I takt med den digitala utvecklingen har förutsättningarna för politisk kommunikation förändrats. Vidare möjliggör den kraftigt ökade internetanvändningen för nya digitala verktyg. Genom ett experiment ämnar denna uppsats undersöka vilken roll verktyget microtargeting kan fylla för att stärka svenska förstagångsväljares engagemang och delaktighet i den samhälleiga- och politiska diskussionen. Studiens formulerade forskningsfrågor ämnar belysa uppsatsen huvudsyfte. (1) Vilket samband kan urskiljas mellan effekten på upplevt engagemang och inramning av budskap med hjälp av verktyget microtargeting, då svenska förstagångsväljare exponeras för politiska annonser? (2) Vilken roll kan microtargeting fylla som ett verktyg för politisk kommunikation i den svenska demokratiska offentligheten? Med mål att replikera processen av microtargeting har information om studiens testpersoner, vilka samtliga är svenska förstagångsväljare, samlats in med hjälp av ett socialpsykologiskt personlighetstest. Därefter har manipulerade annonser skapats för att bekräfta deras individuella värderingar och motiv. Testpersonerna har vidare vid en exponering fått värdera till vilken grad de manipulerade respektive icke manipulerade annonserna anses väcka deras engagemang.  Uppsatsen ingår i forskningsfältet politisk kommunikation och utgår från ett teoretiskt ramverk innefattande Entmans (1993) teori om framing samt Habermas (1998) teori om offentligheten. Som analysmetod används en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med deduktiv ansats, för att undersöka hur resultatet kan relateras till det teoretiska ramverket. Det sammanställda resultatet visar att de manipulerade annonserna genererade ett högre upplevt engagemang hos testpersonerna i jämförelse med de originalannonser de exponerats för i studien. Således kunde ett samband mellan inramningen och det väckta politiska engagemanget i studiens experimentgrupp urskiljas. Analysen bidrar till argumentet att användningen av microtargeting kan tänkas minska digitala kunskapsklyftor och öka unga medborgares engagemang och därmed deras deltagande i den offentliga diskussionen. På så vis kan verktyget microtargeting anses vara en anpassning till den digitala offentligheten och vidare potentiellt gynna framtidens politiska kommunikation i en digital, demokratisk kontext i Sverige.

La situación actual de las campañas sociales impulsadas por el Estado peruano indica que existe una baja efectividad. Solo en el 2017, el 18% del total de campañas impulsadas por Estado fueron consideradas como efectivas, hecho que preocupa al Estado, al tratarse de problemas altamente importantes para el cuidado y desarrollo del país. Por otro lado, hoy en día, los países y sus Estados vienen implementando varias herramientas pertinentes del marketing digital con la finalidad de optimizar su gestión y mejorar los problemas de la sociedad. Una de estas herramientas es el microtargeting, una herramienta del campo del marketing político digital utilizada principalmente en Facebook, que ha logrado optimizar campañas políticas. Ante ello, se realizó un estudio sobre esta herramienta y sus posibilidades de ser aplicada en otro campo diferente al político: el social. El objetivo central de este estudio es identificar de qué manera el microtargeting podría elevar la efectividad del mensaje de las campañas sociales publicitadas en Facebook. Para realizar el análisis, se ha considerado como metodología una investigación de tipo exploratoria de método cualitativo. El enfoque considerado es estudio de caso, utilizando la técnica de entrevistas. Se ha considerado realizar doce entrevistas a especialistas dentro de las siguientes especialidades: marketing social y publicidad social, marketing digital y comunicación para el desarrollo. Los resultados indican que el microtargeting sí mejoraría parte de la efectividad del mensaje, debido a su gran aporte en identificación del target y el aseguramiento de la llegada del mensaje exacto al público exacto. / The current situation of the social campaigns promoted by the Peruvian State indicates that there is low effectiveness. Only in 2017, 18% of the total campaigns promoted by the State were considered effective, a fact that worries the State, since they are highly important problems for the care and development of the country. On the other hand, today, countries and their states have been implementing various relevant digital marketing tools in order to optimize their management and improve society's problems. One of these tools is microtargeting, a tool in the field of digital political marketing used mainly on Facebook, which has managed to optimize political campaigns. Given this, a study was carried out on this tool and its possibilities of being applied in another field different from the political one: the social one. The main objective of this study is to identify how microtargeting could increase the effectiveness of the message of social campaigns advertised on Facebook. To carry out the analysis, an exploratory research with a qualitative method has been considered as the methodology. The approach considered is a case study, using the interview technique. It has been considered to carry out twelve interviews with specialists within the following specialties: social marketing and social advertising, digital marketing and communication for development. The results indicate that microtargeting would improve part of the effectiveness of the message, due to its great contribution in identifying the target and ensuring the arrival of the exact message to the exact audience. / Trabajo de investigación

In political campaigning substantial resources are spent on voter mobilization, that is, on identifying and influencing as many people as possible to vote. Campaigns use statistical tools for deciding whom to target ("microtargeting"). In this paper we describe a nonpartisan campaign that aims at increasing overall turnout using the example of the 2004 US presidential election. Based on a real data set of 19,634 eligible voters from Ohio, we introduce a modern statistical framework well suited for carrying out the main tasks of voter targeting in a single sweep: predicting an individual's turnout (or support) likelihood for a particular cause, party or candidate as well as data-driven voter segmentation. Our framework, which we refer to as LORET (for LOgistic REgression Trees), contains standard methods such as logistic regression and classification trees as special cases and allows for a synthesis of both techniques. For our case study, we explore various LORET models with different regressors in the logistic model components and different partitioning variables in the tree components; we analyze them in terms of their predictive accuracy and compare the effect of using the full set of available variables against using only a limited amount of information. We find that augmenting a standard set of variables (such as age and voting history) with additional predictor variables (such as the household composition in terms of party affiliation) clearly improves predictive accuracy. We also find that LORET models based on tree induction beat the unpartitioned models. Furthermore, we illustrate how voter segmentation arises from our framework and discuss the resulting profiles from a targeting point of view. (authors' abstract)

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[pt] As novas tecnologias da informação e comunicação, associadas à perda de protagonismo das mídias de massa tradicionais, impuseram às campanhas eleitorais novas formas de estruturação, de modo a atender às demandas de uma população cada vez mais habituada a consumir informação de forma rápida e simplificada. A necessária reprogramação da comunicação política fez surgir o que se entende como campanhas orientadas por dados, caracterizadas pela utilização de grandes volumes de dados pessoais na elaboração das estratégias de propaganda eleitoral. No Brasil, a positivação do impulsionamento de conteúdo on-line, em conjunto com a prática de difusão em massa de conteúdo eleitoral por aplicativos de mensagens instantâneas – observada de forma contundente nas eleições de 2018 – indicam a consolidação das campanhas orientadas por dados no cenário político-eleitoral nacional e as recentes reformas na Lei de Eleições revelam a intenção do legislador em adequar o regramento eleitoral à nova realidade das campanhas. As alterações legislativas, no entanto, não vieram acompanhada na necessária preocupação em promover uma ampla atualização da legislação eleitoral para fazer frente aos riscos que as práticas adotadas pelas campanhas orientadas por dados podem acarretar ao processo democrático, principalmente no tocante à autonomia do eleitor e à proteção de dados pessoais, demandando maiores estudos sobre o tema. / [en] New informational and communication technologies associated with traditional mass media s faltering prominence precipitated new methods of structuring electoral campaigns to meet the demands of a population increasingly used to consuming information in a fast and simplified way. The required reprogramming of political communication gave rise to what are understood as data-driven campaigns,characterized by the use of large volumes of personal data to drive electoral propaganda strategies. In Brazil, the legalization of online content boosting, along side mass dissemination of electoral content through instant messaging applications – strikingly observed in the 2018 elections – indicate the consolidation of data-driven campaigns inthe national political-electoral environment. Further, recent reforms in the Electoral Lawreveal legislators intent to adapt electoral rules to the new reality presented by these campaigns. The changes, however, were not accompanied by a much-needed, broader investigation and update of the electoral legislation to confront the risks that these data driven campaign practices bring to the democratic process, especially with regard to voter autonomy and protection of personal data.