Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Tomando-se por base o emprego crescente do sensoriamento remoto na elaboraÃÃo de mapas mais precisos e de menor custo dos recursos naturais, desenvolveu-se este estudo com o objetivo de se elaborar imagens que venham a identificar o balanÃo de energia na superfÃcie, bem como estimar as taxas evaporimÃtricas horÃria e diÃria da regiÃo que abrange o PerÃmetro de IrrigaÃÃo Araras Norte e os quatro principais reservatÃrios (Jaibaras, Paulo Sarasate, Edson Queiroz e Forquilha) da bacia do AcaraÃ. Para tanto, imagem do satÃlite Landsat 5, datada de 01 de setembro de 2004, foi obtida junto ao Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). Esta imagem foi submetida, processada e empilhada pelo software Erdas IMAGINE 8.5 Demo. Em seguida aplicou-se o algoritmo SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land), o qual se fundamenta no fluxo de calor entre a superfÃcie do solo e a atmosfera, para se estimar a evapotranspiraÃÃo horÃria e diÃria da Ãrea em estudo. Pelo emprego do referido algoritmo foram geradas cartas, dentre outras, da temperatura (ÂC), albedo (a), Ãndice de VegetaÃÃo por DiferenÃa Normalizada (NDVI), saldo de radiaÃÃo (Rn), calor sensÃvel (H), calor latente (lET) e evapotranspiraÃÃo horÃria (EThorÃria). De posse da carta da EThorÃria, estimou-se a fraÃÃo de evapotranspiraÃÃo de referÃncia horÃria (FET0_H), pela relaÃÃo dos valores da evapotranspiraÃÃo de cada pixel da imagem estimada pelo SEBAL e a evapotranspiraÃÃo de referÃncia horÃria (ET0_H), estimada pelo mÃtodo de Penman-Montheith. Pelos resultados alcanÃados observou-se que os menores percentuais de energia refletida (albedo) e as maiores taxas de evaporaÃÃo foram registrados nas superfÃcies liquidas dos aÃudes (7,5 mm.dia-1); que a distribuiÃÃo espacial do fluxo de calor no solo apresentou uma repartiÃÃo semelhante Ãs manchas dos dois tipos de solo predominantes da Ãrea em estudo, Luvissolo e Neossolo LitÃlico. Pode-se, tambÃm, perceber a influÃncia da perenizaÃÃo dos cursos dâÃgua na umidade do solo das margens, encontrando-se para alguns trechos da mata ciliar valores de NDVI e de evapotranspiraÃÃo diÃria bem prÃximos dos observados nas Ãreas irrigadas. As Ãreas do Distrito de IrrigaÃÃo Araras Norte apresentaram ETdiÃria da ordem de 6,5mm.dia-1. Ficou evidenciado a alta potencialidade do emprego do SEBAL em estudos de desertificaÃÃo, alteraÃÃes na vegetaÃÃo e uso da terra em escala de bacias hidrogrÃficas, uma vez que a identificaÃÃo em mudanÃas das espÃcies pode ocorrer pelo estudo das cartas de calor latente ou evapotranspiraÃÃo. / Elaboration of natural resources mapping is difficult due to large spatial and temporal variability of them. In the least decay, remote sensing is widely used do make this because the lower survey costs. The main goal of this work is to estimate daily evapotranspiration of the Araras Norte Irrigated Perimeters and evaporation of four reservoirs (Jaibaras, Paulo Sarasate, Edson Queiroz and Forquilha) located in the middle part of the Acaraà basin. The actual evapotranspiration was quantified from spectral satellite data on the basis of the energy balance approach. The LANDSAT 5 Thematic Mapper 30 m, resolution satellite image taken on 01 september 2004, was obtained from Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). Satellite image was processed and piled up using Erdas Imagine 8.5 Demo. Hour and daily evapotranspiration was estimated using SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) algorithm, which is based on energy balance between incoming and outgoing solar radiation. Among generated remote sensing maps are: temperature (ÂC), Albedo (a), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), net radiation (Rn), sensible heat flux (H), latent heat flux (lET) and hour evapotranspiration (ETH). Based on ETH the evaporative fraction was estimated throughout the relationship of ET for pixel at the satellite image time (mm.h-1) and reference crop ET by Penman-Montheith method. Results showed that the lowest albedo and the highest evapotranspiration rates were registered in the reservoir (7.5 mm.dia-1); the spatial distribution of soil heat flux presented a similar distribution of soil predominant types in the studied region. Also, It was observed the influence of water flow in the repair zone soil humidity, once it was registered, in these areas, values of NDVI and daily evapotranspiration similar to those observed in irrigated areas. Irrigated District of Araras Norte showed an ETdiÃria around 6.5 mm.dia-1. It was clear that SEBAL approach has a high potential in study of desertification, changes in cover vegetation and land use at basin scales; since latent heat and evapotranspiration can be a good indication of changed cover vegetation change.

An ammonia emissions inventory discovered that 90% of the ammonia emitted from Pinellas, Hillsborough, and Polk counties, originated from the latter two counties. This finding is significant and suggests that a substantial portion of the ammonia deposited to Tampa Bay is transported with easterly air masses. Ammonia and ammonium concentrations at the coastal Gandy Bridge site were seasonally and diurnally consistent, but the rural Sydney site showed greater variability. It was determined that wind direction was the most influential parameter affecting the Gandy Bridge site, which supports the hypothesis that an advection of ammonia from the east is a major source of ammonia to the estuary. Sequential sampling of ammonium in wet deposition at the Gandy Bridge site confirmed that between 35% and 60% of the ammonium (CNH4) in rainfall is deposited to Tampa Bay during the initial 20% of precipitation (D) according to a power law CNH4=aD-b. Ammonium concentrations were predicted with an aqueous-phase accumulation model and a relationship between I, rainfall intensity in mm min-1 and (beta), scavenging rate in min-1 was shown as (beta) = 0.08I0.66. This algorithm will facilitate future modeling studies that explore the relationship between the wet deposition of ammonium and ammonia reduction strategies in Tampa Bay. The NOAA Buoy model accurately predicts sensible heat flux, and is an effective tool for estimating the offshore air/water exchange rates of ammonia over Tampa Bay. If near-shore vs. offshore meteorological measurements are used, the model under-predicts flux parameters by as much as 30% in the summer season. The model was "calibrated" to correct this deficiency. Bi-directional ammonia flux measurements during the fall and winter seasons resulted in an average flux rate of 96.2 (mu)g-NH3 m-2 d-1, indicating a net transfer from air to water. During the 2003 summer season, an average ammonia flux rate of -117.9 (mu)g-NH3 m-2 d-1 and a 32% reduction in the annual ammonia dry deposition rate to Tampa Bay was calculated. Wet deposition likely contributes to ammonia reemission from the estuary. These results indicate that volatilization of ammonia reduces the nitrogen burden available for biological synthesis in Tampa Bay.

Abstract This study aims to investigate the influence of micrometeorology on atmospheric visibility in Taipei Basin by carrying on routine and intensive visibility observation, analyzing particle concentrations and size distribution, monitoring atmospheric optical coefficients of particles, and collecting meteorological conditions (wind direction, wind speed, temperature and humidity). Based on the information of the broad view of the meteorological parameters from 1998 to 2005, the air pollution episode in Taipei Basin mainly occurred during the winter periods accompanied with the weather patterns of high pressure outflow style I, high pressure outflow style II or circus-sluice of high pressure outflow. Based on the collected visibility data from Taipei of Central Weather Bureau for the past 21 years (1983~2004), it shows the visibility increasing each year. The visibility seasonal variation was also observed higher than that during winter. The mean visibilities from Tamsui, Songshan, and Sindian directions are 10.54 km , 9.72 km and 8.62 km, respectively. In general, the visibility from the Tamsui direction is slightly higher than those the from two directions, This result shows visibility is influenced not only the pollution factor and meteorological factor, but affected by the local topography. Our study revealed that the visibility data leads on the Tamsui, Songshan obserrative directions is better. Two intensive sampling campaign were conducted during August 15~22 of 2004 and January 15~22 of 2005 on the roof of Taipei County Government, respectively. The results showed mass concentration of particulate matter in winter is higher than that in summer. A bi-mode size distribution of aerosol particles was also observed in the Taipei basin. Two peaks of aerodynamic diameter of PM were observed at 0.56~1.0 µm and 3.2~5.6 µm, respectively. In addition, extinction coefficient is always high during winter. Mean scattering coefficient is about 80~108 Mm-1 while the mean absorption coefficient is around 9~35 Mm-1, during the 1st intensive sampling period. Mean scattering coefficient is about 101~119 Mm-1 while the mean absorption coefficient is around 16~64 Mm-1, during the 2nd intensive sampling period. Our study also shows that visibility has a higher correlation with fine particles(R=0.70~0.96) than that with coarse particles(R=0.045~0.629). Hance, visibility is affected mainly by fine particles. In general, the intensive observation of visibility also shows that in summer the visibility is higher than that in winter. In addition, the analysis from MM5 shows that the visibility for the Tamsui direction is usually influenced by the prevailing wine direction, It is because of that northwestern from sea brings lots of water spray into the basin. This spray water will increase the particle diameter and cause the increasing of extinction coefficient. It will also impair the visibility.

Thesis (M.Sc.) - Carleton University, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 138-145). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008. / Full text also available online. Scroll down for electronic link.

MEIRELES, Marcos. Estimativa da evapotranspiração real pelo emprego do algoritmo SEBAL e imagem Landsat 5-TM na Bacia do Acaraú, CE. 2007. 88 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em engenharia agrícola)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2007. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-06-24T18:53:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_mmeireles.pdf: 7960852 bytes, checksum: 2a3fe5af2b180274de52163c28b43e87 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-07-21T20:19:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_mmeireles.pdf: 7960852 bytes, checksum: 2a3fe5af2b180274de52163c28b43e87 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-21T20:19:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_mmeireles.pdf: 7960852 bytes, checksum: 2a3fe5af2b180274de52163c28b43e87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Elaboration of natural resources mapping is difficult due to large spatial and temporal variability of them. In the least decay, remote sensing is widely used do make this because the lower survey costs. The main goal of this work is to estimate daily evapotranspiration of the Araras Norte Irrigated Perimeters and evaporation of four reservoirs (Jaibaras, Paulo Sarasate, Edson Queiroz and Forquilha) located in the middle part of the Acaraú basin. The actual evapotranspiration was quantified from spectral satellite data on the basis of the energy balance approach. The LANDSAT 5 Thematic Mapper 30 m, resolution satellite image taken on 01 september 2004, was obtained from Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). Satellite image was processed and piled up using Erdas Imagine 8.5 Demo. Hour and daily evapotranspiration was estimated using SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) algorithm, which is based on energy balance between incoming and outgoing solar radiation. Among generated remote sensing maps are: temperature (ºC), Albedo (a), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), net radiation (Rn), sensible heat flux (H), latent heat flux (lET) and hour evapotranspiration (ETH). Based on ETH the evaporative fraction was estimated throughout the relationship of ET for pixel at the satellite image time (mm.h-1) and reference crop ET by Penman-Montheith method. Results showed that the lowest albedo and the highest evapotranspiration rates were registered in the reservoir (7.5 mm.dia-1); the spatial distribution of soil heat flux presented a similar distribution of soil predominant types in the studied region. Also, It was observed the influence of water flow in the repair zone soil humidity, once it was registered, in these areas, values of NDVI and daily evapotranspiration similar to those observed in irrigated areas. Irrigated District of Araras Norte showed an ETdiária around 6.5 mm.dia-1. It was clear that SEBAL approach has a high potential in study of desertification, changes in cover vegetation and land use at basin scales; since latent heat and evapotranspiration can be a good indication of changed cover vegetation change. / Tomando-se por base o emprego crescente do sensoriamento remoto na elaboração de mapas mais precisos e de menor custo dos recursos naturais, desenvolveu-se este estudo com o objetivo de se elaborar imagens que venham a identificar o balanço de energia na superfície, bem como estimar as taxas evaporimétricas horária e diária da região que abrange o Perímetro de Irrigação Araras Norte e os quatro principais reservatórios (Jaibaras, Paulo Sarasate, Edson Queiroz e Forquilha) da bacia do Acaraú. Para tanto, imagem do satélite Landsat 5, datada de 01 de setembro de 2004, foi obtida junto ao Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). Esta imagem foi submetida, processada e empilhada pelo software Erdas IMAGINE 8.5 Demo. Em seguida aplicou-se o algoritmo SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land), o qual se fundamenta no fluxo de calor entre a superfície do solo e a atmosfera, para se estimar a evapotranspiração horária e diária da área em estudo. Pelo emprego do referido algoritmo foram geradas cartas, dentre outras, da temperatura (ºC), albedo (a), Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI), saldo de radiação (Rn), calor sensível (H), calor latente (lET) e evapotranspiração horária (EThorária). De posse da carta da EThorária, estimou-se a fração de evapotranspiração de referência horária (FET0_H), pela relação dos valores da evapotranspiração de cada pixel da imagem estimada pelo SEBAL e a evapotranspiração de referência horária (ET0_H), estimada pelo método de Penman-Montheith. Pelos resultados alcançados observou-se que os menores percentuais de energia refletida (albedo) e as maiores taxas de evaporação foram registrados nas superfícies liquidas dos açudes (7,5 mm.dia-1); que a distribuição espacial do fluxo de calor no solo apresentou uma repartição semelhante às manchas dos dois tipos de solo predominantes da área em estudo, Luvissolo e Neossolo Litólico. Pode-se, também, perceber a influência da perenização dos cursos d’água na umidade do solo das margens, encontrando-se para alguns trechos da mata ciliar valores de NDVI e de evapotranspiração diária bem próximos dos observados nas áreas irrigadas. As áreas do Distrito de Irrigação Araras Norte apresentaram ETdiária da ordem de 6,5mm.dia-1. Ficou evidenciado a alta potencialidade do emprego do SEBAL em estudos de desertificação, alterações na vegetação e uso da terra em escala de bacias hidrográficas, uma vez que a identificação em mudanças das espécies pode ocorrer pelo estudo das cartas de calor latente ou evapotranspiração.

No description available.

<p>Forest ecosystems are a significant component of the global carbon (C) cycle. Afforestation is considered a cost-effective and ecologically viable means to sequester atmospheric carbon. However, afforestation requires intensive management practices, including thinning, to maintain and enhance the carbon sequestration capability of the forest. This study examines thinning effects on forest carbon dynamics using eddy covariance (EC) methods. In January 2012, a 74-year-old white pine (<em>Pinus strobus</em>) plantation located in southern Ontario was selectively thinned. Approximately 30% of trees, equating to 2308 m³ of wood (sawlogs and pulpwood), were removed to improve light, water and nutrient availability for remaining trees. Fluxes of energy, water, carbon dioxide (CO₂) as well as meteorological variables were measured throughout the year following thinning and compared to data from the previous 9 years to evaluate effects of thinning on forest carbon dynamics. Mean annual net ecosystem productivity (NEP), gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (RE) from the 9 years prior to thinning were 290, 1413 and 1118g C m^-2<strong>,</strong> respectively. Post-thinning NEP, GEP and RE were 154, 1509 and 1350 g C m<strong>^-</strong>²<strong> </strong>year^-1, respectively. Post-thinning NEP was significantly less than pre-thinning at the annual time scale due to higher RE, however post-thinning fluxes were still within the range of interannual variability. At this site, approximately 20% of interannual variability in NEP, GEP and RE was explained by environmental conditions. Effects of extreme weather events, particularly heat and drought stress, were demonstrated to negatively impact NEP. Biotic responses to environmental drivers explained the remaining 80% of interannual variability in fluxes. Thinning did not significantly impact these responses. Further, results suggest that thinning may improve tolerance to drought stress by improving water availability for remaining trees. Therefore, thinning has the potential to effectively reduce resource competition and stimulate growth and carbon sequestration in temperate coniferous forests.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Fordonsbaserade mätningar av meteorologiska parametrar kan ge detaljerad väderinformation från en större täckande yta. Dagens bilar har redan flera monterade sensorer som kan användas för att skapa sådan information, exempelvis temperaturgivare eller vindrutetorkarnas hastighet som ett mått på nederbördsintensitet. Det finns även utrustning som kan monteras in och som efter vissa beräkningar ger däckens friktion mot underlaget. Om mätdata skickas direkt från fordonet till en databas kan väderinformationen tillhandahållas i realtid. I det här projektet utvärderas meteorologisk mätdata från sådana fordonsbaserade sensorer. Mätdata från en leverantör bearbetas och två perioder med mätdata från Göteborgsområdet undersöks. En längre period med mätningar från ett fordon och en kortare period med flera fordon. Den mätdata som används innehåller information om temperaturen och friktionskoefficienten. Arbetet har lett fram till en första metod för databehandling av fordonsbaserad mätdata, då ingen standardiserad metod finns ännu. En statistisk analys görs av mätdatas kvalitet, genom jämförelse med analysmodellen MESAN (Mesoskalig analys) samt genom jämförelse med data från VViS-stationer (VägVäderInformationsSystem). Det görs också en undersökning av korrelationer av temperaturdifferensen mellan fordon och MESAN med olika meteorologiska faktorer. De fordonsbaserade mätningarna har hög korrelation med modellen och stationerna, men visar generellt en högre temperatur. Bildata visar potentiellt också fler meteorologiska detaljer. Temperaturskillnaden är större i Göteborg centrum än utanför, vilket till stor del beror på fenomenet stadsvärmeö som inte representeras explicit i modellen. Temperaturskillnaden är också större vid högre temperaturer, som kan förklaras med vägarnas högre albedo och mindre evapotranspiration jämfört med omgivningen. En klimatologisk kartläggning av friktionskoefficienten har gjorts för månaderna februari till augusti samt för november. I det här arbetet syns inget tydligt samband mellan friktionskoefficienten och andra meteorologiska parametrar. Detta kan bero på den stora mänskliga påverkan på friktionen, exempelvis genom vinterväghållning. För att minska osäkerheten i resultaten krävs mer mätdata både i tid och rum, vilket kan betyda att mätdata från flera leverantörer bör analyseras. Att använda temperaturdata med större noggrannhet ökar potentialen att upptäcka fler och tydligare samband mellan temperaturen och de andra meteorologiska parametrarna som undersöks i den här studien. / Environmental measurements from vehicle-based networks could provide detailed weather information from a greater area. The cars of today already have several sensors that could be used to create such data. For example thermometers and the speed of the windshield wipers as a measure of intensity of precipitation. There also exists sensors that could be mounted on to the car, which after calculations shows the amount of friction between the tires and the ground. If the data were to be sent directly to a database real time weather information could be provided. In this project the meteorological data from such vehicle-based sensores is assessed. Data from one provider is processed and two sets of data from the Gothenburg area in Sweden are analyzed. One set which contains data from a longer time period, with observations from only one vehicle. The other set contains data from a shorter time period with observations from several vehicles. The data collected contains information about air temperature and the coefficient of friction. This project has led to a first method of processing data from vehicle-based measurements, since no such standardized method yet exists. A statistical analysis of the quality of the observations was implemented by means of comparison with the analysis model MESAN (Mesoscale Analysis) and with observations from VViS-stations (VägVäderInformationsSystem). In addition an analysis of the correlation of the temperature difference between the vehicle and MESAN with some meteorological parameters were made. The vehicle-based measurements have a high correlation with the model and the stations but measures higher temperatures in general. The vehicle data potentially also shows more meteorological details. The difference in temperature is larger closer to the center of Gothenburg city than outside, in large part due to the phenomenon called Urban heat island which is not represented explicitly in the model. The temperature differences are also greater at higher temperatures, and can be explained by the higher albedo of the roads and less evapotranspiration compared to the surrounding environment. Climatological mapping of the coefficient of friction during February to August and during November were plotted. In this study no relation between the coefficient of friction and other meteorological parameters were found. This could be due to the human impact on friction, for example through snow clearing. To decrease the uncertaincy of the results more measurements are required both in time and space, which could infer that data from more providers would be needed. To use temperature data with higher accuracy increases the potential of finding more and more evident relations between the temperature and the other meteorological parameters that are analysed in this study.

Master of Science / Department of Agronomy / Eduardo Alvarez Santos / Isotope analysis combined with micrometeorological techniques can bring new insights into the mechanisms governing biogeochemical cycles in ecosystems. New field-deployable optical sensors that have recently become available can provide accurate trace gas concentration measurements at sampling rates suitable for micrometeorological measurements. These instruments could help enhance current carbon cycling research efforts. This research will bring new insights into understanding the biophysical processes governing the carbon cycle at the ecosystem scale, which will be crucial for enhancing our future climate change scenario predictions. The impact that land use management has on the carbon cycle components of an ecosystem is an important issue that could be addressed with this new approach. More notably, research is needed to identify how management practices affect the abundance of C₃ and C₄ plant communities in grasslands and to identify how shifts in plant community composition can modify the net ecosystem exchange of CO₂. Chapter 1 of this thesis provides a literature review on the carbon cycle in grasslands, stable isotope analysis in environmental mediums, and the combination of isotope analysis with micrometeorological methods to study carbon exchange at the ecosystem scale. In Chapter 2, we describe the evaluation of the performance for a multi-port sampling system’s measurements of vertical concentration gradients of stable isotopes of CO₂. The results of these analyzes show that the sampling system was suitable to measure vertical gradients of concentration under field conditions. Chapter 3 describes how the sampling system was used to study the isotope exchange in two watersheds at the Konza Prairie Biological station under distinct management conditions. Gradients of isotopes were measured in two adjacent watersheds (K2A and C3SA). The K2A watershed is burned every other year, while the C3SA watershed is in a patch-burn grazing system and is burned every three years. Results show that the sampling system’s performance is adequate for our study. The sampling system was able to detect clear differences in the isotopic composition of nighttime NEE between the watersheds, which is believed to be greatly influenced by C₃ and C₄ plant community composition. Further research is needed to examine the role that other environmental conditions played on altering the isotopic signals of the NEE in each watershed. Additionally, other management practices should be examined using this sampling system to determine their impact on biophysical drivers in the ecosystem, which could subsequently impact the plant community abundance and diversity.