion Theory as their basic formulation to model the strain experienced by a grain within a strained material sample. One of the oldest approximations (or models) used to model the grain’s strain within a strained sample is the Taylor’s Assumption (TA). TA assumes that each grain is strained to the same average value. EPSC models are different from the TA model since each grain modelled by the EPSC model would be strained to a different value. This is possible and obtained by solving an infinite domain boundary value problem. This key advantage of the EPSC model can therefore predict localized weak spots within material samples.EPSC models use the concept of eigen strain where the inhomogeneous grain is replaced with an equivalent inclusion. The technique proposed in this research is used to simulate uniaxial tension of rolled textured Magnesium. The number of deformation modes used in this research is seven. Both slipping systems and twinning systems are included in the simulation. The hardening phenomenon is described as a function of self-hardening as well as latent-hardening. As stated in (S. Kweon, 2020), modelling the interactive hardening requires a more robust numerical iterative technique. An improved robust iterative numerical technique is explained in (Daniel Raja, 2021) and (Soondo Kweon D. S., 2021). This research implements the equivalent inclusion theory in combination with the numerical iterative technique developed in the aforementioned papers.The report begins with the need for this research and advocates for the same. Then, the conceptional theories and the imaginary thought experiment performed by John D. Eshelby is presented. The concept of “Eigen Strain” which serves as the base work needed to understand and formulate the Equivalent Inclusion Theory is described in detail. The Equivalent Inclusion is then presented and developed. The concept of Green’s Function is presented and explained. These concepts serve as the building block for the derivation and calculation of the Eshelby Tensor which relates the concepts of eigen strain and constrained strain. The report concludes the theory section with the amalgamation of the ideas of the Green’s Function and Eigen Strain to develop the Eshelby Tensor for an Isotropic material as well as Anisotropic materials. In the following section, the unit cell accompanied with the deformation modes within the unit cell of an HCP material that are used in these simulations are presented. Following unit cell model, the crystal plasticity model which includes plastic deformation, hardening laws, and elastic deformation is elaborated. The results obtained from the simulation are presented and salient features are highlighted that are observed in the results. Lastly, the report concludes by pointing out key “take aways” from this research and identifies possible avenues for future research.Additionally, ten appendices are included towards the end of this report to enhance understanding of complicated derivations and solutions. Lastly, the author’s vita is included at the end of the report.

Analytic and computational micromechanics techniques based on the composite cylinders method and the finite element method, respectively, have been used to determine the effective coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of carbon nanotube-epoxy nanocomposites containing aligned nanotubes. Both techniques have been used in a parametric study of the influence of interphase stiffness and interphase CTE on the effective CTE of the nanocomposites.  For both the axial and transverse CTE of aligned nanotube nanocomposites with and without interphase regions, the computational and analytic micromechanics techniques were shown to give similar results.  The Mori-Tanka method has been used to account for the effect of randomly oriented fibers.   Analytic and computational micromechanics techniques have also been used to assess the effects of clustering and clustering with interphase on the effective CTE components.  Clustering is observed to have a minimal impact on the effective axial CTE of the nanocomposite and a 3-10%.  However, there is a combined effect with clustering and one of the interphase layers. / Master of Science

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19050号 / 農博第2128号 / 新制||農||1032(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H27||N4932(農学部図書室) / 32001 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 村上 章, 教授 藤原 正幸, 教授 澤田 純男 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Shear banding is a commonly observed yet complex form of instability in granular media by which the deformation is localized in a narrow zone along a certain path. The aim of this study is to investigate the micromechanics of shear banding using the discrete element method (DEM). For this purpose, a model was developed and calibrated to simulate the macroscale behavior of sand under plane strain conditions. Upon validation against laboratory experiments, two types of confining boundaries, displacement- and force-controlled, were examined to study the kinematics of shear bands. A constant volume test was then used to investigate the evolution of antisymmetric stresses before, during, and after shear band formation. The results indicate that the antisymmetric stresses significantly increase within the shear band throughout the loading history, but may not describe the precursory shear band conditions. The DEM model is shown to properly capture the micromechanics of shear bands.

Over time science has provided us with new materials and fabrication techniques making it possible to design and create more complex engineering components for service. If we are to include these materials in damage tolerant design efforts, engineers need to understand when/where degradation will occur in the engineering component. To do so it is imperative that micromechanical studies be conducted to understand the material behavior of the microstructural features including phases, build pattern features, and microstructural imperfections including cracks of new materials to validate any future modeling efforts. This dissertation will discuss the experimental and computational micromechanics of extruded and cast aluminum cerium alloys and selective laser melted 316L stainless steel. In Chapters 2 and 3, micromechanical experiments and computational efforts are carried out on extruded 52:1 Al-8Ce-10Mg alloy. Using in-situ scanning electron microscopy tensile testing microcracking is observed in Al11Ce3 intermetallic after yield in the bulk alloy. In-situ digital image correlation tests observe the load sharing characteristics between the Al(Mg) matrix and the Al11Ce3 intermetallic before and after microcracking. Finally, that failure process is determined to be coalesce of microvoids leading to ductile damage failure. These results are used to create an experimental-computational framework to develop a crystal plasticity finite element model for extruded Al-8Ce-10Mg alloys. The calibrated model is used to perform multiple simulations evaluate the possible effect changes intermetallic content and grain orientation texture have on the mechanical strength of the alloy. The experimental and computational framework are expandable to other material systems not just Al-Ce alloys. In Chapter 4, in-situ scanning electron microscopy tensile testing is used to investigate how the matrix and intermetallic phases contribute to the failure behavior alloy of cast Al-11Ce- 0.4Mg alloy. The in-situ tests shows that after multiple points of crack nucleation, crack coalescence causes the subsequent failure to occur in the Al(Mg) matrix phase of the alloy, as seen by tortuous behavior. The cause of this crack behavior is determined to be due to the high strength match between the matrix and intermetallic phase, strong metallurgical bond between the two phases, and the size effect created by large eutectic colonies created during casting. The results of the experimental work are used to propose a 3D multiscale computational model of cast Al-Ce alloys. In Chapter 5, micromechanical experiments are carried out on SLM 316L Stainless Steel with four different sets of varied processing parameters. Discontinuous yielding is observed in the lowest energy density sample caused by the strong [110] texture, optimal for dislocation slip, in the loading direction. The in-situ loading experiments are also able to capture the melt pool track deformation and crack formation that leads to the failure of these samples. This highlights the importance of micromechanical experiments for additive manufactured materials. / Doctor of Philosophy / As time has progressed new materials have been discovered that make it possible to design more complex parts for engineering design. To ensure the safety and reliability of these materials, engineers need to understand when/where damage will occur in a design. Micromechanical studies conducted at magnifications higher than human visible range allow engineers to explore where damage in materials initiates which would otherwise not be detected until after failure. The results of these studies can be used to build and test models of these materials. This dissertation will discuss the micromechanical studies of extruded and cast aluminum cerium alloys and selective laser melted 316L stainless steel. In Chapters 2 and 3, micromechanical experiments and computational techniques are performed on extruded Al-Ce alloys. In Chapter 4, the failure behavior of cast Al-Ce alloys is examined in active tension using scanning electron microscopy. Finally, in Chapter 5, selective laser melted 316L stainless steel is studied and the results highlight the importance of micromechanical experiments for the new age of metal 3D printing.