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This study presents techniques that can be applied to optimize the quality of coated fried chicken nuggets. / Heat and mass transfer during deep fat frying of breaded chicken nugget was simultaneously modeled using the moving boundary concept. Numerical software FEMLABRTM 3.0 was used to solve the proposed model. To validate the model, experiments were conducted. Chicken nuggets were made with wheat flour based batter and breading. The samples were fried in a fryer using oil temperatures at 160, 170 and 180°C. Total frying times ranged from 90 to 300 s. A good agreement was obtained between predicted and observed results. / During the deep-frying process, the chicken nuggets samples shrank because of moisture loss and protein denaturation. Particle density and bulk volume shrinkage were analyzed at 3 different frying temperatures (160, 170 and 180°C). Particle density and shrinkage of the samples was measured using the liquid displacement technique with water. A linear relation was found for particle densities with moisture loss. The relationship between volumetric shrinkage and moisture loss was also found to be linear and the linear equation may be useful in predicting the volumetric shrinkage during frying. / In order to reduce the oil absorption of chicken nuggets during the frying process, the influence of pretreatment in microwave on the moisture and oil transfer in the coating and core layers of coated chicken nuggets were studied. Chicken nuggets pretreated in a microwave oven for 1 or 2 min were fried at 160°C for times ranging from 90 to 300 s to evaluate oil transfer. Microwave pretreatment had an important effect on moisture loss and oil uptake of chicken nuggets during deep-fat frying.

A microwave assisted methodology was developed to modify Merrifield resins (1-2% cross-linked containing 1.0-3.5 mmol Cl-/g) with different nominal molecular weights PEG (200-1000). The synthesis was also carried out by conventional heating to assess the differences between the two procedures. The most efficient synthesis was achieved by using microwave and by using PEG with molecular weight 200 and MR 2% crosslinked containing 1.25 mmol Cl -/g. The structural elucidation was carried out using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and elemental analyses. Upon pyrolsis-GC/MS analysis of the PEGylated MR, the PEG showed the tendency to undergo thermal degradation by the loss of a smaller PEG fragments. This observed degradation of PEG was less prominent during microwave assisted synthesis compared to conventional heating, in addition to faster reaction rates and higher yields. As expected, the PEGylated MR showed improved swelling properties in polar solvents. The chemical reactivity of the PEGylated Merrifield resin was confirmed by the esterification with pyruvic acid and by the substitution of hydroxyl group using thionyl chloride. In addition, the PEGylated MR was converted into (1) polymer-supported acid/base or redox indicator by the attachment of a blue organic dye - 2,6-dichloroindophenol (DCIP) through a nucleophilic substitution reaction and (2) beta-cyclodextrin trap, a water insoluble inclusion-complex, by immobilization of beta-cyclodextrin through cross-linking with 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate reagent.

A colorimetric method was developed to determine the quantity of total azadirachtin related limonoids (AZRL) in neem extracts. A mathematical model was also developed to aid in the multivariate calibration technique for the analysis of the spectra. With this model and the multivariate calibration technique, the colorimetric method can be used directly to analyse the purified neem seed kernel extracts and to eliminate interferences from other absorbing species. The AZRL and simple terpenoids (ST) content in the neem seed kernel, the seed shell, the leaf and the leaf stem was determined with conventional extraction method and the newly developed quantification technique. The results showed that the AZRL content in these parts of neem decreases in the order of seed kernel > leaf > seed shell > leaf stem. With the HPLC quantification technique, the content of azadirachtin in the neem seed kernel was determined, and the comparison of the azadirachtin content and the AZRL content suggested that azadirachtin accounts for around 58% of the total AZRL. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of AZRL and ST from various parts of neem was also investigated. Various parameters affecting the extraction such as the power and the microwave irradiation time were studied. The comparison of the MAE with two conventional extraction methods, viz., room temperature extraction (RTE) and reflux temperature extraction (RFX) revealed that the property of sample matrix affected the special accelerating effect of the MAE. The study on the influence of solvents on the MAE showed that the solubility of the solvent to the target components and the ability of the solvent to absorb microwave energy played an important role in MAE.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xxvi, 293 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 252-263).

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 347 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 272-276).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Washington State University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (MScIng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Both coaxial probe and waveguide (WG) measurement systems for electric and magnetic material property extraction were investigated. These measurement techniques were used to determine electrical properties of an inhomogeneous rock sample in its solid and crushed states. A lumped element model of the probe was used and permittivity was determined by the inversion algorithm developed by Stuchly and Stuchly. To support this technique it was compared to a full wave inversion algorithm and referenced to properties of the same samples but determined by a resonant cavity technique. The Nicholson, Ross and Weir inversion algorithm was used to determine material properties from WG measurements. As a reference, the same techniques were applied to a well defined material. It was found that neither of the measurement techniques could measure low loss factors or conductive materials and literature values were used in these cases. Various simulation models of the multiphase ore in both its solid and crushed states are presented. These models were utilised in finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations of different microwave (MW) cavities. Simulation and experimental S-parameter comparisons are presented. The level of accuracy achieved varies as a function of the geometrical representation and material properties. After an S-parameter comparison with simulation results it was concluded that the electrical properties of both the solid and crushed rocks have been well determined for MW cavity design. Predicted and measured field distributions in cavities were also compared and it is shown that accurate models of multiphase materials become especially important in the determination of field distributions in and around different rock phases. Recommendations for the suggested material property determination and verification processes are presented. A specific application of this work is in the field of microwave assisted comminution. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ’n Koaksiale probe en golfgeleier (WG) stelsels vir die bepaling van materiaal eienskappe (elektries en magneties) word gebruik met die doel om ’n nie-homogene rotsmonster te karakteriseer. Die ekstraksie algoritme van Stuchly en Stuchly word gebruik om die materiaal eienskappe te bepaal vanaf die gemete S11-parameter. Hierdie ekstraksie metode word vergelyk met ’n vol golf ekstraksie van permitiwiteit vanaf dieselfde gemete data. Beide die ekstraksie metodes word dan vergelyk met resonante holte meetings van dieselfde materiale. Die Nicholson, Ross en Weir ekstraksie algoritme word toegepas op meetings wat gedoen is deur die golfgeleier stelsel. As ’n verwysing word dieselfde tegnieke toegepas op ’n bekende materiaal en daar is gevind dit stem goed ooreen behalwe dat nie een van die twee meet tegnieke lae verlies faktore kan meet nie. Verder kan nie een van die twee sisteme geleidende materiale meet nie. Vir sulke gevalle is waardes nageslaan. Verskeie simulasiemodelle van die rots word voorgestel vir beide soliede en vergruisde monsters. Hierdie modelle word gebruik in FDTD simulasies van verskeie mikrogolftoevoegers met die oog om ’n vergelyking te tref tussen gesimuleerde en gemete S-parameters. Verskillende vlakke van akkuraatheid is bereik en is ’n funksie van die geometrie en die materiaaleienskappe van die model. Nadat gemete en gesimuleerde S-parameters vergelyk is, is gevind dat die materiaal eienskappe van beide die soliede en vergruisde rots monsters goed bepaal is vir mikrogo lf toevoeger ontwerp. Voorspelde en gemete veldverspreidings word ook vergelyk en dit is veral hierso van belang om ’n realistiese model van die nie-homogene monster te gebruik. Sekere voorstelle word gemaak om die verskillende aspekte van die meet van ma teriaaleienskappe en simulasiemodelle te kan verfyn. ’n Spesifieke toepassing van hierdie werk is in mikrogolf ondersteunde skeiding van minerale en erts.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 12213.pdf: 5005382 bytes, checksum: c4bde457760b3a6d6f53b64c21e33010 (MD5) / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 12213.pdf: 5005382 bytes, checksum: c4bde457760b3a6d6f53b64c21e33010 (MD5) / No presente trabalho, foi utilizada a técnica de aquecimento por microondas para estudar a imobilização de rejeitos radioativos de nível de atividade baixo e médio, como resinas de troca iônica exauridas, empregadas na remoção de íons indesejáveis dos circuitos primários de refrigeração de reatores nucleares refrigerados a água, e aquelas usadas em colunas de separação química e radionuclídica no controle de qualidade de radioisótopos. Matrizes betuminosas reforçadas com alguns tipos de borrachas (Neoprene®, Silicone e Etileno Vinil Acetato - EVA), provenientes de material descartado ou sobras de produção, foram utilizadas para incorporação dos rejeitos radioativos. As irradiações das amostras foram feitas em um forno de microondas caseiro, que opera com freqüência de 2.450MHz e possui potência de 1.000W. As amostras foram caracterizadas, empregando-se ensaios de penetração, resistência à lixiviação, pontos de amolecimento, fulgor e combustão, termogravimetria e microscopia óptica. Os resultados obtidos mostraram-se compatíveis com os padrões dos componentes das matrizes, indicando que esta técnica é uma alternativa bastante útil aos métodos de imobilização convencionais e para esses tipos de rejeitos radioativos. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP