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[pt] Este trabalho apresenta sistemáticas para projetos de osciladores de microondas empregando basicamente como elemento ativo o transistor FET GaAs em várias configurações. Inicialmente o modelamento a pequenos sinais é estudado e um projeto é desenvolvido para comprovação experimental. Determinações de redes adaptadoras de saídas para o oscilador são apresentadas. A teoria básica de osciladores de microondas a resistência negativa é mostrada com o intuito de modelar o dispositivo ativo em nível de grandes sinais. Um estudo de ruído em osciladores de microondas também é desenvolvido para uma melhor caracterização dos osciladores. Osciladores de microondas estabilizados a ressoadores dielétricos são estudados e um projeto numa configuração original é realizado. Programas Auxiliares de Projetos (PAP) prórpios para calculadoras programáveis de mesa foram desenvolvidos e testados nos projetos apresentados. / [en] In this work some methods of designing microwave oscillators, using GaAs FET`s as the active device, are presented. First, the small-signal is discussed and a pratical circuit is shown . the role of the outpu matching structures is pointed out. The basic theory of negative-resistance microwave oscillator is presented as a tool for the large signal modeling. Noise-effect on the performance of the whole device is also studied. An original contribution on stabilyzed dielectric resonator oscillator is given since a new configuration is suggested. This work was heavily supported by a powerful software that enables computer aided design facilities.

This work uses the photonic filtering properties of Fabry-Perot etalons to show improvements in the electrical signals created upon photodetection of the optical signal. First, a method of delay measurement is described which uses multi-heterodyne detection to find correlations in white light signals at 20 km of delay to sub millimeter resolution. By filtering incoming white light with a Fabry-Perot etalon, the pseudo periodic signal is suitable for measurement by combining and photodetecting it with an optical frequency comb. In this way, optical data from a large bandwidth can be downconverted and sampled on low frequency electronics. Second, a high finesse etalon is used as a photonic filter inside an optoelectronic oscillator (OEO). The etalon's narrow filter function allows the OEO loop length to be extremely long for a high oscillator quality factor while still suppressing unwanted modes below the noise floor. The periodic nature of the etalon allows it to be used to generate a wide range of microwave and millimeter wave tones without degradation of the RF signal.

The nano-contact spin torque oscillator (NC-STO) is an emerging device for highly tunable microwave frequency generation in the range from 0.1 GHz to above 65 GHz with an on-chip footprint on the scale of a few μm. The frequency is inherent to the magnetic material of the NC-STO and is excited by an electrical DC current by means of the spin torque transfer effect. Although the general operation is well understood, more detailed aspects such as a generally nonlinear frequency versus current relationship, mode-jumping and high device-to-device variability represent open questions. Further application-oriented questions are related to increasing the electrical output power through synchronization of multiple NC-STOs and integration with CMOS integrated circuits. This thesis consists of an experimental part and a simulation part. Experimentally, for the frequency stability it is found that the slow but strong 1/f-type frequency fluctuations are related to the degree of nonlinearity and the presence of perturbing, unexcited modes. It is also found that the NC-STO can exhibit up to three propagating spin wave oscillation modes with different frequencies and can randomly jump between them. These findings were made possible through the development of a specialized microwave time-domain measurement circuit. Another instrumental achievement was made with synchrotron X-rays, where we image dynamically the magnetic internals of an operating NC-STO device and reveal a spin wave mode structure with a complexity significantly higher than the one predicted by the present theory. In the simulations, we are able to reproduce the nonlinear current dependence by including spin wave-reflecting barriers in the nm-thick metallic, magnetic free layer. A physical model for the barriers is introduced in the form of metal grain boundaries with reduced magnetic exchange coupling. Using the experimentally measured average grain size of 30 nm, the spin wave mode structure resulting from the grain model is able to reproduce the experimentally found device nonlinearity and high device-to-device variability. In conclusion, the results point out microscopic material grains in the metallic free layer as the reason behind the nonlinear frequency versus current behavior and multiple propagating spin wave modes and thereby as a source of device-to-device variability and frequency instability. / Dagens snabba utveckling inom informationsteknik drivs på av ständigt växande informationsmängder och deras samhällsanvändning inom allt från resursoptimering till underhållning. Utvecklingen möjliggörs till stor del hårdvarumässigt av miniatyrisering och integrering av elektroniska komponenter samt trådlös kommunikation med allt större bandbredd och högre överföringshastighet. Det senare uppnås främst genom utnyttjande av högre radiofrekvenser i teknologiskt tidigare oåtkomliga delar av spektrumet. Frekvensutnyttjandet har det senaste årtiondet ökat markant i mikrovågsområdet med typiska frekvenser runt 2.4 GHz och 5.2-5.8 GHz. I den spinntroniska oscillatorn (STO:n) möjliggörs frekvensgenerering i det breda området från 0.1 GHz upp till över 65 GHz av en komponent med mikrometerstorlek som kan integreras direkt i CMOS-mikrochip. Till skillnad från i konventionella radiokretsar med oscillatorer konstruerade av integrerade transistorer och spolar, genereras mikrovågsfrekvensen direkt i STO:ns magnetiska material och omvandlas därefter till en elektrisk signal genom komponentens magnetoresistans. Dessa materialegenskaper möjliggör ett tillgängligt frekvensband med extrem bredd i en och samma STO, som därtill kan frekvensmoduleras direkt genom sin styrström och på så sätt förenklar konstruktionen av sändarsystem. STO:ns icke-linjära egenskaper kan potentiellt också användas för att i en och samma komponent blanda ned mottagna mikrovågssignaler och på så sätt förenkla konstruktionen även av mikrovågsmottagare. STO:ns signalegenskaper bestäms av det magnetiska materialets fysik i form av magnetiseringsdynamik driven av elektriskt genererade spinnströmmar. I denna avhandling studeras denna dynamik experimentellt med särskilt fokus på frekvensstabiliteten i den hittills mest stabila STO-typen; nanokontakts-STO:n. Genom mätningar i tidsdomän av STO:ns elektriska signaler runt 25 GHz har frekvensstabiliteten funnits hänga samman med den typ av icke-linjärt beteende som också funnits vara utmärkande för tillverkningsvariationen i komponenterna. Mikroskopiska undersökningar av materialet visar att en trolig källa till denna variation är den magnetiska metallens uppbyggnad i form av korn i storleksordningen 30 nm, och datorsimuleringar av en sådan materialstruktur har visats kunna reproducera de experimentella resultaten. Därtill har en metod utvecklats för att med röntgenstrålning direkt mäta de små, magnetiska mikrovågsrörelserna i materialet. Denna röntgenteknik möjliggör detaljerade experimentella studier av magnetiseringsdynamiken och kan användas för att verifiera och vidareutveckla den existerande teorin för mikrovågsspinntronik. Sammantaget förs STO-teknologin genom denna studie ett steg närmare sina tänkbara samhällsbreda tillämpningar inom snabb, trådlös kommunikation för massproducerade produkter med integrerad sensor- och datorfunktionalitet. / <p>QC 20160620</p>

Esta dissertação propõe uma metodologia de projeto de osciladores distribuídos controlados por tensão - DVCO - com realimentação reversa em freqüência de microondas. Estes constituem uma nova classe de osciladores recentemente proposta, a qual é obtida através da realimentação reversa de amplificadores distribuídos e tem como principal vantagem a possibilidade de sintonia em faixa ultra-larga de freqüência. São apresentados os fundamentos teóricos de operação do circuito e é proposta uma extensão da análise linear apresentada na literatura, considerando linhas de transmissão artificiais m-derivadas, a qual permite prever as transcondutâncias mínimas necessárias dos transistores e a freqüência inicial de oscilação. O método de projeto proposto é direcionado a DVCOs com realimentação reversa empregando transistores de efeito de campo dos tipos MESFET (Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) e PHEMT (Pseudomorfic High Electron Mobility Transistor), bem como ao uso de tecnologia de circuitos híbridos de microondas - MICs, e circuitos integrados monolíticos de microondas - MMICs. A metodologia proposta definiu critérios para implementar a topologia deste circuito através de componentes reais, considerando-se os parasitas associados aos mesmos. Para validação do procedimento de projeto, concebeu-se e simulou-se através do programa ADS da Agilent um oscilador intitulado DVCO 3 GHz, cuja faixa de freqüência especificada estende-se de 1 a 3 GHz e a potência mínima de saída especificada é de 10 dBm. Um protótipo foi construído em circuito híbrido e seus resultados experimentais foram comparados aos simulados. A freqüência de oscilação medida foi de 1,04 GHz a 3,05 GHz e a potência obtida esteve entre 9,8 e 14,3 dBm, apresentando boa concordância com as simulações. O ruído de fase foi medido entre 100 kHz e 1 MHz de distância da portadora, observando-se uma inclinação proporcional a 1/f3. Verificou-se que a diminuição da corrente de polarização Ids dos transistores, através da redução de sua tensão de polarização de porta-fonte Vgs, melhorou o ruído de fase. Na condição de polarização de menor ruído de fase, observaram-se valores entre -84 e -93 dBc/Hz a 100 kHz da portadora. / In this dissertation, a design methodology applied to microwave reverse feedback distributed voltage controlled oscillators - DVCO - is proposed. This circuit constitutes a new class of oscillators, obtained from reverse feeding back of the distributed amplifier. The main advantage of this topology is its capacity to achieve ultra-wideband frequency tuning. Circuit theoretical background is presented and an extension of the linear analysis presented in the literature is proposed. It allows predicting transistor minimum transconductances and the oscillation initial frequency, considering m-derived artificial transmission lines. The proposed design method is applicable to reverse feedback DVCOs employing field effect transistors MESFET (Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) and PHEMT (Pseudomorfic High Electron Mobility Transistor), as well as using MIC (Microwave Integrated Circuits) and MMIC (Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits) technology. The proposed methodology defined criterion to employ real components, considering the component parasitics. In order to validate the design method, an oscillator named DVCO 3 GHz was designed and simulated through software Agilent ADS, with specified band from 1 up to 3 GHz and minimum output power of 10 dBm. A prototype was implemented in hybrid circuit technology and the measurements were compared to the simulation results. The measured oscillation frequency varied from 1,04 GHz up to 3,05 GHz and the output power was 9,8 to 14,3 dBm, presenting good agreement with simulations. Phase noise was measured in the range between 100 kHz and 1 MHz shift from carrier; in which it was observed a 1/f3 slope. It was verified that decreasing the transistor bias current Ids through decreasing its gate bias voltage Vgs reduced phase noise. In the biasing condition for lowest phase noise, values between -84 and -93 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz off-set from carrier were measured.

Esta dissertação propõe uma metodologia de projeto de osciladores distribuídos controlados por tensão - DVCO - com realimentação reversa em freqüência de microondas. Estes constituem uma nova classe de osciladores recentemente proposta, a qual é obtida através da realimentação reversa de amplificadores distribuídos e tem como principal vantagem a possibilidade de sintonia em faixa ultra-larga de freqüência. São apresentados os fundamentos teóricos de operação do circuito e é proposta uma extensão da análise linear apresentada na literatura, considerando linhas de transmissão artificiais m-derivadas, a qual permite prever as transcondutâncias mínimas necessárias dos transistores e a freqüência inicial de oscilação. O método de projeto proposto é direcionado a DVCOs com realimentação reversa empregando transistores de efeito de campo dos tipos MESFET (Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) e PHEMT (Pseudomorfic High Electron Mobility Transistor), bem como ao uso de tecnologia de circuitos híbridos de microondas - MICs, e circuitos integrados monolíticos de microondas - MMICs. A metodologia proposta definiu critérios para implementar a topologia deste circuito através de componentes reais, considerando-se os parasitas associados aos mesmos. Para validação do procedimento de projeto, concebeu-se e simulou-se através do programa ADS da Agilent um oscilador intitulado DVCO 3 GHz, cuja faixa de freqüência especificada estende-se de 1 a 3 GHz e a potência mínima de saída especificada é de 10 dBm. Um protótipo foi construído em circuito híbrido e seus resultados experimentais foram comparados aos simulados. A freqüência de oscilação medida foi de 1,04 GHz a 3,05 GHz e a potência obtida esteve entre 9,8 e 14,3 dBm, apresentando boa concordância com as simulações. O ruído de fase foi medido entre 100 kHz e 1 MHz de distância da portadora, observando-se uma inclinação proporcional a 1/f3. Verificou-se que a diminuição da corrente de polarização Ids dos transistores, através da redução de sua tensão de polarização de porta-fonte Vgs, melhorou o ruído de fase. Na condição de polarização de menor ruído de fase, observaram-se valores entre -84 e -93 dBc/Hz a 100 kHz da portadora. / In this dissertation, a design methodology applied to microwave reverse feedback distributed voltage controlled oscillators - DVCO - is proposed. This circuit constitutes a new class of oscillators, obtained from reverse feeding back of the distributed amplifier. The main advantage of this topology is its capacity to achieve ultra-wideband frequency tuning. Circuit theoretical background is presented and an extension of the linear analysis presented in the literature is proposed. It allows predicting transistor minimum transconductances and the oscillation initial frequency, considering m-derived artificial transmission lines. The proposed design method is applicable to reverse feedback DVCOs employing field effect transistors MESFET (Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) and PHEMT (Pseudomorfic High Electron Mobility Transistor), as well as using MIC (Microwave Integrated Circuits) and MMIC (Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits) technology. The proposed methodology defined criterion to employ real components, considering the component parasitics. In order to validate the design method, an oscillator named DVCO 3 GHz was designed and simulated through software Agilent ADS, with specified band from 1 up to 3 GHz and minimum output power of 10 dBm. A prototype was implemented in hybrid circuit technology and the measurements were compared to the simulation results. The measured oscillation frequency varied from 1,04 GHz up to 3,05 GHz and the output power was 9,8 to 14,3 dBm, presenting good agreement with simulations. Phase noise was measured in the range between 100 kHz and 1 MHz shift from carrier; in which it was observed a 1/f3 slope. It was verified that decreasing the transistor bias current Ids through decreasing its gate bias voltage Vgs reduced phase noise. In the biasing condition for lowest phase noise, values between -84 and -93 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz off-set from carrier were measured.

Magnetization dynamics in nano-contact spin torque oscillators (STOs) is investigated from an experimental and theoretical point of view. The fundamentals of magnetization dynamics due to spin transfer torque are given. A custom-made high frequency (up to 46 GHz) in large magnetic fields (up to 2.2 T) microwave characterization setup has been built for the purpose and described in this thesis. A unique feature of this setup is the capability of applying magnetic fields at any direction θe out of the sample plane, and with high precision. This is particularly important, because the (average) out-of-plane angle of the STO free magnetic layer has fundamental impact on spin wave generation and STO operation. By observing the spin wave spectral emission as a function of θe, we find that at angles θe below a certain critical angle θcr, two distinct spin wave modes can be excited: a propagating mode, and a localized mode of solitonic character (so called spin wave bullet). The experimental frequency, current threshold and frequency tuneability with current of the two modes can be described qualitatively by analytical models and quantitatively by numerical simulations. We are also able to understand the importance, so far underestimated, of the Oersted field in the dynamics of nano-contact STOs. In particular, we show that the Oersted field strongly affects the current tuneability of the propagating mode at subcritical angles, and it is also the fundamental cause of the mode hopping observed in the time-domain. This mode hopping has been observed both experimentally using a state-of-the-art real-time oscilloscope and corroborated by micromagnetic simulations. Micromagnetic simulations also reveal details of the spatial distribution of the spin wave excitations. By investigating the emitted power as a function of θe, we observed two characteristic behaviors for the two spin wave modes: a monotonic increase of the power for increasing out-of-plane angles in the case of the propagating mode; an increase towards a maximum power followed by a drop of it at the critical angle for the localized mode. Both behaviors are reproduced by micromagnetic simulations. The agreement with the simulations offers also a way to better understand the precession dynamics, since the emitted power is strongly connected to the angular variation of the giant magnetoresistance signal. We also find that the injection locking of spin wave modes with a microwave source has a strong dependence on θe, and reaches a maximum locking strength at perpendicular angles. We are able to describe these results in the theoretical framework of non-linear spin wave dynamics. / QC 20101130

La tesi estudia el problema de la síntesi de freqüències en les bandes de freqüències de microones i ones mil·limètriques, i la seva aplicació al disseny dels oscil·ladors locals d'un receptor coherent per a la recepció de les *radiobalises que a 12, 20 i 30 GHz emetia el satèl·lit Olympus de l'Agència Espacial Europea (ESA), amb la finalitat de caracteritzar el comportament radioelèctric de l'atmosfera a aquestes freqüències, a partir de mesures d'atenuació i transpolarització sobre aquests senyals de test, tot això dintre del marc d'un experiment de propagació (OPEX) propiciat per l'agència.La tesi s'ha centrat en l'estudi dels sistemes de síntesis de freqüències utilitzats habitualment, i especialment en els de síntesi indirecta de freqüència basats en sistemes Phase Locked Loop (PLL) a freqüències de microones ja que són la base sobre la qual s'han dissenyat i construït els prototips de multiplicadors de freqüència que s'han desenvolupat, capaços de sintetitzar senyals en bandes de mil·limètriques, que en el nostre cas s'han restringit al marge de 1 a 29 GHz.Alguns dels multiplicadors fan ús de la detecció de fase harmònica, sistema que permet realitzar multiplicacions de freqüència d'índex imparell, evitant la utilització de divisors de freqüència en el llaç de realimentació del PLL.La tesi s'estructura en quatre parts diferenciades. La primera, amb un caire eminentment teòric, s'ofereix a manera de revisió dels aspectes del soroll de fase i dels sistemes de síntesis de freqüències existents. La segona part aborda les qüestions derivades de la síntesi de freqüències en microones mitjançant PLL's, amb descripció dels components utilitzats, per a passar a tractar dels aspectes de disseny d'un receptor coherent, els seus requisits i aplicacions. En la tercera part es presenten els multiplicadors de freqüència realitzats, la seva descripció, esquema de blocs i resultats experimentals obtinguts. I finalment, en la quarta part s'inclouen una sèrie de realitzacions derivades de la utilització de sistemes PLL a freqüències de microones, amb sincronització per injecció del VCO al senyal de referència, en aplicacions de combinació de potència i de control electrònic de fase en sistemes phased-arrays amb elements actius. / La tesis estudia el problema de la síntesis de frecuencias en las bandas de frecuencias de microondas y ondas milimétricas, y su aplicación al diseño de los osciladores locales de un receptor coherente para la recepción de las radiobalizas que a 12, 20 y 30 GHz emitía el satélite Olympus de la Agencia Espacial Europea (ESA), con la finalidad de caracterizar el comportamiento radioeléctrico de la atmósfera a estas frecuencias, a partir de medidas de atenuación y transpolarización sobre esas señales de test, todo ello dentro del marco de un experimento de propagación (OPEX) propiciado por la agencia.La tesis se ha centrado en el estudio de los sistemas de síntesis de frecuencias utilizados habitualmente, y en especial en los de síntesis indirecta de frecuencia basados en sistemas Phase Locked Loop (PLL) a frecuencias de microondas puesto que son la base sobre la que se sustentan los prototipos de multiplicadores de frecuencia que se han desarrollado, capaces de sintetizar señales en bandas milimétricas, que en nuestro caso se han restringido al margen de 1 a 29 GHz.Algunos de los multiplicadores hacen uso de la detección de fase armónica, sistema que permite realizar multiplicaciones de frecuencia de índice impar, evitando el empleo de divisores de frecuencia en el lazo de realimentación del PLL.La tesis se estructura en cuatro partes diferenciadas. La primera, con un cariz eminentemente teórico, se ofrece a modo de revisión del tema del ruido de fase y de los sistemas de síntesis de frecuencias existentes. La segunda parte aborda las cuestiones derivadas de la síntesis de frecuencias en microondas mediante PLL's, con descripción de los componentes utilizados, para pasar a tratar de los aspectos de diseño de un receptor coherente, sus requisitos y aplicaciones. En la tercera parte se presentan los multiplicadores de frecuencia realizados, su descripción, esquema de bloques y resultados experimentales obtenidos. Y por último, en la cuarta parte se incluyen una serie de realizaciones derivadas de la utilización de sistemas PLL a frecuencias de microondas, con sincronización por inyección del VCO a la señal de referencia, en aplicaciones de combinación de potencia y de control electrónico de fase en sistemas phased-arrays con elementos activos. / The thesis studies the problem of the synthesis of frequencies in the microwave and millimeter waves frequency bands, and its application to the design of the local oscillators of a coherent receiver for the reception of the radio beacons that to 12, 20 and 30 GHz emitted the satellite Olympus from the European Space Agency (ESA), with the aim of characterizing the radio behavior of the atmosphere at these frequencies, from measurements of attenuation and transpolarisation on those signals of test, all that in the framework of a propagation experiment (OPEX) favored by the agency.The thesis has been focused on the study of the frequency synthesis systems, and especially on the indirect frequency synthesis systems based on Phase Locked Loops (PLL) at microwave frequencies, since they are the base on which the prototypes of frequency multipliers that they have been developed, capable of synthesizing signals in millimeter bands, are held that in our case they have restricted regardless of 1 to 29 GHz.Some of the multipliers make use of the harmonic phase detection system that allows carrying out frequency multiplications of odd index, preventing the use of frequency dividers in the feedback loop of the PLL.The thesis is structured in four differentiated parts. The first, with an eminently theoretical look, offers like revision of the subject of the phase noise and the methods of frequency synthesis. The second part tackles the questions derived from the synthesis of frequencies in microwaves through PLL's, with description of the used components, to pass to deal of the aspects of design of a coherent receiver, its requirements and applications. In the third part the frequency multipliers carried out, its description, schema of blocks and obtained experimental results are presented. And finally, in the fourth part a series of accomplishments are included phased-arrays derived of the use of systems PLL at frequencies of microwaves, with synchronization by injection of the VCO to the reference signal, in applications of power combination and of electronic phase control in systems with active elements.

Le sujet de cette thèse concerne la dynamique auto-entretenue excitée par transfert de spin de vortex couplés, dans des structures de type nano-piliers vannes de spin (Py/Cu/Py). Un premier objectif a été de comprendre les processus de transport polarisé en spin et de transfert de spin associés à des configurations d’aimantation fortement non-homogènes. Cette étude a permis d‘identifier et ainsi de précisément contrôler les configurations magnétiques à base de vortex, et en particulier d’observer l’influence du transfert de spin sur les mécanismes de renversement du cœur de vortex. En combinant des calculs analytiques et des simulations micro-magnétiques, nous avons également pu déterminer les conditions sur les paramètres relatifs des deux vortex (chiralités et polarités) pour obtenir des oscillations gyrotropiques couplées auto-entretenues de deux vortex dans un pilier unique. Un cas très intéressant est prévu pour les piliers de plus grands diamètres (typiquement supérieurs à 200nm) pour lesquels le courant critique est réduit potentiellement à zéro. Les résultats expérimentaux confirment les prédictions sur l’existence d’une dynamique couplée de vortex, avec des largeurs de raies atteignant 200kHz, un record à champ nul (soit un facteur de qualité Q ≈ 5000, un ordre de grandeur plus grand que pour les auto-oscillations de vortex unique) et diminuant même jusqu’à 50kHz sous champ extérieur. Un second objectif de ce travail a été l’étude de la synchronisation de deux auto-oscillateurs à transfert de spin à base de vortex. Nous avons démontré que le verrouillage des phases par couplage dipolaire de deux oscillateurs identiques peut être théoriquement obtenu indépendamment des paramètres des deux vortex. Toutefois un couplage trois fois plus important est prévu dans le cas de vortex de polarités opposées. Du point de vue expérimental, des premiers résultats ont permis de démontrer une faculté de synchronisation de deux oscillateurs présentant un écart en fréquence atteignant jusqu'à 10% de leurs fréquences d'auto-oscillation. Ce travail de thèse, qui s’inscrit dans l’effort de recherche mené pour améliorer les performances rf des nano-oscillateurs à transfert de spin, a permis d’illustrer que l’excitation de modes d’aimantations couplées est une voie à poursuivre dans le but d’aboutir à des largeurs de raies de plus en plus faibles. / My PhD work is dedicated to the spin transfer induced self-sustained dynamics of two coupled vortices, in nano-pillars spin-valves structures (Py/Cu/Py). A first objective was to understand the spin-polarized transport processes as well as spin transfer mechanisms associated to highly non-homogeneous magnetic configurations. This study allows me to identify and then precisely tune the vortex based magnetic configurations, and notably to observe the influence of spin transfer on reversal mechanisms of the vortex core. Combining analytical calculations and micro-magnetic simulations, we determine the conditions on relative parameters for the two vortices (chiralities and polarities) necessary to obtain self-sustained gyrotropic oscillations of the coupled vortices in a single pillar. A very interesting case is predicted for the pillars with larger diameters (typically over 200nm) for which the critical current is reduced to zero. The experimental results confirm the predictions that a coupled dynamics exists with linewidths as narrow as 200kHz, that is a record at zero field (corresponding to a quality factor Q ≈ 5000, an order of magnitude over the self-sustained oscillations of a single vortex), and even down to 50kHz under external field.A second objective was to investigate the synchronization of two vortex based spin transfer oscillators. We demonstrate theoretically that the phase locking through dipolar coupling of two identical oscillators can be achieved for any parameters of the two vortex. However, the coupling is three times stronger when vortices have opposite core polarities. From an experimental point of view, the synchronization capability for two oscillators having a frequency mismatch reaching up to 10 % of the auto-oscillation frequency has been demonstrated. This work, being part of the research effort made to improve the rf properties of spin transfer nano-oscillators emphasizes how the excitation of coupled magnetizations modes is important to reach lower and lower linewidths.