<p>Komparativnom&nbsp; analizom&nbsp; morfo-anatomskih&nbsp; i mikromorfolo&scaron;kih&nbsp; karakteristika&nbsp; lista,&nbsp; stabla,&nbsp; rizoma,&nbsp; korena, ploda&nbsp; i&nbsp; receptakuluma,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; biohemijskom&nbsp; analizom&nbsp; etarskih ulja&nbsp; podzemnih&nbsp; organa,&nbsp; obuhvaćeno&nbsp; je&nbsp; ukupno&nbsp; 16&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; iz&nbsp; 4<br />roda,&nbsp; Inula&nbsp; (I. aschersoniana,&nbsp; I. bifrons,&nbsp; I. britannica,&nbsp;<em> I. conyza, I.&nbsp; ensifolia,&nbsp; I.&nbsp; germanica,&nbsp; I.&nbsp; helenium,&nbsp; I.&nbsp; oculus-christi,&nbsp; I. saslicina&nbsp; ssp.&nbsp; salicina,&nbsp; I.&nbsp; salicina&nbsp; ssp.&nbsp; aspera,&nbsp; I.&nbsp; spiraeifolia), Dittrichia&nbsp; (D.&nbsp; graveolens,&nbsp; D.&nbsp; viscosa),&nbsp; Limbarda&nbsp; (L.<br />crithmoides)&nbsp; i&nbsp; Pulicaria&nbsp; (P. dysenterica,&nbsp; P. vulgaris) iz</em> tribusa Inuleae,&nbsp; familije&nbsp; Compositae.&nbsp; Vrste&nbsp; iz&nbsp; različitih&nbsp; rodova analizirane&nbsp; u&nbsp; ovoj&nbsp; disertaciji&nbsp; ranijom&nbsp; klasifikacijom&nbsp; svrstavane su u okviru različitih sekcija roda&nbsp; Inula, a takođe i tipska vrsta ovog roda,<em> I. helenium L</em>., svrstavana je u okviru zasebne sekcije<em> Corvisartia.</em>&nbsp; Na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; najnovijih&nbsp; molekularnih&nbsp; filogenetskih analiza, baziranih na sekvencama plastidne i jedarne DNK, kao i na osnovu morfolo&scaron;kih i kariolo&scaron;kih podataka, predloženo je da sekcija&nbsp; <em>Corvisartia&nbsp;</em> bude&nbsp; izdvojena&nbsp; u&nbsp; zaseban&nbsp; rod.&nbsp; Ciljevi&nbsp; ove<br />disertacije definisani su u skladu sa činjenicom da su podaci o morfo-anatomskoj,&nbsp; mikromorfolo&scaron;koj&nbsp; i&nbsp; biohemijskoj&nbsp; građi vegetativnih&nbsp; i&nbsp; reproduktivnih&nbsp; organa&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; ovog&nbsp; tribusa malobrojni&nbsp; i&nbsp; nepotpuni,&nbsp; dok&nbsp; su&nbsp; analize&nbsp; vr&scaron;ene&nbsp; parcijalno&nbsp; i<br />nezavisno&nbsp; kod&nbsp; pojedinih&nbsp; predstavnika,&nbsp; sa&nbsp; slabim&nbsp; akcentom&nbsp; na njihovu&nbsp; komparativnu&nbsp; analizu.&nbsp; Istraživanje&nbsp; je&nbsp; obuhvatilo&nbsp; veliki broj kvalitativnih i kvantitativnih karaktera koji su analizirani i mereni&nbsp; pomoću&nbsp; stereomikroskopa,&nbsp; svetlosnog,&nbsp; fluorescentnog&nbsp; i skening elektronskog mikroskopa. Dobijeni podaci statistički su obrađeni&nbsp; različitim&nbsp; metodama&nbsp; numeričke&nbsp; analize&nbsp; koje&nbsp; se&nbsp; inače<br />koriste pri taksonomskim istraživanjima.&nbsp; Ovakav tip analize za vrste&nbsp; rodova&nbsp;<em> Inula,</em>&nbsp; <em>Dittrichia,&nbsp; Limbarda&nbsp; i&nbsp; Pulicaria</em>&nbsp; nije&nbsp; zabeležen u dosada&scaron;njoj literaturi.<br />Sprovedena&nbsp; analiza&nbsp; pokazala&nbsp; je&nbsp; da&nbsp; ni&nbsp; jedan&nbsp; vegetativni&nbsp; biljni organ&nbsp; pojedinačno&nbsp; ne&nbsp; pruža&nbsp; dovoljno&nbsp; informacija&nbsp; na&nbsp; osnovukojih bi se sa statističkom sigurno&scaron;ću mogle izdvojiti određene grupe&nbsp; vrsta,&nbsp; niti&nbsp; rodovi&nbsp; prema&nbsp; postojećoj&nbsp; podeli.&nbsp; U&nbsp; okviru analiziranih anatomskih i mikromorfolo&scaron;kih karakteristika ploda i&nbsp; receptakuluma,&nbsp; organizacija&nbsp; sklerenhimskog&nbsp; tkiva&nbsp; u&nbsp; zrelom plodu i karakteristike receptakuluma predstavljaju karaktere koji su dijagnostički za rodove. Karakteri koji razdvajaju analizirane taksone&nbsp; jesu:&nbsp; karakteristike&nbsp; papusa&nbsp; kod&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; roda&nbsp;<em> Pulicaria; </em>prstenasato&nbsp; suženje&nbsp; između&nbsp; baze&nbsp; papusa&nbsp; i&nbsp; cipsele,&nbsp; organizacija<br />sklerenhimskog&nbsp; tkiva&nbsp; ploda&nbsp; i&nbsp; tip&nbsp; trihoma&nbsp; na&nbsp; povr&scaron;ini receptakuluma&nbsp; kod&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; roda<em>&nbsp; Dittrichia</em>;&nbsp; sekretorni&nbsp; kanali&nbsp; u perikarpu&nbsp; ploda,&nbsp; odsustvo&nbsp; trihoma&nbsp; i&nbsp; slabo&nbsp; izražena&nbsp; rebra&nbsp; na povr&scaron;ini&nbsp; receptakuluma&nbsp; kod&nbsp; vrste<em>&nbsp; L.&nbsp; crithmoides</em>.&nbsp; Plod&nbsp; vrste&nbsp;<em> I.</em><br /><em>helenium</em>&nbsp; razlikuje&nbsp; se&nbsp; od&nbsp; plodova&nbsp; svih&nbsp; preostalih&nbsp; analiziranih vrsta na osnovu njegovih dimenzija, većeg broja sklerenhimskih vrpci koje nisu istaknute u rebra, kao i na osnovu slabo izraženih rebara&nbsp; na&nbsp; receptakulumu,&nbsp; između&nbsp; karpopodijalnih&nbsp; otisaka,&nbsp; na kojima&nbsp; se&nbsp; nalaze&nbsp; žlezdane&nbsp; i&nbsp; nežlezdane&nbsp; trihome.&nbsp; Rezultati&nbsp; su<br />ukazali na&nbsp; to da se&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; I. helenium&nbsp; izdvaja kao zaseban takson na osnovu anatomskih i mikromorfolo&scaron;kih karakteristika ploda i receptakuluma&nbsp; sa&nbsp; jednako&nbsp; malim&nbsp; stepenom&nbsp; statističke&nbsp; podr&scaron;ke koji&nbsp; takođe&nbsp; podržava&nbsp; izdvajanje&nbsp; rodova&nbsp; <em>Dittrichia,&nbsp; Limbarda&nbsp; i Pulicaria</em>&nbsp; u&nbsp; zasebne&nbsp; rodove.&nbsp; Stoga,&nbsp; na&scaron;i&nbsp; rezultati&nbsp; podržavaju tvrdnju&nbsp; da&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; I.&nbsp; helenium&nbsp; treba&nbsp; biti&nbsp; izdvojena&nbsp; od&nbsp; preostalih<br />vrsta&nbsp; roda&nbsp; Inula&nbsp; u&nbsp; zaseban&nbsp; rod,&nbsp; pri&nbsp; čemu&nbsp; je&nbsp; njena&nbsp; autentičnost evidentna na nivou&nbsp; anatomije i mikromorfologije&nbsp; vegetativnih i reproduktivnih organa.<br />Rezultati&nbsp; hemijske&nbsp; analize&nbsp; etarskog&nbsp; ulja&nbsp; pružili&nbsp; su&nbsp; do&nbsp; sada nepoznate&nbsp; podatke&nbsp; o&nbsp; kvalitativnom&nbsp; i&nbsp; kvantitativnom&nbsp; sastavu etarskog ulja podzemnih organa analiziranih taksona i ukazali na mogućnost njihove primene u taksonomiji ispitivanog tribusa&nbsp; na nivou&nbsp; identifikacije&nbsp; pojedinačnih&nbsp; taksona.&nbsp; Takođe,&nbsp; dobijeni<br />rezultati&nbsp; ukazali&nbsp; su&nbsp; na&nbsp; nove&nbsp; potencijalno&nbsp; lekovite&nbsp; vrste&nbsp; koje predstavljaju&nbsp; potencijalni&nbsp; resurs&nbsp; za&nbsp; farmaceutsku&nbsp; industriju. Rezultati&nbsp; analize&nbsp; osnovnih&nbsp; komponenti&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; rezultati korespodentne&nbsp; analize&nbsp; ukazali&nbsp; su&nbsp; na&nbsp; odsustvo&nbsp; tendencije grupisanja&nbsp; taksona&nbsp; koji&nbsp; pripadaju&nbsp; istom&nbsp; rodu&nbsp; prema&nbsp; trenutno<br />važećoj&nbsp; klasifikaciji.&nbsp; Zbog&nbsp; velike&nbsp; varijabilnosti&nbsp; uslovljene faktorima&nbsp; spolja&scaron;nje&nbsp; sredine&nbsp; sastav&nbsp; etarskih&nbsp; ulja&nbsp; ne&nbsp; može&nbsp; se koristiti&nbsp; samostalno&nbsp; kao&nbsp; pouzdan&nbsp; hemotaksonomski&nbsp; marker. Ipak,&nbsp; rezultati&nbsp; o&nbsp; sastavu&nbsp; etarskih&nbsp; ulja&nbsp; značajni&nbsp; su&nbsp; u&nbsp; smislu njihove&nbsp; primene&nbsp; u&nbsp; medicinske&nbsp; i&nbsp; kozmetičke&nbsp; svrhe,&nbsp; u&nbsp; industriji<br />gde se etarska ulja koriste kao sirovina, te su dobijeni rezultati značajni&nbsp; i&nbsp; u&nbsp; kontekstu&nbsp; evaluacije&nbsp; kvaliteta&nbsp; etarskih&nbsp; ulja ispitivanih vrsta.<br />Sprovedeno&nbsp; istraživanje&nbsp; daje&nbsp; značajan&nbsp; doprinos&nbsp; u&nbsp; pogledu tačnije&nbsp; klasifikacije&nbsp; unutar&nbsp; tribusa&nbsp; koja&nbsp; se&nbsp; danas&nbsp; bazira uglavnom&nbsp; na&nbsp; morfolo&scaron;kim&nbsp; karakteristikama.&nbsp; Detaljno&nbsp; opisani morfo-anatomski&nbsp; i&nbsp; mikromorfolo&scaron;ki&nbsp; karakteri&nbsp; analiziranih<br />vegetativnih&nbsp; i&nbsp; reproduktivnih&nbsp; organa&nbsp; doprinose&nbsp; boljem poznavanju&nbsp; karakteristika&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; analiziranih&nbsp; rodova&nbsp; i predstavljaju&nbsp; dopunu&nbsp; postojećim&nbsp; podacima&nbsp; o&nbsp; analiziranimtaksonima.&nbsp; Takođe,&nbsp; na&nbsp; bazi&nbsp; morfo-anatomskih&nbsp; karakteristika ploda i receptakuluma izrađen je dihotomi ključ za determinaciju analiziranih rodova i vrsta. Kori&scaron;ćenjem metoda diskriminantne i korespodentne analize izdvojeni su i karakteri na osnovu kojih je moguće&nbsp; izvr&scaron;iti&nbsp; diskriminaciju&nbsp; određenih&nbsp; grupa&nbsp; u&nbsp; okviru<br />analiziranih taksona.</p> / <p>A&nbsp; comparative&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; of&nbsp; morpho-anatomical&nbsp; and micromorphological characteristics of leaf, stem, rhizome, root, fruit and receptacle, as well as biochemical analysis of essential oils of underground organs, was conducted over 16 species of 4 genera,&nbsp;<em> Inula&nbsp; (I.&nbsp; aschersoniana,&nbsp; I.&nbsp; bifrons,&nbsp; I.&nbsp; britannica,&nbsp; I.conyza, I. ensifolia, I. germanica, I. helenium, I. oculus-christi, I. saslicina ssp. salicina, I. salicina ssp. aspera, I. spiraeifolia), Dittrichia&nbsp; (D.&nbsp; graveolens,&nbsp; D.&nbsp; viscosa),&nbsp; Limbarda&nbsp; (L. crithmoides)&nbsp; and&nbsp; Pulicaria&nbsp; (P.&nbsp; dysenterica,&nbsp; P.&nbsp; vulgaris)</em>&nbsp; tribe Inuleae,&nbsp; Compositae.&nbsp; In&nbsp; addition&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; fact&nbsp; that&nbsp; the&nbsp; species from&nbsp; different&nbsp; genera&nbsp; analysed&nbsp; in&nbsp; this&nbsp; paper&nbsp; were&nbsp; previously placed&nbsp; in different sections within&nbsp; <em>Inula,&nbsp; I. helenium&nbsp; L</em>., as the type&nbsp; species&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; genus&nbsp;<em> Inula,</em>&nbsp; has&nbsp; also&nbsp; been&nbsp; placed&nbsp; in&nbsp; a separate section&nbsp; Corvisartia.&nbsp; According to the latest molecular phylogenetic&nbsp; analyses,&nbsp; based&nbsp; on&nbsp; plastid&nbsp; and&nbsp; nuclear&nbsp; DNA sequence data, as well as morphological and karyological data, it&nbsp; is&nbsp; suggested&nbsp; that&nbsp; section&nbsp; Corvisartia&nbsp; should&nbsp; be&nbsp; segregated from&nbsp; the&nbsp; remaining&nbsp; Inula&nbsp; species&nbsp; as&nbsp; a&nbsp; separate&nbsp; genus,&nbsp; thus achieving&nbsp; a&nbsp; greater&nbsp; morphological&nbsp; homogeneity&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; genus <em>Inula.&nbsp;</em> The objectives of dissertation are defined in accordance with&nbsp; the&nbsp; fact&nbsp; that&nbsp; the&nbsp; data&nbsp; on&nbsp; the&nbsp; morpho-anatomical, micromorphological and biochemical structure of the vegetative and reproductive organs of species of examined tribe are sparse and&nbsp; incomplete,&nbsp; while&nbsp; the&nbsp; analyses&nbsp; were&nbsp; carried&nbsp; out&nbsp; on&nbsp; few species&nbsp; of&nbsp; <em>Inula,&nbsp; Pulicaria,&nbsp; Dittrichia</em>&nbsp; and<em>&nbsp; Limbarda</em>,&nbsp; but&nbsp; less emphasis&nbsp; was&nbsp; placed&nbsp; on&nbsp; comparative&nbsp; purpose.&nbsp; The&nbsp; research involved&nbsp; a&nbsp; large&nbsp; number&nbsp; of&nbsp; qualitative&nbsp; and&nbsp; quantitative characters&nbsp; that&nbsp; were&nbsp; analysed&nbsp; and&nbsp; measured&nbsp; using&nbsp; a stereomicroscope,&nbsp; light,&nbsp; fluorescent&nbsp; and&nbsp; scanning&nbsp; electron microscope.&nbsp; The&nbsp; obtained&nbsp; data&nbsp; were&nbsp; statistically&nbsp; processed&nbsp; by various numerical analysis methods&nbsp; usually&nbsp; used in taxonomic research. These types&nbsp; of analyses for the species of the generaInula<em>,&nbsp; Dittrichia,&nbsp; Limbard&nbsp;</em> and&nbsp;<em> Pulicaria&nbsp;</em> have&nbsp; not&nbsp; been recorded in the literature so far. The&nbsp; conducted&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; showed&nbsp; that&nbsp; vegetative&nbsp; organs&nbsp; do&nbsp; not provide&nbsp; enough&nbsp; information&nbsp; on&nbsp; the&nbsp; basis&nbsp; of&nbsp; which&nbsp; certain groups&nbsp; of&nbsp; species&nbsp; could&nbsp; be&nbsp; singled&nbsp; out&nbsp; with&nbsp; statistically significant&nbsp; suport,&nbsp; neither&nbsp; the&nbsp; genera&nbsp; according&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; actual classification.&nbsp; The&nbsp; yielded&nbsp; results&nbsp; indicated&nbsp; that&nbsp; the&nbsp; species from&nbsp; different&nbsp; genera&nbsp; were&nbsp; clearly&nbsp; delimited&nbsp; on&nbsp; the&nbsp; basis&nbsp; of their&nbsp; carpological&nbsp; and&nbsp; receptacular&nbsp; micromorphological&nbsp; and anatomical characteristics. Receptacle features and organisation of&nbsp; sclerenchyma&nbsp; tissue&nbsp; in&nbsp; a&nbsp; fruit&nbsp; are&nbsp; traits&nbsp; that&nbsp; tend&nbsp; to&nbsp; be diagnostic for genera. The features that separate analysed taxa&nbsp; are:&nbsp; two&nbsp; rows&nbsp; of&nbsp; pappus&nbsp; hairs&nbsp; in&nbsp;<em> Pulicaria&nbsp; </em>species;&nbsp; the&nbsp; ring constriction&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; fruit&nbsp; over&nbsp; which&nbsp; it&nbsp; passes&nbsp; into&nbsp; pappus,&nbsp; the sclerenchymatous tissue in fruit in form&nbsp; of continuous ring, the type&nbsp; of&nbsp; trichomes&nbsp; on&nbsp; the&nbsp; receptacular&nbsp; surface&nbsp; in&nbsp;<em> Dittrichia </em>species;&nbsp; the&nbsp; fruit&nbsp; with&nbsp; secretory&nbsp; ducts,&nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp; receptacular surface&nbsp; with&nbsp; weakly&nbsp; pronounced&nbsp; ridges&nbsp; without&nbsp; glands&nbsp; in&nbsp; L. crithmoides.&nbsp; I. helenium&nbsp; fruits differ from those of all the other species&nbsp; by&nbsp; their&nbsp; size,&nbsp; greater&nbsp; number&nbsp; of&nbsp; inconspicuous sclerenchymatic&nbsp; bundles,&nbsp; and&nbsp; poorly&nbsp; expressed&nbsp; ridges&nbsp; among carpopodial prints&nbsp; with glandular and non-glandular trichomes distributed along them. Results revealed that I. helenium&nbsp; stands out&nbsp; as&nbsp; a&nbsp; separate&nbsp; taxon,&nbsp; based&nbsp;&nbsp; on&nbsp; the&nbsp; anatomical&nbsp; and micromorphological&nbsp; characteristics&nbsp; of&nbsp; its&nbsp; fruit&nbsp; and&nbsp; receptacle, with equally small percentage of statistical support, which also supports the recognition of<em> Pulicaria,&nbsp;</em> <em>Dittrichia</em> and<em> Limabarda</em> as&nbsp; separate&nbsp; genera.&nbsp; Obtained&nbsp;&nbsp; results&nbsp; support&nbsp; the&nbsp; claim&nbsp; that&nbsp; I. helenium should be separated from the Inula genus, whereby its authenticity&nbsp; is&nbsp; evident&nbsp; at&nbsp; the&nbsp; level&nbsp; of&nbsp; anatomy&nbsp; and&nbsp; micromorphology of vegetative and reproductive organs. The chemical analysis of the essential oil has provided new&nbsp; data on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the essential oil of the&nbsp; underground organs of the analysed taxa&nbsp; and pointed out&nbsp; the&nbsp; possibility&nbsp; of&nbsp; their&nbsp; application&nbsp; in&nbsp; taxonomy.&nbsp; Also,&nbsp; the obtained results indicated potentially&nbsp; new medicinal plants that represent&nbsp; a&nbsp; potential&nbsp; resource for the&nbsp; pharmaceutical&nbsp; industry. Principal&nbsp; component&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; as&nbsp; the&nbsp; results&nbsp; of&nbsp; the Correspondent&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; indicated&nbsp; the&nbsp; absence&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; grouping tendency of taxa belonging to the same genus,&nbsp; according to the actual classification. Due to the high variability conditioned by the&nbsp; environmental&nbsp; factors&nbsp; the&nbsp; composition&nbsp; of&nbsp; essential&nbsp; oils cannot&nbsp; be&nbsp; used&nbsp; independently&nbsp; as&nbsp; a&nbsp; reliable&nbsp; chemotaxonomic&nbsp; marker.&nbsp; However,&nbsp; the&nbsp; results&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; composition&nbsp; of&nbsp; essential oils are significant in terms of their application for medical and cosmetic&nbsp; purposes, in the industry&nbsp; where&nbsp; oils&nbsp; are&nbsp; used&nbsp; as raw materials,&nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp; results&nbsp; obtained&nbsp; are&nbsp; also&nbsp; significant&nbsp; in&nbsp; the context&nbsp; of&nbsp; evaluation&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; quality&nbsp; of&nbsp; investigated&nbsp; essential oils.The&nbsp; conducted&nbsp; research&nbsp; makes&nbsp; a&nbsp; significant&nbsp; contribution&nbsp; to more precise classification within the&nbsp; tribe, which is now basedmainly&nbsp; on&nbsp; morphological&nbsp; characteristics.&nbsp; The&nbsp; detailed description&nbsp; of&nbsp; morpho-anatomical&nbsp; and&nbsp;&nbsp; micromorphological characters&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; analysed&nbsp; vegetative&nbsp; and&nbsp; reproductive&nbsp; organs contributes&nbsp; to&nbsp; better&nbsp; knowledge&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; characteristics&nbsp; of&nbsp; the analysed&nbsp; species&nbsp; and&nbsp; complements&nbsp; the&nbsp; existing&nbsp; data&nbsp; on&nbsp; them. Also, on the basis of morpho-anatomical characteristics of the fruit and the receptacle a dichotomous key&nbsp; for the determination of the analysed genera and species&nbsp; was developed. According to&nbsp; the&nbsp; Discriminant&nbsp; and&nbsp; Correspodent&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; the characteristics&nbsp; on&nbsp; which&nbsp; is&nbsp; possible&nbsp; to&nbsp; discriminate&nbsp; certain groups within the analysed genera are also distinguished.</p>

L'utilisation de matériaux locaux, naturels et non transformés offre des solutions prometteuses de construction à faible impact environnemental. La grande variabilité spatiale de ces matériaux est cependant un obstacle à une utilisation à plus grande échelle. Les stratégies de construction développées par les anciens bâtisseurs ont été dictées par le climat local et la qualité ainsi que la quantité de matériaux de construction disponibles localement. Ces stratégies de construction peuvent être considérées comme une gestion optimisée des ressources locales, naturelles et variables et sont une source d'inspiration pour la construction durable moderne. Malheureusement, cette connaissance a été perdue dans les pays occidentaux au cours du 20ème siècle. La redécouverte des savoir-faire traditionnels requiert le développement de moyens rationnels d’analyse du patrimoine. Un autre problème concernant l'utilisation de matériaux de construction naturels et variables est leur conformité vis-à-vis de la réglementation du secteur du bâtiment. Le développement de procédures d’essais performantiels est proposé comme solution pour faciliter l'utilisation des techniques de construction en terre. Une approche multidisciplinaire est proposée, combinant micromorphologie, pédologie, géotechnique et étude du patrimoine pour analyser le bâti vernaculaire en terre. Cette approche fournit des outils complémentaires pour évaluer la source des matériaux de construction et identifier les caractéristiques géotechniques de la terre employées dans le patrimoine. Il fournit également une description détaillée des processus vernaculaires de construction. En utilisant ces résultats, il a été possible d'élaborer des cartes de ressources et d’estimer l’ordre de grandeur de la disponibilité des ressources à l'échelle d’une région. Deux procédures d’essais performantiels ont été proposées afin de tenir compte de la variabilité naturelle des terres dans le contexte réglementaire actuel. La construction en terre jouera un rôle important dans la construction durable du 21ème siècle si les acteurs du secteur adoptent des procédés de construction capables de répondre à la demande sociale, avec un faible impact environnemental et à un coût abordable. L'étude du patrimoine en terre a démontré la capacité des anciens bâtisseurs à innover afin de se conformer aux variations de la demande sociale et aux développements techniques. La construction en terre bénéficie d'un passé ancien et riche et il convient de tirer profit de ce retour d’expérience. L'analyse du patrimoine en terre et la redécouverte des techniques de construction vernaculaire est une source d'inspiration précieuse pour la construction contemporaine. La valorisation des connaissances vernaculaires permettra d’économiser du temps, de l'énergie et d'éviter de répéter les erreurs passées. L'avenir de la construction de la terre doit s’inscrire dans la continuité de la construction en terre vernaculaire. / The use of local, natural and unprocessed materials offers promising low impact building solutions. The wide spatial variability of these materials is, however, an obstacle to a large-scale use. The construction strategies developed by past builders were dictated by the local climate and the quality and the amount of locally available construction materials. These construction strategies can be regarded as an optimized management of local, natural and variable resources and are a source of inspiration for modern sustainable building. Unfortunately, this knowledge was lost in Western countries during the 20th century. Vernacular earth construction know-how rediscovering requires the development of rational built heritage investigation means. Another issue regarding the use of natural and variable building material is their compliance with modern building regulation. The development of performance based testing procedures is proposed as a solution to facilitate the use of earth as a building material. A multidisciplinary approach is proposed, combining micromorphology, pedology, geotechnics and heritage disciplines to study vernacular earth heritage. It provides complementary tools to assess pedological sources of construction material and geotechnical characteristics of earth employed in vernacular earth heritage. It also provides a detailed description of the construction process of vernacular earth heritage. Using these results, it was possible to draw resource maps and provide a scale of magnitude of resource availability at regional scale. Two performance based testing procedures were proposed in order to take into account the natural variability of earth in a modern building context. Earth construction will play an important role in the modern sustainable building of the 21st century if the actors of the sector adopt earth construction processes able to meet social demand, with low environmental impact and at an affordable cost. The study of earth heritage demonstrated the ability of historical earth builders to innovate in order to comply with social demand variations and technical developments. Earth construction benefits of an old and rich past and it would be a non-sense to leave this past behind. The analysis of earth heritage and the rediscovering of vernacular construction techniques is a valuable source of inspiration for modern earth construction. The valorisation of vernacular knowledge will save time, energy and avoid repeating past mistakes. The future of earth construction should be a continuation of past vernacular earth construction.

A geração de resíduos orgânicos juntamente com a erosão, são dois grandes problemas ambientais mundiais. São responsáveis pela redução da produtividade agrícola e pelos altos impactos ambientais. O presente projeto teve como objetivo a utilização de resíduos orgânicos gerados na agropecuária, na forma de composto orgânico, para a recuperação de áreas degradadas pela erosão hídrica. Foram avaliados os efeitos de quatro doses de composto (0, 20, 40 e 100 Mg.ha-1) na recuperação dos solos degradados por erosão. Somado a isto foi também avaliado o efeito da dose de composto sobre o processo de encrostamento superficial do solo. O projeto foi composto por dois experimentos, um com a ausência da erosão e o outro com presença de erosão (remoção de uma camada de 50 cm de solo), sendo realizados concomitantemente na mesma área. O delineamento experimental usado para cada experimento foi o inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos (0, 20, 40 e 100 Mg.ha-1) e 4 repetições. Para o monitoramento da recuperação do solo e do processo de encrostamento em função das diferentes doses de composto, amostras deformadas e indeformadas de solo foram coletadas para análises físicas e químicas de rotina, para medidas da densidade do solo, para confecção de curvas características de retenção de água, e para análises micromorfológicas e de imagens. No campo foram realizados o monitoramento da chuva, da condutividade hidráulica e da infiltração de água no solo. Ficou claro que com o aumento da dose de composto orgânico aplicado no solo, melhor era a condição química do mesmo. Os valores dos elementos aumentavam conforme a dose de composto era também aumentada. A ação da matéria orgânica no solo colaborou com um aumento na retenção de água no solo a partir das doses de 40 e 100 Mg.ha-1. Esta melhor retenção de água favoreceu juntamente com a química, o crescimento das culturas no período seco garantindo assim uma maior produção de matéria seca das culturas implantadas, principalmente na dose de 100 Mg.ha-1. Com o aumento da porosidade do solo ao longo do tempo estudado em todas as doses de composto aplicado, a densidade do solo diminuiu onde o composto estava presente, se tornando mais constante em altas doses seus valores. A condutividade hidráulica do solo foi reduzida ao longo dos dois experimentos para todas as doses de composto aplicado. Essa redução pode ser explicada pelo aumento do encrostamento superficial do solo ao longo do tempo principalmente nas doses de 0 e 20 Mg.ha-1, dificultando a infiltração de água no solo. Portanto, a aplicação de altas doses de composto orgânico aceleram a recuperação dos atributos químicos e físicos do solo, assim como colaboram na redução da formação de vesículas nas crostas superficiais e diminuem os efeitos do impacto das gotas de chuvas na formação do encrostamento. / The generation of organic waste along with soil erosion are two major environmental problems worldwide. They are responsible for the reduction of agricultural productivity and high environmental impacts. The objective of this dissertation is the use of organic waste generated in agriculture, in the form of organic compost, for the recovery of degraded areas by water erosion. The effects of four doses of compost (0, 20, 40 and 100 Mg.ha-1) in the recovery of degraded soils by erosion, was tested. Added to this, the effect of the dose of compost on the process of soil surface crusting surface was also tested. The project was composed of two experiments, one with no erosion and the other with erosion (removal of a layer of 50 cm of soil), conducted concurrently in the same area. The experimental design for each experiment was completely randomized with 4 treatments (0, 20, 40 and 100 Mg.ha-1) and 4 replications. For the monitoring of the recovery of soil and the process of crusting according to the different doses of compost, deformed and undeformed soil samples were collected for routine physical and chemical analyses soil density evaluation, determination of the characteristic water retention curve, and for micromorphological and image analysis. In the field, rain, hydraulic conductivity and soil water infiltration were monitored. It was clear that with the increasing doses of organic compost used in the soil, the chemical condition meliorated. The content of the nutrients increased as the dose of compost was also increased. The action of organic matter in the soil collaborated with an increase in its water retention mainly for doses of 40 and 100 Mg.ha-1. This better water retention helped, together with the chemical recuperation, in the growth of the crops in the dry season thereby ensuring a higher dry matter yield, mainly in the dose of 100 Mg.ha-1. The increasing soil porosity over time observed in all doses of compost applied, led to a decrease in the soil density. The hydraulic conductivity of the soil was reduced in both experiments for all the applied compost doses. This reduction can be explained by the increase of the soil crusting process over time, especially in the doses of 0 and 20 Mg.ha-1, hampering the water infiltration in the soil. Therefore, the application of high doses of organic compost accelerates the recuperation of the chemical and physical attributes of the soil. It also collaborates in reducing the formation of vesicles in the superficial crust and decreases the effects of the impact of the raindrops on the crust formation.

Os solos coesos ocorrem por quase toda a faixa litorânea brasileira ocupada pelos Tabuleiros Costeiros, e caracterizam-se por apresentar um incremento acentuado na sua resistência, a qual causa restrições no seu preparo e no crescimento das plantas. Isso ocorre devido ao mesmo apresentar-se duro a extremamente duro, quando seco e friável quando úmido. Dentre os Estados da região nordeste que possuem uma extensa área litorânea ocupada pelos Tabuleiros está o Ceará, com mais de 10.000 km2 ocupados por solos que podem ser enquadrados dentro do contexto de solos coesos. Com isso levantou-se a hipótese de que os solos coesos do Estado do Ceará apresentam as mesmas restrições físicas e químicas encontradas em outros solos pertencentes aos Tabuleiros Costeiros. O objetivo geral desta tese foi identificar a ocorrência de solos coesos no Estado do Ceará, bem como, avaliar o seu comportamento através do uso de atributos morfológicos, físicos, micromorfológicos e análise de imagens. Para alcançar o objetivo geral foram estabelecidos três objetivos específicos. Cada objetivo específico contemplou um trabalho e é apresentado como um capítulo desta tese. No primeiro procurou-se identificar e caracterizar a ocorrência de solos coesos no Ceará, usando atributos morfológicos, químicos e físicos. No segundo, foi feita uma análise do comportamento de um Argissolo Acinzentado coeso através do uso de atributos físicos, especificamente: resistência tênsil (RT), resistência do solo à penetração (RP), densidade do solo (Ds) e distribuição da porosidade total (PT). No terceiro e último trabalho realizou-se um detalhamento microscópico dos solos estudados, dando ênfase à distribuição, tamanho e orientação dos poros nas áreas adensadas e abertas (menos adensadas) do horizonte coeso, através do uso da análise de imagens. Os resultados do primeiro trabalho mostraram que os horizontes coesos encontrados no Ceará, apresentam-se semelhantes aos horizontes coesos encontrados em outros Estados brasileiros. Os resultados referentes ao segundo trabalho evidenciaram que os valores de RT, RP e Ds, mostraram-se mais elevados no solo coeso do Ceará, do que em outras áreas de Tabuleiros Costeiros estudadas no Brasil. No terceiro trabalho foi observado que o adensamento natural existente nos horizontes coesos do Ceará, além de influenciar a quantidade de poros, também influencia o seu formato e a sua orientação, e que as áreas adensadas, medidas por análise de imagem, foram os principais fatores que influenciaram o espaço poroso do solo, sendo responsável pelo aumento na resistência do solo. / The hardsetting soils may be found for almost the whole Brazilian coastal area of the Coastal Tablelands. They are characterized by presenting an accentuated increment in their mechanical resistance, which causes restrictions in the soil preparation and in the plants growth. These happen due to hardsetting soils become hard to extremely hard when dry, and crumbly when humid. Ceara is one of the northeast States that possess an extensive coastal area of Coastal Tablelands, with more than 10.000 km2 of hardsetting soils. Taking this into account, it was hypothesized that hardsetting soils of Ceara State had the same physical and chemical restrictions identified in hardsetting soils in other of Coastal Tablelands. The general objective of this thesis was to identify the occurrence of hardsetting soils in the Ceara State as well as to evaluate their behavior by using the morphological, physical, and micromorphological attributes, and image analysis. To accomplish the general objective three specific objectives were established. Each specific objective led to the accomplishment of one research, and is presented as a chapter of this thesis. In the first research was identified and characterized the occurrence of hardsetting soils in Ceara by using morphologic, chemical and physical attributes. In the second research, it was studied the behavior of a hardsetting Gray Argisol by using soil physical attributes, specifically: tensile strength (RT), soil resistance to penetration (RP), soil bulk density (Ds), and pore size distribution (PT). In the last research, the soil micromorphological features were studied, giving emphasis to the distribution, size and orientation of the pores in the more denser and less denser areas of the hardsetting horizon, by using image analysis. The results of the first research showed that the hardsetting horizons found in Ceara are similar to the hardsetting horizons found in other Brazilian States. The results regarding the second research indicated that the RT, RP and Ds values were higher in the hardsetting soil of Ceara than those measured in other hardsetting soils of the Coastal Tablelands. In the third research was observed that the existent natural compaction in the hardsetting horizons of Ceara influences the amount of pores as well as their shape and orientation, and that the denser areas, measured by image analysis, were the main factor that influenced the soil porosity, being responsible for the increase in the soil mechanical resistance.

The genus Quercus L. is represented with more than 400 species in the world and 18 of these species are found naturally in Turkey. Although its taxonomical, phytogeographical and dendrological importance, the genus Quercus is still taxonomically one of the most problematical woody genus in Turkish flora. In this study, multivariate morphometric approach was used to analyze oak specimens collected from an isolated forest (Beynam Forest, Ankara) where Quercus pubescens Willd., Q. infectoria Olivier subsp. boissieri (Reuter) O. Schwarz and Q. macranthera Fisch. &amp / C. A. Mey. ex Hohen. subsp. syspirensis (C.Koch) Menitsky taxa are belonging to section Quercus sensu stricto (s.s.) are found. Additional oak specimens were included in the analysis for comparison. Morphometric study was based on 52 leaf characters such as, distance, angle, and area as well as counted, descriptive and calculated variables. Morphometric variables were calculated automatically by use of landmark and outline data. Random forest classification method was used to select discriminating variables and predict unidentified specimens by use of pre-identified training group. The results of the random forest variable selection procedure and the principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the morphometric variables could distinguish the specimens of Q. pubescens and Q. macranthera subsp. syspirensis mostly based on the overall leaf size and number of intercalary veins while the specimens of Q. infectoria subsp. boissieri were separated from others based on lobe and lamina base shape. Finally, micromorphological observations of abaxial lamina surface have been performed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) on selected specimens which were found useful to differentiate, particularly the specimens of Q. macranthera subsp. syspirensis and its putative hybrids from other taxa.

The designation of World Heritage Sites (WHS) by UNESCO is the principal international and formally recognised strategy allowing the conservation of sites of outstanding cultural value throughout the world. This study demonstrates that soils and sediments influenced by cultural activities retain cultural records (soils and sediments-based cultural records, hereafter abbreviated to SSBCR) associated with WHS, and further the understanding and contribute to the cultural value of WHS. Considering The Heart of Neolithic Orkney WHS and its surrounding landscape as the study location, systematic fieldwork is combined with geoarchaeological analyses including soil organic matter content, pH, particle size distribution, phosphorus concentration, soil magnetism and thin section micromorphology to determine the nature of the SSBCR. Chronologies of the formation of SSBCR and of palaeo-environmental records were ascertained using radiocarbon analyses and optically stimulated luminescence analysis. Findings of particular importance to the interpretation of the WHS are the identification of a Late Neolithic SSBCR located between the WHS monuments. This SSBCR is a valuable cultural record of a specific Late Neolithic community and provides significant insight into the interaction between settlement and ritual aspects of the Orcadian Late Neolithic. An understanding of these interactions is of crucial importance to a fuller interpretation of the WHS and to the wider discussion of the Orcadian Neolithic. The implications of this research to other WHS designated for their cultural value are discussed, together with future conservation considerations for this specific WHS.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 983693 bytes, checksum: 1ff7ce64df230d8111f225afb23dbd33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Commonly, compaction of soil specimens in laboratory is processed by dynamic (Proctor test) or static (application of constant tension to the soil) compaction tests, being common to associate similar compaction curves to both procedures. However, data from studies developed in the Civil Engineering Laboratory of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil, for road engineering applications brought new inside into this hypothesis and led to this research that addresses the analysis of the influence of compaction modes and compaction parameters in the laboratory compaction curves and in the mechanical strength of two gneiss residual soils from the Zona da Mata Norte of Minas Gerais state, respectively a silty-sandy clay (Soil 1) and a clayey-silty sandy (Soil 2). This research encompassed the following aspects: (i) compaction procedures: static and dynamic compaction modes; (ii) number of specimen layers: one, two and three layers and (iii) diameter of the compaction cylinder: 35 mm, 73 mm and 100 mm. Besides that, evaluation of the influence of compaction modes in the soils specimens structures was based on analysis of data from unconfined compression tests performed in specimens compacted at pre-established water contents (hot, hot - 3% and hot + 2%) using the Standard Proctor compaction effort. Concerning engineering practical applications and based on statistical data analysis (ANOVA) conclusions are as follows: (i) there was significant influence of compaction modes on soils optimum compaction parameters; (ii) there were significant structural changes in the soils specimens due to the application of different compaction modes, as well as it was evident the importance of soils processes formation in theirs mechanical responses; (iii) regarding influence of the number of specimen layers in soil optimum compaction parameters and mechanical strength, it was observed that compaction using two and three layers led to the same results, not being recommended compaction in one layer and (iv) regarding influence of compaction mold diameter in soil optimum compaction parameters and mechanical strength, it was observed significant influence for Soil 1 (more clayey) and not significant influence for Soil 2 (more sandy). / Comumente, a compactação de corpos-de-prova de solos em laboratório processa-se por vias dinâmica (cilindro Proctor e soquete, por exemplo) ou estática (aplicação de tensão constante ao solo), sendo comum associar a estes procedimentos curvas de compactação similares. Porém, essa hipótese tem sido questionada, em especial a partir de resultados de estudos realizados com solos para fins rodoviários no Laboratório de Engenharia Civil da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brasil. O presente trabalho direcionou-se ao estudo da influência de parâmetros de moldagem de corpos-de-prova nas curvas de compactação de laboratório e na resistência mecânica de dois solos residuais de gnaisse da Zona da Mata Norte de Minas Gerais, respectivamente, de texturas argilo-areno siltosa (Solo 1) e areno-silto-argilosa (Solo 2), com abordagem dos seguintes aspectos: (i) método de compactação: métodos estático e dinâmico; (ii) número de camadas dos corpos-de-prova: uma, duas e três camadas e (iii) diâmetro do cilindro de compactação: 35 mm, 73 mm e 100 mm. Empregaram-se, além dos resultados obtidos para as curvas de compactação dos solos, resultados de ensaios de compressão não confinada realizados em corpos-de-prova compactados em teores de umidade pré-determinados [hot, (hot - 3%), (hot + 2%)], considerando-se a energia de compactação do ensaio Proctor normal, para a avaliação da ocorrência de mudanças estruturais nos solos. Para fins práticos de engenharia e com base em análise estatística (ANOVA), pode-se concluir que: (i) houve influência significativa dos elementos analisados nos parâmetros ótimos de compactação, considerando-se os modos de compactação empregados; (ii) para ambos os solos, ocorreram mudanças estruturais significativas representadas por variações na resistência à compressão não confinada dos solos analisados, evidenciando ainda a importância dos processos de formação dos solos nas suas respostas mecânicas quando compactados; (iii) quanto à influência do número de camadas dos corpos-de-prova nos parâmetros ótimos de compactação e de resistência mecânica, notou-se que a compactação em duas e três camadas levou aos mesmos resultados, não sendo recomendável a compactação em apenas uma camada e (iv) quanto à influência do diâmetro do cilindro de compactação nos parâmetros ótimos de compactação e resistência mecânica, observou-se influência significativa para o Solo 1 (mais argiloso) e não significativa para o Solo 2 (mais arenoso).

Considéré comme la matérialité de l’espace, le sol est un élément déterminant en archéologie pour la compréhension de l’habitat. Au regard « de l’absence » des sols néolithiques, les recherches sur l’habitat dans le Nord de la France sont basées sur les structures en creux. Pour la fin du Néolithique, ceci est un problème puisque seuls quelques plans de bâtiments sont connus et les fréquents sites peu stratifiés à concentrations de mobilier sont peu documentés. Dans trois quarts des cas, les attributs du mobilier (à plat, domestique…) suggèreraient des sols d’occupation préservés, et donc des habitats potentiels. En questionnant la relation Société-Sol, la démarche géoarchéologique, fondée sur la micromorphologie, vise à déterminer les processus de formation de ces couches pour interroger le caractère préservé des sols d’occupation ainsi que la nature des activités humaines enregistrées. Ces recherches s’assoient sur l’étude de cinq sites à concentrations de mobilier (Gas, Sours, Poupry, Pussigny et Maillé), découverts en Beauce et en Touraine par l’archéologie préventive. L’élaboration d’un modèle qualitatif du sol néolithique, exprimé par une classification de micro-ethnofaciès, a permis d’identifier sa nature, de confirmer le statut d’habitat de ces sites et de discuter des modes d’occupation des sols. La pratique des terrassements pour l’implantation des habitats semble généralisée, tout comme l’emploi de la terre crue pour la construction des sols et des bases de murs. Si des variations semblent apparaitre dans les espaces intérieurs, les résultats pour les sols extérieurs permettent de proposer un modèle théorique de l’organisation spatiale de l’espace de cour. / Considered as the materiality of space, floor is a crucial element in archaeology to understand the settlement. Regarding the “lack” of neolithic floors, the researches of settlements in North of France, are established from negative features. For the end of Neolithic, this is truly a problem because only few plans of buildings are discovered and the sites with very thin and massive anthropogenic layers are common, but not well documented. In three-quarters of cases, the characteristics of materials (flat, domestic…) would suggest preserved floors, and so, potential settlements. Answering the relation Society-Soil, the geoarchaeological approach, based on micromorphology of soil, pursue to characterise the processes of formation of thin layers to question the preserved aspect of floors and the nature of human activities recorded. The searches are seated on the study of five sites à thin layer with concentrations of materials, discovered in Beauce and Touraine by survey archaeology. The elaboration of qualitative models of neolithic floor, expressed by a classification of micro-ethnofaciès, leads to identify its nature, to confirm the status of the settlement of its type of sites. The earthwork practice of the implantation of a settlement seems extensive, as well as, the use of earthen materials to the construction of floors and walls. If spatial organisation of interior space remains difficult to approach, the results lead to propose a theoretical model of courtyard spaces.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo a caracterização de um sistema de solos, evidenciando os parâmetros que possam esclarecer sua dinâmica e contribuir para a definição de critérios que possam determinar a aptidão destes solos como receptores de efluentes. Trata-se de uma área experimental de estudos, contígua à Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto do município de Lins (SP), onde efluentes são gerados a partir do tratamento de esgoto por sistema de lagoas de estabilização. Nesta área, vem sendo aplicada a técnica de irrigação com efluentes (fertirrigação). Os solos, situados ao longo de uma vertente com ligeira inclinação, foram caracterizados através de análises morfológicas, granulométricas, químicas, mineralógicas e micromorfológicas, realizadas em amostras coletadas em seis trincheiras abertas ao longo de duas topossequências, dispostas segundo o eixo de maior declive da vertente. Os solos são desenvolvidos a partir dos sedimentos arenosos da Formação Adamantina (Grupo Bauru) e constituem um sistema Latossolo – Argissolo, onde a transição Bw – Bt ocorre lateralmente do topo para a base da vertente. Foram identificadas quatro fases pedogenéticas nesta associação de solos. As duas primeiras, argiluviação e adensamento de partículas, responsáveis pela formação dos horizontes texturais, foram superpostas pelos processos de latossolização e hidromorfismo, atuantes na dinâmica atual destes solos. Análises micromorfológicas mostraram tratar-se de solos com intensa porosidade, caracterizada pelo empilhamento dos grãos do esqueleto quartzoso, amplamente predominante, e pelo arranjo entre os microagregados granulares. A permeabilidade é ainda favorecida pela intensa ação da mesofauna. Os solos são distróficos, com alta saturação por alumínio e compostos por caolinita e óxidos de ferro. Por se constituirem num sistema frágil, a disposição de quaisquer tipos de resíduos nestes solos, requer o monitoramento constante de suas propriedades, tanto para a manutenção, quanto para a recuperação da qualidade desta cobertura pedológica. / The purpose of this study is to characterize a soil system, identifying the properties which can elucidate its dynamics and to define criterions for the ability of these soils to constitute an effluent disposal land. The experimental area is located nearby the Sewage Treatment Station (STS), in Lins (SP) and the effluent is proceeded for secundary treatment. In this area, is being applied the technique of fertirrigation. The soils are situated on a downslope and were characterized beside morphological, particle size, chemicals, mineralogicals and micromorphologicals analyses on samples collected in six profiles along two toposequences, across the axis of maximun gradient on downslope. These soils are expanded from sandstones of Adamantina Formation (Bauru Group) and compose an Oxisol-Ultisol system. The Bw-Bt transition accurs laterally, from the upper to the lowest part of downslope. It was recognized four pedogenetic phasis. Both first, argilluviation and compressed layer, explain the formation of argillic horizons and were superimposed from latossolization and hydromorphism, both last actuating on the actual dynamics of these soils. Micromorphological analysis showed that these soils are too porous, characterized for packing of skeletic grains and between granular aggregates. The permeability is increased by the activity of mesofaunal. These soils are dystrophics, have high aluminium saturation and are composed for kaolinite and iron oxides. This system is fragile, thus, the deposal of any kind of residues on these soils, needs the constant warning of all of their properties, so to the maintenance and also the recover of the quality of this pedologic cover.

O estudo de oito sambaquis do litoral sul do Estado de Santa Catarina e de um concheiro da Terra do Fogo permitiu entender a dinâmica dos processos de formação de diferentes tipos de concheiros. No caso dos sambaquis catarinenses, o objetivo principal foi compreender os processos de formação culturais(atividades humanas) e naturais (tafonômicos) e suas mudanças ao longo do tempo, a partir da análise estratigráfica de sítios cuja cronologia envolve todo o período de ocupação humana pré-histórica da região (c. 7400-1000 anos AP). No caso fueguino, realizou-se o estudo micro-estratigráfico de um concheiro etno-histórico, para servir como modelo interpretativo na formulação de hipóteses sobre a formação dos concheiros. Os métodos utilizadospara caracterização dos sedimentos arqueológicos incluíram: granulometria, zooarqueologia, isotopia de C e N ( \'? POT.13\'C e \'? POT.15\' N), micromorfologia e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Utilizou-se também a analogia experimental com fogueiras acesas em diversos contextos conhecidos e queima controlada de moluscos. Três tipos de sambaquis foram analisados: quatro de padrão estratigráfico conchífero; dois de núcleo arenoso; e dois em montículo ictiológico. A formação do primeiro e terceiro tipos seguiu um padrão recorrente e contínuo que envolve retrabalhamento de elementos depositados e queimados em localdiferente do final. Estes elementos incluem resíduos alimentares, como conchas, restos de peixe (ossos e tecidos) e material vegetais (carvões e plantas de ciclo fotossintético \'C IND.3\'), assim como componentes terrígenos relacionados com o substrato sedimentar nos arredores do sambaqui e com sedimentos provenientes dos bancos de moluscos explorados. Os sambaquis de núcleo arenoso representam ocupações efêmeras, mas planejadas. A sua formação envolveu levantamento de montículos de areia e/ou aproveitamento de dunas eólicas, com posterior deposição de moluscos e resíduos de fogueiras. Desta análise, extraem-se duas implicações substanciais: 1) o hábito de retrabalhamento de resíduos pode ter incluído a destruição dos locais de moradia, nunca achados até o momento, associados aos grandes sambaquis; 2) a correspondência entre o processo de formação identificado nos montículos ictiológicos e nos sambaquis conchíferos sugere continuidade na atividade deposicional, apesar da mudança dematéria prima (substituição das conchas por restos de peixe) e da adoção da tecnologia cerâmica em tempos recentes. O concheiro etno-histórico analisado paracomparação geo-etnoarqueológica foi formado a partir de ocupações domésticas, recorrentes durante pelo menos um século. A análise do anel de conchas periférico possibilitou caracterizar micromorfologicamente os episódios de deposição massiva de conchas, pisoteamentoe abandono do sítio. A análise das fogueiras localizadas na área central do concheiro permitiuidentificar estruturas de combustão de temperatura alta e moderada (superior e inferior a 500° C, respectivamente). A comparação das microfácies do concheiro fueguino com as microfácies identificadas nos sambaquis catarinenses mostra diferentes trajetórias pré-deposicionais, relacionadas, no primeiro caso, com a deposição imediata e secundária de detritos de alimentação nos arredores do local de moradia, e, no caso dos sambaquis, com a sucessão intrincada de ações de deposição, queima e transporte, associada à formação de depósitos terciários. Estas observações corroboram a maior complexidade no processo de formação dos sambaquis. / To understand site formation processes in shell sites, eight sambaquis(shell mounds) from the southern coast of Santa Catarina and one shell midden (conchero) from Tierra del Fuego were studied. For the sambaquis of Santa Catarina, the aim was to understand the cultural and natural formation processes (human activities and taphonomy) and the way they changed through time through the whole period of prehistoric human occupation in the region (c. 7400-1000 years BP). In Tierra del Fuego, the micro-stratgraphic study of an ethnohistoric shell midden was done to serve as model for hypothesis on formation processes of shell sites. The methods used for characterization of archaeological sediments included: grain-size analyses, zooarchaeology, C and N isotopy (\'? POT.13\'C e \'? POT.15\' N), micromorphology and scanning electron microscopy. Experimental archaeology was done using different hearths lit on known contexts and by controlled burning of mollusk shell. Three types of sambaquis were analyzed: four shell mounds; two sand mounds; and two fish mounds. Formation of the first and third group followed a recurrent and continuous pattern of reworking of items, accumulated and burnt in a different location than the final. These items included food refuse, like shell, fish remains (bone and tissue) and plant material (charcoal and residues of \'C IND.3\' plants), as well as terrigenous components from the sedimentary substrate of the surroundings of the site and from the exploredshell beds. Sand mounds are ephemeral but planned occupations. Their formation involved rising of a sand mound and/or occupation over sand dunes, with deposition of shells and plant remains on top. Two substantial implications are extracted from this analyses: 1) the reworking of food residues may be destructing the remains of daily occupations associated with the large sambaquis, that have never been found to this moment; 2) the correspondence of formation process in shell mounds and fish mounds suggests continuity in the depositional activities, besides the change in material (substitution of shell by fish remains) and adoption of ceramic technology in recent times. The ethnohistorical site analyzed for geo-ethnoarchaeological comparison was formed by recurrent domestic occupations that lasted for a century. Analyses of the peripheral shell ring allowed the micromorphological characterization of episodes of massive shell deposition, trampling and site abandonment. Analyses of hearths located in the central habitation area showed micromorphological indicators of high temperature and moderate temperature combustion structures (over and under 500° C, respectivley). Comparison of microfacies from the fueguian shell midden and microfacies from the sambaquis shows different pre-depositional trajectories. In the first case, deposition is related with the immediate and secondary discard of food refuse around the living space. In the second case, formation is related with an intricate succession of deposition, burning and transport of items that resulted in a tertiary deposit. These observations corroborate the great complexity in the formation processes of sambaquis.