Orientador: Marcelo dos Santos Pereira / Resumo: O desenvolvimento dos aços avançados de alta resistência tem sido a principal estratégia por parte das siderúrgicas para atenderem às demandas das indústrias automobilísticas por um material que permita a redução de peso, diminuição do consumo de combustível e, simultaneamente, que possibilite uma melhora na resistência ao impacto e na segurança dos passageiros. Neste contexto, o aço bifásico apresenta grande potencial tecnológico de aplicação, principalmente em componentes estruturais, em virtude de suas propriedades mecânicas especiais, como alta resistência à tração, alta taxa de encruamento e muito boa ductilidade. No entanto, é necessário minimizar os problemas dimensionais provocados pelo efeito do retorno elástico (springback) durante a estampagem, assim como, as falhas durante o processamento. Este trabalho tem por objetivo caracterizar um aço bifásico da classe 1000 MPa (DP980), quanto à microestrutura e propriedades mecânicas. A caracterização microestrutural, por meio de técnicas de microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura, determinaram as fases presentes de maneira qualitativa e quantitativa, assim como suas morfologias, com o objetivo de correlacionar a microestrutura com as propriedades mecânicas. Evidenciou-se a presença de grãos alongados, acompanhando o sentido de laminação da chapa e uma fração volumétrica de martensita de 51,4%. As características em relação aos processos de estampagem foram estudadas por meio do ensaio de dobramento para determinar o r... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The development of advanced high strength steels (AHSS) has been the main strategy for steelmakers to meet the demands of the automotive industry for a material that reduces weight and fuel consumption, provides shock resistance and vehicle safety. Within this context, dual-phase steel (DP) shows great technological potential, mainly in structural parts, due to its special mechanical properties, such as high tensile strength, work hardening, and ductility. However, it is necessary to minimize the dimensional problems caused by springback during stamping, along with the processing failures. This work aims to characterize a 1000 MPa (DP980) dual-phase steel regarding its microstructure and mechanical properties. The microstructural characterization, through optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, determined the present phases in a qualitative and quantitative manner, as well as their morphologies, in order to correlate microstructure with mechanical properties. The presence of elongated grains, following the direction of lamination of the sheet, as well as a volumetric fraction of martensite of 51.4% were observed. Features of the stamping processes were examined through a bending test to determine the springback in samples submitted to bending punches with radii of 5 mm and 0.3 mm. The samples tested with the 5 mm radius punch show a strong springback in function of the high strength of the steel. With the 0.3 mm radius punch, the springback decreases significantl... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Ana Paula Rosifini Alves Claro / Resumo: Titânio e suas ligas têm sido amplamente aplicados em materiais biomédicos devido as suas excelentes propriedades de volume (relação massa específica e resistência mecânica), biocompatibilidade e resistência à corrosão. As ligas de titânio utilizadas comercialmente são a Ti CP (comercialmente puro) e Ti6Al4V e apesar de muito utilizadas apresentam problemas de citotoxicidade e dessa maneira se faz importante o desenvolvimento de novas ligas que levem a substituição das mesmas. Ligas de titânio do tipo beta têm sido amplamente exploradas devido a sua excelente relação baixo peso específico e módulo de elasticidade, fator que reduz o efeito de Stress Shielding. O objetivo deste trabalho foi processar e caracterizar uma liga de titânio do tipo beta com composição Ti10Mo8Nb6Zr (%m) visando aplicações biomédicas. Os lingotes da liga foram obtidos em um forno de fusão a arco voltaico com atmosfera inerte de gás argônio. A liga foi tratada em um forno tubular a vácuo a 1000ºC por 24 horas para garantir a homogeneidade química, forjada a frio em barras de 9,60 mm de diâmetro e tratadas termicamente novamente a 950°C por 2 horas, seguido de resfriamento em água. A microestrutura e as fases presentes de cada etapa do processamento da liga foram investigadas por Microscopia Óptica (MO), Difração de Raios X (DRX) e Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC). Sendo possível constatar a presença da fase beta e a presença de uma possível fase metaestável a ω, comprovando o diagrama de prev... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Titanium and its alloys have been widely applied in biomedical materials because of their excellent volume properties (specific mass ratio and strength), biocompatibility and corrosion resistance. The titanium alloys used commercially are Ti CP (commercially pure) and Ti6Al4V, although they are widely used they present problems of cytotoxicity (Ti6Al4V) and high Young's modulus (Ti CP) and in this way it is important to develop new alloys that lead to their replacement. Beta-type titanium alloys have been extensively explored because of their excellent low specific weight ratio and low modulus of elasticity, which reduces the effect of Stress Shielding, besides absence of problems with citotoxicity. The purpose of this study was processing and characterization of the new beta-titanium alloy Ti10Mo8Nb6Zr (%wt) for biomedical applications. The ingots were obtained in an eletric arc furnace with an inert atmosphere of argon gas. They were heat treated in a tubular vacuum furnace at 1000°C for 24 hours to ensure chemical homogeneity, cold worked in rods with 9.60 mm diameter, and solubilized in tubular furnace under vacuum at 950°C for 2 hours followed by cooling in water. The microstructure and the phases present in each step of the alloy processing were investigated by The microstructure and the phases present at each step of the processing of the alloy were investigated by optical microscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). It was possible ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

O desenvolvimento dos veículos atuais vem sendo impulsionado pela necessidade de redução de massa associada com o aumento da segurança para os passageiros. Na procura de novos materiais e processos para atender estas exigências, os aços bifásicos ferrítico-martensíticos ou DP vêm se destacando entre os aços avançados de alta resistência (AHSS), por apresentar elevada resistência mecânica e boa ductilidade. Da mesma forma, a soldagem a laser vem se mostrando promissora para junção desta classe de materiais. Este processo permite unir os aços DP com boa qualidade metalúrgica sem significativas distorções dimensionais. Embora os aços DP apresentem boa soldabilidade, um amolecimento localizado na zona afetada pelo calor (ZAC) também é observado, especialmente no aço DP1000, que apresenta elevada fração de martensita. Desta forma, esta Tese propõe a soldagem a laser do aço DP1000 de espessura 1,80 mm, seguida de uma sistemática caracterização microestrutural, visando a produção de juntas soldadas suficientemente resistentes. Para isto, foram produzidos cordões numa chapa de aço DP1000, variando a potência nominal de soldagem entre 0,4 e 2,0 kW e a velocidade de soldagem entre 20 e 150 mm/s. A caracterização microestrutural foi conduzida com o auxílio das técnicas de microscopia óptica (MO), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), difração de raios X (DRX) e difração de elétrons retroespalhados (EBSD). As juntas soldadas mais representativas foram submetidas a ensaios de dureza Vickers e tração uniaxial. Os resultados mostram que é possível produzir juntas soldadas resistentes no aço DP1000. Todavia, é fundamental que a combinação de parâmetros gere soldas com penetração total e mínima largura de ZAC, limitando a quantidade de amolecimento da martensita prévia e a fração volumétrica de austenita retida. Na presente Tese, os melhores resultados foram obtidos para uma potência de 2,0 kW e velocidade de 150 mm/s. / The development of modern vehicles has been driven by the need of mass reduction associated with the increase of the safety of passengers. In the search for new materials and processes to meet these requirements, ferritic-martensitic dual-phase (DP) steels are potential candidates among advanced high-strength steels (AHSS), because of their high mechanical strength and good ductility. In that sense, laser beam welding has been shown promising for joining this class of materials. This process allows joining DP steels with good metallurgical quality without large dimensional distortions. Although DP steels show good weldability, a localized softening in the heat affected zone (HAZ) is also observed, especially in DP1000 steel which contains large amounts of martensite. Thus, laser beam welding has been performed in DP1000 steel with thickness of 1.80 mm, followed by a systematic microstructural characterization, aiming at the production of resistant welded joints. For this, bead-on-plate welds were carried out in DP1000 steel, varying the welding power between 0.4 and 2.0 kW and the welding speed between 20 and 150 mm/s. The microstructural characterization was conducted with the aid of light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The most representative welded joints were tested for Vickers hardness and uniaxial tensile test. Results show that it is possible to produce sound and resistant welded joints in DP1000 steel. However, it is critical that the combination of parameters allows the obtainment of welds with full penetration and minimum HAZ width, limiting the amount of softening of prior martensite and the volume fraction of retained austenite. In the present Thesis, this was achieved using a power of 2.0 kW and a welding speed of 150 mm/s.

The commercial polycrystalline superalloy RR1000 developed for turbine disc applications contains a large number of alloying elements. This complex alloy chemistry is required in order to produce appropriate microstructures and the required mechanical properties, such that the most important strengthener γʹ displays complex alloy chemistry. The broad aim of this project is to develop an approach to measuring the composition of γʹ precipitates at a broad range of length scales from nanometres to hundreds of nanometres, and subsequently develop a better understanding of the role of thermodynamics and diffusion kinetics on γʹ phase separation and precipitate growth. A solution of the absorption-corrected EDX spectroscopy to spherical particles was developed in our work, therefore enabling the quantitative analysis of precipitates' composition using an absorption-corrected Cliff-Lorimer approach. By performing this quantification, size-dependent precipitate compositional variations were obtained. Examination of this quantitative approach was compared to thermodynamic calculations of primary γ' precipitates possessing equilibrium compositions. Given the development of semi-quantitative compositional measurements for spherical γʹ precipitates and that cooling is one of the most common and critical regimes in physical metallurgy of Ni-based superalloys, this approach was then applied to study the local compositional variations that are induced in γ' precipitates when the alloy RR1000 undergoes different cooling rates. These measured compositions have been compared to detailed thermodynamic calculations and provide new experimental evidence of the importance of the dominant role of aluminium antisite diffusion in determining the low-temperature growth kinetics of fine-scale γ' precipitates. We have applied a similar analysis approach to study the compositional variations of γʹ cores within the class of secondary precipitates upon cyclic coarsening and reversal coarsening. It was shown that supersaturated Co in secondary γʹ exhibits an overall trend towards the equilibrium but Co content can significantly increase as γʹ coarsens. It was demonstrated that the limited elemental diffusivity in γ and γʹ compared to the observed coarsening rate in the coarsening regime results in the long-lasting Co supersaturation in γʹ and builds up elemental enhancements or depletions. These inhomogeneous elemental distributions produce compressive elastic constraints on large-scale secondary γʹ, therefore inducing morphological instability of these γʹ and causing the reversal coarsening. These results enable us to better understand the role that both thermodynamics and limited diffusion kinetics plays in controlling the complex microstructures of γ' precipitates.

O presente trabalho objetiva o desenvolvimento in situ por plasma por arco transferido (PTA) de aluminetos de Níquel resistentes à oxidação, baseados em uma liga NiCrAlC referência. Para tanto, foram depositadas misturas preliminares de pós elementares e também utilizando o pó atomizado, variando somente a intensidade de corrente (130 e 160 A) para se obter diferentes misturas com o substrato. Após as deposições, a incorporação de elementos do substrato nos cordões não permitiu a formação de aluminetos para os revestimentos processados com a mistura de pós elementares. Estes apresentaram valores de diluição consideravelmente maiores do que os cordões obtidos com pó atomizado, que resultaram em aluminetos de Níquel. Com base nos resultados preliminares, quatro novas composições com mistura de pós elementares foram estimadas e os cordões finais, processados com 100 ou 130 A, resultaram em aluminetos como esperado. Duas composições foram submetidas a ensaios em balança termo gravimétrica (TGA) e a ciclos isotérmicos em forno mufla para diferentes temperaturas (máximo de 1000 graus Celsius) e tempos de exposição (até 72 horas no máximo). Os resultados mostraram que a incorporação de Ferro nos revestimentos durante a deposição retardou a formação das camadas de óxidos, sendo que maiores teores deste elemento aceleraram a formação da camada de alumina alfa, o que propiciou uma redução nos valores de constante de oxidação parabólica a 1000 graus Celsius nos estágios iniciais da oxidação. Os revestimentos apresentaram melhores desempenhos à oxidação do que a liga NiAlCrC fundida, traduzido pelo menor ganho de massa. A exposição nas temperaturas de ensaio provocou uma queda de dureza e na evolução ou nucleação de uma provável fase sigma. / This research aimed at the development in situ by plasma transferred arc (PTA) of nickel aluminides resistant to the oxidation, based on a reference NiCrAlC alloy. For this purpose, preliminary mixtures of elemental powders were deposited, and also using the atomized powder, varying the current intensity (130 and 160 A) only to obtain different mixtures with substrate. After the depositions, the incorporation of substrate elements into the welds did not allow the formation of aluminides in the coatings processed with the elemental powder mixture. These coatings presented dilution values considerably higher than those obtained with atomized powder, which result in nickel aluminides. Based on the preliminary results, additional four compositions with elemental powders were estimated and the final welds, processed with 100 or 130 A, were composed by aluminides as expected. Two compositions were submitted to the thermogravimetry tests and isothermal cycles in an oven for different temperatures (1000 Celsius max) and exposure times (for 72 hours at maximum). The results showed that the iron incorporation in the coatings during depositions delayed the oxides scales formation, since higher contents of this element accelerated the formation of -alumina, which promoted a reduction in the parabolic constant of oxidation for 1000 Celsius in the earlier stages of oxidation. The coatings presented better oxidation resistance than that observed for as-cast NiCrAlC, observed by their smaller mass losses. The exposure to the testing temperatures resulted in a decrease of hardness and in the evolution or nucleation of sigma phase.

Le procédé COBAPRESSTM est un procédé hybride qui consiste à forger une préforme de fonderie. Nous nous intéressons dans cette thèse à son application pour fabriquer des pièces en alliage d’aluminium AS7G03 modifié au strontium. La première partie de l’étude présente des résultats de simulations obtenues grâce à 2 logiciels de calcul par éléments finis qui sont Simufact et ABAQUS. Nous avons pu voir que la déformation est maximale dans le plan de joint des pièces avec une déformation supérieure à 0,5 pour des vitesses qui peuvent atteindre 10 s-1. Les déformations en peau dues à la rugosité de surface des préformes ont aussi été prises en compte.La deuxième partie expose la microstructure dans les pièces après forge. Ces observations ont été effectuées par microscopie optique ainsi qu’en EBSD. Cette microstructure peut être majoritairement restaurée ou recristallisée pour des paramètres de Zener-Hollomon supérieurs à 1012. La microstructure de peau ainsi que l’effet de la trempe ont aussi été étudiés. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’évolution des propriétés mécaniques statiques et cycliques. Nous avons pu voir que l’étape de forge permettait de refermer et souder les retassures de fonderie avec une tenue mécanique suffisante pour résister en fatigue. La Rp0,2, la Rm ainsi que l’allongement à rupture sont augmentés. La microstructure optimale semble être une sous-structure des dendrites qui est la meilleure pour une déformation de 0,5 et une vitesse de 5 s-1 avec une température de préforme de 530°C. Une bonne sous-structuration ainsi qu’une faible rugosité en peau permettent aussi une amélioration de la durée de vie en fatigue après la frappe à chaud. / The COBAPRESSTM is a hybrid process consisting of forging a cast preform. In this thesis, we are interested in its application to make parts with an AS7G03 aluminum alloy modified with strontium. Microstructural evolutions in hot conditions and the mechanical properties resulted from are not well known for this cast alloy and constitute the present work. The first part of the study presents the results obtained by simulation with two finite elements analysis software Simufact and ABAQUS. We could see that the maximal deformation occurs in the parting surface with a deformation closed to 0.5 and a rate which cans reach 10 s-1. Deformation in the skin due to the preform surface roughness is considered. The second part exposes the microstructure in the parts after forging. These observations were made by optical micrography and also by EBSD. This microstructure is predominantly substructured but can be recrystallized for Zener-Hollomon parameters higher than 1012. The typical skin microstructure and the effect of the quenching were also studied.Finally, we studied the evolutions of the static and cyclic mechanical properties. We could see that the forging step allows the welding of the shrinkage porosities with mechanical characteristics good enough to resist fatigue tests. The yield stress, the ultimate tensile stress and the ductility are all improved. The optimal microstructure seems to be a substructure of the dendrites which is the best for a deformation of 0.5 and a rate of 5 s-1 with a preform temperature of 530°C. The good substructuration and the reduced roughness of the skin allow a greater improvement of the fatigue life of the samples after the forging step.

Aços microligados pertencem à classe dos aços ARBL contendo baixa ou média quantidade de carbono e pequena adição de elementos de liga tais como Mn, Nb, Mo, V e Ti. A variedade microestrutural desses aços pode ser obtida dependendo da temperatura de conformação, taxa de resfriamento e composição química. Os tratamentos intercríticos e isotérmicos produzem microestruturas multifásicas com diferentes quantidades de ferrita, martensita, bainita e austenita retida. A presença de diferentes fases nestes materiais, com morfologias distintas, pode afetar de modo significativo seu comportamento mecânico, afetando, por exemplo, o fechamento da trinca e resultando em mudanças na taxa de crescimento da mesma. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as propriedades de tração e a resistência ao crescimento da trinca por fadiga de um aço microligado RD 480 com 0.08%C-1, 5%Mn (p), correlacionando-as com suas características microestruturais. Esse aço, desenvolvido recentemente pela CSN (Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional), é considerado promissor como alternativa para substituir o aço de baixo carbono utilizado em componentes de rodas na indústria automotiva. Distintas condições microestruturais foram obtidas por meio de tratamentos térmicos seguidos de resfriamento em água. As condições de tratamento intercrítico e têmpera simples foram escolhidas para se avaliar a resistência à propagação da trinca por fadiga. Os resultados dos ensaios foram sintetizados em termos da taxa de crescimento da trinca (da/dN) versus a variação do Fator Intensidade de Tensão (_K) no ciclo de carregamento. Para descrever o comportamento das trincas foram utilizados dois modelos: a equação convencional de Paris e um novo modelo exponencial que mostra o comportamento não linear das curvas de fadiga. Os resultados mostraram que uma microestrutura combinando ferrita de aspecto acicular e fases duras (martensita/bainita) resultou em menores taxas de crescimento da trinca. No entanto, a melhor combinação entre as propriedades de tração (limite de escoamento, resistência e ductilidade) e fadiga foi obtida com uma microestrura bifásica contendo martensita dispersa em uma matriz ferrítica. Observou-se uma transição nas curvas de crescimento da trinca para todas as condições tratadas termicamente e, por conta disto, as curvas das condições microestruturais bifásicas e multifásicas foram melhores modeladas quando divididas em duas regiões. As superfícies de fratura dessas amostras, bem como o caminho percorrido pela trinca, foram analisados via MEV e MO. / Microalloyed steels are a class of HSLA steels with low or medium carbon content and small additions of alloy elements such as Mn, Nb, Mo, V and Ti. A variety of microstructures in microalloyed steels can be obtained depending on the deformation temperature, cooling rate and chemical composition. Heat treatments and isothermal transformation on these materials, with various temperatures and holding times, produce multiphase microstructures with different amounts of ferrite, martensite, bainite and retained austenite. These different phases, with distinct morphologies, are determinant of the mechanical behavior of the steel and can, for instance, affect crack closure or promote crack shielding, thus resulting in changes on its propagation rate under cyclic loading. The aim of this study is to evaluate the tensile properties and resistance to fatigue crack growth in a microalloyed steel RD 480 with 0.08%C-1, 5% Mn (wt), correlating with their microstructural characteristics. This steel, recently developed by CSN (Companhia Siderurgica Nacional), is being considered as a promising alternative to replace low carbon steel in wheel components for the automotive industry. Distinct microstructural conditions were obtained by means of heat treatments followed by water quench. The intercritical treatment and quenching conditions were chosen to evaluate the strength to crack propagation. The crack propagation test results were summarized in terms of FCG rate (da/dN) versus stress intensity factor range (?K) curves. In order to describe the FCG behavior, two models were tested: the conventional Paris equation and a new exponential equation developed for materials showing non-linear FCG behavior. The results showed that a microstructure combining aspect acicular ferrite and hard phases (martensite / bainite) resulted in lower rates of crack growth. However, the best combination between the tensile properties (yield stress, tensile strength and ductility) and fatigue was obtained with a dual phase steel microstructure containing martensite dispersed in a ferrite matrix. It was observed a transition in the crack growth curves for all heat treated conditions, so the curves of the dual and multiphase microstructural conditions were better modeled by dividing them in two regions. The fracture planes of the fatigued specimens, as well as the crack path, were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical micrography (OM).

Neste trabalho, foi realizada a síntese de compostos do sistema PbO CrO3, em especial as composições PbCrO4 e Pb2CrO5, pelo método dos precursores poliméricos, avaliando sua aplicação como pigmentos. Para eliminar o aspecto negativo quanto à toxicidade dos materiais envolvidos, foi realizada a dispersão dos mesmos em SiO2, pelo método sol-gel. As amostras foram caracterizadas estruturalmente por difração de raios X, espectroscopia Raman e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e transmissão. Pelos resultados de difratometria de raios X e espectroscopia Raman, foi verificado que o método dos precursores poliméricos possibilita a formação de Pb2CrO5 e PbCrO4 monofásicos para ambas as estequiometrias estudadas. Contudo, as imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostram que as partículas das duas composições apresentam forte coalescência e aglomeração. A caracterização óptica foi realizada pela técnica de reflectância difusa e coordenadas colorimétricas, em que foi determinado que as amostras de PbCrO4 possuem coloração verde-amarelada e que as amostras de Pb2CrO5 possuem coloração que varia do laranja escuro ao vermelho. A dispersão em SiO2 das partículas de Pb2CrO5 foi alcançada, no entanto, este processo provocou a formação de diferentes fases cristalinas, além de alterações na cor, as quais têm uma contribuição significativa da própria matriz SiO2, fato confirmado pela teoria de Kubelka-Munk. A incorporação dessas partículas em uma matriz polimérica de um copolímero de etileno e acetato de vinila (EVA) resultou em uma coloração homogênea da mesma, confirmando a eficácia destas partículas como pigmentos. / In this work, the synthesis of particles from the PbO-CrO3 system, in particular the PbCrO4 and Pb2CrO5 compositions were accomplished, by a polymeric precursor method, evaluating its application as pigments. In order to eliminate the negative toxic aspect of these materials, the dispersion of the same in SiO2 was achieved, by the sol-gel method. The samples were characterized structurally by X-Ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. From X-Ray diffraction and Raman spectra results it was verified that the polymeric precursors method is able to form single phase Pb2CrO5 and PbCrO4 for both studied stoichiometries. Although, scanning electron microscope images revealed that both compositions present strong coalescence and agglomeration of the particles. Optical characterization was carried out by diffuse reflectance technique and colorimetric coordinates. It was verified that the PbCrO4 samples possess green-yellowish coloration and the Pb2CrO5 samples presents coloration that varies from dark orange to red. The dispersion of Pb2CrO5 particles in SiO2 was reached, however, this process causes the formation of different crystalline phases, besides alteration in color, which have a significant contribution from the SiO2 matrix, confirmed by Kubelka-Munk theory. The incorporation of these particles in a polymeric matrix of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) resulted in the coloration of the same, confirming the efficiency of these particles as pigments.

Les nouvelles technologies mécatroniques permettent de réduire fortement la consommation d'énergie et les émissions des véhicules individuels, en introduisant des ruptures indispensables pour une chaîne de traction électrifiée complémentaire ou alternative aux moteurs thermiques. Les assemblages en électronique de puissance utilisés dans les systèmes alterno-démarreurs emploient des alliages de brasure dont il s'agit de trouver des substituants, sans plomb, en accord avec les normes internationales. Cette thèse contribue à la caractérisation métallurgique et mécanique de deux joints brasés sans plomb innovants riches en étain. Ces joints sont produits industriellement par un procédé de brasage laser qui leur confère une microstructure de solidification très hétérogène, peu reproductible, multiphasée et qui présente un grand nombre de défauts. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'apporter une meilleure compréhension à la tenue mécanique de ces joints brasés au cours du vieillissement thermomécanique des assemblages. Les sollicitations thermiques engendrent des contraintes et des déformations plastiques à cause de la dilatation différentielle qui existe entre les différentes couches des matériaux brasés. Des lois de comportement isotropes ont été identifiées à partir d'une base expérimentale d'essais de traction sur des matériaux massifs. Ces lois, utilisées dans des simulations aux éléments finis, ont permis d'évaluer l'effet négatif du défaut de porosité inhérent au procédé de brasage. Des essais de vieillissement couplés à des observations de l'évolution de la microstructure ont permis de montrer l'influence de l'orientation des grains d'étain sur l'amorçage de fissure. Nous n'avons pas pu proposer de volume élémentaire représentatif du fait de la complexité de la structure. Une méthode inverse a été mise en oeuvre en parallèle de la conception d'un banc d'essai de flexion in-situ sous profilomètre afin de placer les premières briques permettant la caractérisation mécanique de joints brasés industriels. / The new mechatronic technologies can significantly reduce the energy consumption and gas emissions of personal cars, by introducing rupture innovations in electrified powertrains complementarily or alternatively to combustion engines. The power electronics assemblies used in starter-alternator systems use solder joints which need to be substituted with lead-free solder in agreements with international standards. This thesis contributes to the metallurgical and mechanical characterization of two tin-based lead-free solder joints. These joints are produced industrially with a Die Laser Soldering process which leads to heterogeneous solidification microstructures, poorly reproducible, multiphased, and with defects. The objective of this thesis is to provide a better understanding of the solder joints lifetime during thermomechanical aging. Thermal aging generates stresses and plastic deformation due to the mismatch in the coefficients of thermal expansion between the different layers of the assemblies. Isotropic constitutive laws were identified from an experimental database of tensile tests on bulk specimens. Those constitutive laws were used in finite element simulations in order to assess the negative effect of the solder joint porosity, inherent flaw traced back to the soldering process. Aging tests coupled with observations of the microstructure evolution have shown the influence of tin grains orientation on crack initiation. The heterogeneity of the microstructure prevents us from proposing a representative volume element of the materials. An inverse method has been implemented in parallel with the development of an in situ bending test bench under a profilometer in order to build the first steps for the mechanical characterization of industrial solder joints.

O objetivo deste trabalho é a caracterização mecânica e microestrutural do aço API 5L-X65 soldado por feixe de elétrons para possível aplicação no processo de fabricação de dutos para o transporte de óleo e gás. A caracterização do material será realizada por meio de microscopia ótica, análise de textura via difração de raios X, microdureza Vickers e ensaio Charpy V. Para a caracterização microestrutural, foram testados diferentes ataques químicos para a identificação das fases presentes na microestrutura de cada uma das três regiões que compõem uma junta soldada, zona fundida (ZF), zona termicamente afetada (ZTA) e o metal base (MB). As microestruturas das regiões que foram submetidas ao ciclo térmico de soldagem, apresentaram-se bastante distintas da microestrutura bandeada ferrítico-perlítica encontrada no MB. A ZTA apresentou uma estrutura de grãos refinados, as bandas perlíticas do MB se tornaram completamente difusas, não mantendo qualquer semelhança com a microestrutura perlítica anterior e também, foram evidenciadas ilhas do constituinte M-A (martensita-austenita). Na ZF foram evidenciadas as fases tipicamente encontradas em metais de solda de aços microligados, tais como: ferrita de Widmanstätten, acicular, alotriomórfica, além de bainita e ilhas do constituinte M-A. Os resultados das propriedades mecânicas do material submetido ao processo de soldagem por EBW foram satisfatórios e atendem os requisitos da Norma API 5L. Desta forma, de acordo com os resultados obtidos neste trabalho é possível a aplicação da soldagem por EBW na fabricação e montagem de sistemas de dutos. / The aim of this work is the mechanical and microstructural characterization of API 5L-X65 steel welds performed by electron beam welding, as well as to investigate the technical feasibility of applying this welding process in the manufacture and assembly of pipelines for oil and gas. The characterization was carried out by using light optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction texture analysis, Vickers micro-hardness testing and tests Charpy V. For the microstructural characterization, several chemical etchants were tested in order to identify the phases present in the microstructure of the regions associated to the weld, i.e. the weld metal (WM), the heat affected zone (HAZ) and the base metal (BM). The microstructures of the regions exposed to thermal welding cycles displayed quite distinct microstructure than the one found in the BM (banded ferritic-pearlitic structure). The HAZ showed a refined grain structure where the pearlite bands of BM became quite diffuse. Islands of the M-A (martensite-austenite) constituent were found in the HAZ. The phases typically found in weld metals of microalloyed steels such as Widmanstätten ferrite, acicular ferrite, allotriomorphic ferrite, bainite, and M-A constituent were found in the WM. The results of the mechanical properties of the material submitted to the welding process by EBW were satisfactory and meet the requirements of the standard API 5L. Thus, the according to the results obtained in this work is possible the application of EBW in the manufacture and assembly of pipeline systems.