Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-08-19T14:30:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao_Jose Carlos Campello Lopes Jr.pdf: 3551367 bytes, checksum: fc027437d4c362a01703752003b22515 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-19T14:30:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao_Jose Carlos Campello Lopes Jr.pdf: 3551367 bytes, checksum: fc027437d4c362a01703752003b22515 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-17 / In this work we investigated, theoretically and experimentally, the magneto-optical properties of a magnetic fluid consisting of core-shell nanoparticles, where the core is made of magnetite, while the shell is silver. The theoretical model used was based on Mie s theory, under the electrostatic approximation, i.e. for nanoparticles with diameters much less than the incident wavelength (lambda). A Clausius-Mosotti for a core-shell system was used to calculate the electrical susceptibility of the core-shell nanoparticle for equals to 632 nm. The susceptibility was shown to be strongly dependent on the core diameter and the shell thickness. Nevertheless, a maximum value of 7.20 (greater than isolated nanoparticles of silver, which has 0 = 4.30, or magnetite with 0 = 1.47) was obtained for a fraction f, defined as f = (Dcore/Dcore−shell)3, equal to 0.36. This result suggest that there exist an ideal fraction f for nanocomposites with enhanced optical properties. In order to compare our theoretical results with experimental data a core-shell magnetic fluid was synthesized on the Institute of Chemistry of UFG by the group of Dr. Em´ılia Celma de Oliveira Lima. The nanoparticles were suspended in water at fisiological pH and recovered by a double layer of lauric acid (dodecanoic acid). The nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction, high resolution electron transmission, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The Sturges method was used to obtain the nanoparticle diameter histogram. The data revealed the existence of a bimodal nanoparticle distribution. Both distributions were curve fitted using a lognormal function. The modal diameter of one of them was 9.24 ± 0.03 nm with a dispersity of 0.27 ± 0.02, while for the other one we found a modal diameter of 23.0 ± 0.2 nm with disperisty 0.2 ± 0.1. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the existence of magnetite and silver only for larger particle diameters, while the lower ones only magnetite was found. From the experimental analysis we confirmed the synthesis of a magnetic fluid containing 10% of core-shell nanoparticles. Magnetization data was used to estimate the magnetic particle volume fraction. The magneto-optical properties were obtained using a magnetotransmissivity technique, where the polarizer and analyser axis are positioned on the magnetic field direction. The sample containing 10% of core-shell nanoparticles, with a total particle volume fraction of 0.18%, had shown an extinction of light of 100% for a magnetic field of only 500 Oe, while a magnetic fluid with 100% of core nanoparticles, at a similar particle concentration (0.15%), had shown a 50% extinction of light at the same field range. The magnetotransmissivity data were curve fitted with a theoretical model containing only two parameters, one related to the electrical susceptibility and the other to the formation of self-organized nanostructures in the colloid. The mean agglomerate size (nanoparticles forming linear chains) had changed from 2.09 to 3.36 for a particle volume fraction increasing from 0.06% to 0.18%. Using the estimative of the double layer lenght of lauric acid, approximately 2 nm, and analyzing the magnetotransmissivity data for several particle concentrations, we were able to obtain the fraction f of core-shell nanoparticles of 0.17. This result, together with TEM data, allowed us to calculate the core diameter of the core-shell nanoparticle as 13 nm. Indeed such result suggest that in order to be suscessful in coating the nanoparticle with the shell element one might need monodisperse-like nanoparticle systems. / Neste trabalho investigamos, teorica e experimentalmente, as propriedades magneto-´opticas de um fluido magn´etico constitu´ıdo de nanopart´ıculas core-shell (caro¸co-casca), em que o caro¸co ´e feito de magnetita e a casca de prata. O modelo te´orico utilizado baseou-se no modelo de Mie, dentro da aproxima¸c ao eletrost ´atica, que consiste no caso em que o di ametro das nanopart´ıculas ´e muito menor que o comprimento de onda da luz incidente ( ). Uma rela¸c ao de Claussius-Mossotti para o sistema core-shell foi utilizada para o c´alculo da susceptilidade el´etrica da nanopart´ıcula core-shell para lambda=632 nm. A susceptilidade el´etrica do nanocomposto foi fortemente dependente do di ametro do caro¸co e da espessura da casca. Entretanto atinge um valor m´aximo de 7,20 (maior que o de uma nanopart´ıcula de prata com 0 = 4, 30 ou de magnetita 0 = 1, 47) para uma fra¸c ao f, definida como f = (Dcore/Dcore−shell)3, igual a 0,36. Este resultado sugere que existe uma fra¸c ao ideal entre os materiais que proporciona ao nanocomposto resposta m´axima `as propriedades ´opticas. No intuito de comparar nossos resultados te´oricos com dados experimentais, um fluido magn´etico core-shell foi sintetizado no Instituto de Qu´ımica da UFG pelo grupo da Profa. Dra. Em´ılia Celma de Oliveira Lima. As nanopart´ıculas foram suspensas em ´agua em pH fisiol´ogico e recobertas por uma dupla camada de ´acido la´urico (´acido dodecan´oico). As nanopart´ıculas foram caracterizadas por difra¸c ao de raios-X (DRX), microscopia eletr onica de transmiss ao de alta resolu¸c ao (HR-TEM), espectrometria de energia dispersiva de raios-X (EDS) e magnetometria de amostra vibrante (VSM).O m´etodo de Sturges foi utilizado para montar o histograma dos di ametros das nanopart´ıculas. Os dados revelaram a exist encia de uma distribui¸c ao bimodal. Ambas distribui¸c oes foram ajustadas considerando uma distribui¸c ao do tipo lognormal. O di ametro modal de uma delas foi de 9.24 ± 0.03 nm com uma dispers ao de 0.27 ± 0.02, enquanto que para a outra distribui¸c ao foi encontrado um di ametro modal de 23.0 ± 0.2 nm e dispers ao 0.2 ± 0.1. A espectrometria de energia dispersiva confirmou a presen¸ca de magnetita e prata, em quantidades significativas, somente nas part´ıculas de maior di ametro, enquanto nas de menor di ametro foi confirmado a exist encia apenas de magnetita. A partir destas an´alises foi confirmada a s´ıntese de um fluido magn´etico contendo 10 % das nanopart´ıculas do tipo core-chell . Dados de magnetiza¸c ao foram obtidos para estimar a fra¸c ao volum´etrica de nanopart´ıculas magn´eticas. Medidas das propriedades magneto-´opticas foram feitas utilizando a t´ecnica de magnetotransmissividade com polarizador e analisador orientados na dire¸c ao do campo magn´etico aplicado. Amostra contendo10% de suas nanopart´ıculas do tipo core-shell , com uma fra¸c ao volum´etrica total de apenas 0,18%, apresentou uma extin¸c ao da luz de 100% a um campo de apenas 500 Oe, enquanto que uma amostra com 100% de nanopart´ıculas do tipo core , em concentra¸c ao semelhante (0,15%), apresentou uma extin¸c ao de 50% na mesma faixa de campo magn´etico. Os dados de magnetotransmissividade foram ajustados considerando um modelo contendo apenas 2 par ametros, estando um deles relacionado a susceptibilidade el´etrica e outro a forma¸c ao de estruturas auto-organizadas no col´oide. O tamanho m´edio de aglomerados (nanopart´ıculas formando uma cadeia linear) variou de 2.09 para 3.36 para uma fra¸c ao volum´etrica crescendo de 0,06% para 0,18%. Usando dados da literatura acerca da estimativa do comprimento da dupla camada de ´acido la´urico, como sendo de aproximadamente 2 nm, e analisando os dados de magnetotransmissividade para diversas concentra¸c oes de nanopart´ıculas, foi poss´ıvel obter a fra¸c ao f das nanopart´ıculas core-shell como sendo de 0,17. Este resultado, conjuntamente com os dados de TEM, permitiu concluir que o di ametro do caro¸co na nanopart´ıcula core-shell ´e de 13 nm. Este resultado ´e interessante tecnologicamente, pois sugere que, para se obter sucesso no recobrimento de nanopart´ıculas, seja necess´ario, ou ao menos importante, utilizar amostras com baixa dispers ao de di ametros.

Une crème solaire, ayant pour objectif de filtrer les UV, est un système complexe, à plusieurs phases, contenant deux types de filtres : des filtres dits chimiques - c'est-à-dire des molécules absorbantes - et des réflecteurs (comme le TiO2), protégeant par diffusion de la lumière. Afin d'évaluer l'efficacité des produits, des mesures d'indice de protection (IP ou SPF) existent ; la crème est placée in vivo sur différents phénotypes de peau ou in vitro sur un support plastique en PMMA.Afin de modéliser la protection solaire, nous avons cherché à connaitre la répartition de la crème sur son support. Nous avons pour cela utilisé l'OCT (Tomographie à Cohérence Optique) avec un support plastique métallisé, permettant d'améliorer le contraste des images.Ceci nous a alors permis, en connaissant les paramètres des différents filtres chimiques ou particulaires, de modéliser la transmission de la crème sur son support la peau ou le PMMA. Nous avons pour cela utilisé la méthode différentielle, une méthode de calcul de diffusion de la lumière permettant de traiter une structure bidimensionnelle.Nous avons alors pu comparer nos résultats de calcul avec des mesures de protection, étudier l'influence de quelques caractéristiques des particules comme la taille ou le matériau utilisé, ou bien encore évaluer l'effet de l'hydratation de la couche la plus externe de la peau sur la protection solaire. Nous avons par ailleurs cherché à améliorer la vitesse et le champ d'application des calculs en comparant les résultats obtenus par la méthode différentielle avec d'autres modèles (diffusion de la lumière par des tiges ou théorie de Mie). / Sunscreens, an emulsion of several phases, are used as UV filters in order to protect people from sun damages. Filters can be divided in two types: the chemical ones which are organic molecules that absorb selectively ultraviolet light and the physical ones (such as TiO2) which are inorganic particles that scatter and may absorb some of the UV radiation. The sunscreen quality is given by the sun protection factor (SPF), measured in vivo. In order to avoid long and complicated tests, a quick and simple in vitro method, using a plastic substrate, has been established, which gives an approximation of the SPF. In order to model the sunscreen protection, we had to evaluate the sunscreen distribution. We used an OCT (for Optical Coherence Tomography) device, after having spread a metallic thin on the substrate before applying the sunscreen. Theses images helped us to model the cream transmission on the skin or the plastic substrate, using the differential method which can calculate the scattering of light through a 2D structure.We then compared our results to measurements, but also studied the impact of several particles specifications, such as the size or the material of the particle, or study the effect of the skin hydration on the UV protection.Furthermore, we have compared our results to other calculation methods (Mie scattering or scattering by a set of parallel cylinders) in order to improve the calculation time and try a 3D-method.

Ce travail présente la caractérisation des propriétés d'absorption de lumière par des nanofils uniques (NF) de silicium en utilisant la spectroscopie de photocourant, ainsi qu'une étude préliminaire des processus d'incorporation des dopants et de réalisation de jonction dans les NFs. Tout d'abord, nous commençons par décrire les méthodes de croissance utilisées pour synthétiser des NFs actifs pour la génération de photocourant, avec l'utilisation du chlorure d'hydrogène dans les procédés classiques de croissance CVD catalysée or de fils dopés. Cette méthode offre des structures très faiblement coniques, élargit les températures de procédé, permettant en particulier d'incorporer très efficacement le bore, avec des densités d'accepteurs ionisés allant jusqu'à 1.8E19 cm-3, tout en inhibant la diffusion d'or depuis le catalyseur. L'attention est ensuite portée à la fabrication de jonctions, l'étude de ses caractéristiques électriques, ainsi que sur l'influence de paramètres morphologiques (rayon, position axiale) du fil sur sa résistivité apparente. Dans une seconde partie, nous étudions la réponse en photocourant d'un jeu de NFs actifs de différents diamètres et corrélons nos résultats à un traitement analytique de l'absorption des photons à l'échelle du nanoobjet dans le cadre de la théorie de Mie adaptée au cas cylindrique. L'accord expérience-théorie est très bon pour les deux polarisations (TE-TM). Des résonances dans le spectre d'absorption sont mises en évidence, correspondant à l'excitation de modes propres du fil, et associées à des sections efficaces d'absorption pouvant être supérieures à l'unité. Dans une dernière partie, nous adaptons la stratégie de dépôt antireflet utilisée dans les cellules solaires pour améliorer le couplage de la lumière incidente aux NFs. Pour cela, des dépôts de SiO2 et Si3N4 sont réalisés sur des NFs via la technique de PECVD, nous fournissant par là-même un jeu de structures pourvues d'un dépôt de diélectrique à haute conformité. Se basant sur les spectres d'absorption ainsi acquis, nous obtenons les gains relatifs d'absorption induits par le dépôt de diélectrique et les comparons aux calculs analytiques développés spécifiquement pour obtenir l'absorption dans le cœur seulement du cylindre coaxial, ceci nous permettant également d'estimer la partie du rayonnement incident absorbé dans la coquille diélectrique. / In this work we present the characterization of the light absorption properties of single silicon NWs (NW) using photocurrent spectroscopy along with the preliminary work done at the wire scale to characterize the dopant incorporation and the fabrication of junctions. First, we start with a description of the growth methods used to synthesize active NW's for photocurrent generation, with results obtained on the use of hydrogen chloride in the CVD VLS growth of doped NWs. This method offers highly straight structures, widened process temperatures allowing in particular very efficient boron incorporation—ionized acceptors densities up to 1.8E19 cm-3—and inhibited gold diffusion, thereby greatly reducing elemental contamination from the catalyst. Focus is made on the junction formation, the study of its electrical characteristics and the influence of morphological parameters—radius, axial position—to obtain the desired doping properties. In a second part, we present the photocurrent response of a set of different diameter active Si NWs and correlate our results with an analytical treatment of the photon absorption at the nanoscale using the Lorentz Mie theory adapted to the cylindrical geometry under study. Very good agreement is found between experiment and theory for both polarization spectra (TE-TM). Absorption resonances are resolved, corresponding to leak resonant modes, and can display absorption efficiencies higher than one, making downscaling an efficient tool to increase energy harvesting capabilities. In a last part, we adapt the antireflective coating strategy used in solar cells to improve the coupling of the incoming light to Si NWs. For this, SiO2 and Si3N4 films are deposited on NWs using PECVD, providing a set of structures coated with a high level of conformity. Based on the new set of spectra we obtain the relative gain curves and compare them with analytical calculations specifically derived for getting the absorption in the core of coaxial nanocylinders only, which allows estimating the magnitude of the absorbed energy in the dielectric shell.

Orientador: Fernando Galembeck / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T06:51:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilvaeSouza_CristianeAparecida_D.pdf: 8520514 bytes, checksum: 17e73481eda5f744b4ec360be3455823 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A morfologia de filmes compósitos preparados com fosfato de alumínio e látexes de poli(metacrilato de metila-co-acrilato de butila) e de poli(estireno-co-acrilato de butila) foi caracterizada por técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e de varredura (TEM, SEM) e por técnicas de microscopia de varredura por sonda (AFM, DPFM). O grau de opacidade (razão de contraste) e os cálculos de coeficiente de espalhamento das partículas de fosfato de alumínio nos filmes compósitos foram obtidos através dos espectros de refletância. As micrografias das superfícies de desbaste dos filmes compósitos mostraram espaços vazios entre os agregados de partículas de fosfato de alumínio dispersos pela matriz polimérica. A adesão entre os agregados de partículas de fosfato de alumínio e polímero é muito boa nas interfaces de contato. A refletância dos filmes compósitos varia amplamente, dependendo da concentração das partículas de fosfato de alumínio, assim como da sua forma de uso em pó ou em dispersão e da dimensão dos espaços vazios entre os agregados de partículas. Os resultados das medidas óticas de opacidade mostraram que os filmes compósitos mais opacos foram os obtidos com fosfato de alumínio na forma de pó e com a dimensão dos vazios entre os agregados de partículas na mesma ordem de grandeza que o comprimento de onda da luz na região do visível (400 a 700 nm). Os coeficientes de espalhamento dos filmes de fosfato de alumínio/poli(estireno-co-acrilato de butila) foram calculados empiricamente usando o modelo de Kubelka-Munk e os resultados mostraram que os vazios contidos nos agregados de partículas de fosfato de alumínio justificam a opacidade dos filmes. O filme mais opaco, com razão de contraste de 88 %, apresentou ampla distribuição de dimensão dos vazios com média numérica igual a 650 nm. Além disso, os valores obtidos dos coeficientes de espalhamento experimentais são muito próximos dos coeficientes de espalhamento estimados pela teoria de Mie. A eficiência de espalhamento, predita pela teoria de Mie, de uma bolha de ar rodeada por fosfato de alumínio com diâmetro médio de 650 nm é apenas 12 % menor que a eficiência de espalhamento de uma partícula de dióxido de titânio, no seu diâmetro ótimo de 350 nm, dispersa no mesmo meio / Abstract: Composite films prepared with aluminum phosphate and latex of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate) and poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate) were characterized by electronic microscopy (TEM, SEM) and by different techniques of scanning probe microscopy (AFM, DPFM). Opacity (contrast ratio) and light scattering coefficients of composite films were obtained from reflectance spectra. SEM and TEM micrographs from composite films trimmed surfaces or thin cuts showed voids within aluminum phosphate particle aggregates. The adhesion between aluminum phosphate particle aggregates and polymer is very good at contact interfaces. Composite films reflectance changes widely, depending on void diameters, on aluminum phosphate particle concentration, as well as its use in the form of powder or dispersion. Opacity results showed that the most opaque composite films were obtained with aluminum phosphate powder and with void diameters in the same order of magnitude as the wavelength of light in the visible region (400 to 700 nm). Scattering coefficients of aluminum phosphate/poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate) films were calculated empirically using the Kubelka-Munk model and the results showed that the observed voids account for films opacity. The most opaque composite film shows contrast ratio equal to 88 % and a broad distribution of void diameters, peaking at ca. 650 nm. Film scattering coefficient of the observed voids was calculated using Mie theory to evaluate their contribution to film opacity showing that the measured and estimated values are in reasonable agreement. The Mie calculations show that scattering efficiency for air trapped within the phosphate particles dispersed in polymer latex is in excess of 4 units in the 650 nm diameter range, which is only 12 % lower than the calculated values for optimum size TiO2 particles (350 nm) dispersed in the same polymer / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutor em Ciências

Low observable technology is used in order to prevent detection, or to delay detection. Radar cross section is an important parameter in aircraft survivability since it measures how detectable an object is with radar. To find the radar cross section Maxwell's equations are solved numerically in the time-domain using a finite difference scheme. This numerical method called Finite Difference Time Domain is very suitable for structures including complex materials. However, this numerical method needs to be verified for large scale simulations, due to numerical dispersion errors. Therefore it is desirable to verify the accuracy of the numerical simulations. In this project, the analytical solution to the multiple scattering by two spheres is implemented using the T-matrix formulation. The analytical solution to the scattering problem is first validated with the analytical Mie-series solution then compared to the Finite Difference Time Domain implementation. The results imply that the difference between the numerical and analytical solution is larger for higher frequencies and larger computational volumes. / Smygteknik används för att förhindra detektering, eller för att fördröja detektion av ett flygplan. Radarmålarea är en viktig parameter för skyddsprestanda hos flygplan eftersom den mäter hur detekterbar ett föremål är med radar. För att hitta radarmålarean löses Maxwells ekvationer numeriskt i tidsdomänen med hjälp av ett finit differensschema. Den numeriska metoden som kallas Finita differensmetoden i tidsdomän, är mycket lämplig för strukturer med komplexa material. Den numeriska metoden behöver valideras för storskaliga simuleringar eftersom det förekommer felaktigheter på grund av den numeriska dispersionen. Därför är det önskvärt att kontrollera riktigheten av de numeriska simuleringarna. I detta projekt, är den analytiska lösningen till multipelspridning av två sfärer implementerad med hjälp av T-matrismetoden. Den analytiska lösningen på spridningsproblemet valideras först mot den analytiska Mie-serielösningen och sedan jämförs den med resultatet av simuleringarna med Finita differensmetoden i tidsdomän. Resultaten antyder att skillnaden mellan den numeriska och analytiska lösningen är större för högre frekvenser och större beräkningsvolymer.

Gasoline Partially Premixed Combustion (PPC) was investigated in a single cylinder optical diesel engine. The PPC operation was achieved with a combination of high dilution and higher intake charge temperature at part-load conditions using Primary Reference Fuel (PRF). The relative air/fuel ratio (λ) was set to 2.3 and the EGR rate at 22%. Split injections of three fuel distribution strategies (50:50, 70:30 and 30:70) were studied. In addition, the effect of injection pressure (900 and 1200 bar) was investigated for each injection timing. The emission and performance of the gasoline PPC operations were then compared with those of the baseline diesel combustion operation. Based on the thermodynamic analysis of the engine performance, detailed in-cylinder studies were carried out by means of optical techniques. The high speed imaging technique was employed to observe the fuel spray development and combustion processes. A simultaneous Mie-LIF technique was then developed and utilized for the visualization of fuel liquid and vapour formation.

The retrieval of an aerosol scattering phase function using a multi-satellite technique is proposed. A total of 33 phase functions were derived from 18 smoke cases and 15 dust cases. Each case was interrogated using four to nine satellite passes over the aerosol in a two to four hour time frame. The radiance values for the Red and Near-Infrared (NIR) channels were combined with backscattering angles to determine the shape of the scattering phase function. The radiance values were input into the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) aerosol model to determine optical depths and sample phase functions. A comparison was made between the actual phase functions retrieved and the NPS model phase functions. It was found that the phase functions for the smoke cases more closely matched the model phase functions than in the dust cases. Some conclusions could be drawn about the actual aerosol size and density distribution based on how well it matched the model phase function. Further analysis is necessary to define the exact size and number of the aerosol particles. Fully understanding the aerosol composition is crucial in determining its effects on military sensors and impacts to operations.

Sensing in scattering environments, such as fog and dust, poses a serious challenge for all optical systems and is important for many critical surveillance applications. The use of polarized light, specifically circularly polarized light, has shown great promise for improving detection range and sensing in highly scattering, real-world environments. While the potential impact to application is significant, the optical science and sensing community lacks data on broad wavelength and environmental parameters where circularly polarized light outperforms linearly polarized light, increasing detection range and signal persistence. In this dissertation I quantify, through simulation and experimental results, the advantage of circularly polarized light in laboratory and real-world scattering environments - focusing on circularly polarized light's superior persistence in these environments. I present new and unique contributions to the study of polarized light in both isotropic (Rayleigh regime) and forward-scattering environments, showing circular polarization's superior persistence increases detection range for real-world environments over broad wavelength and particle size regimes. Utilizing polarization-tracking Monte Carlo simulations for varying particle size, wavelength, and refractive index, I quantify when circular polarization outperforms linear polarization in maintaining the illuminating polarization state for large optical thicknesses, persisting to longer ranges. I identify many real-world environments with particle sizes of radiation fog, advection fog, and Sahara dust where circular polarization outperforms linear polarization over broad wavelength ranges in the infrared spectrum. This enhancement with circular polarization can be exploited to improve sensing range and target detection in obscurant environments that are important in many critical surveillance applications. Conversely, I also identify a few environmental configurations where linear polarization outperforms circular polarization. However, circular polarization's response is generally larger and over broader wavelength ranges in the infrared regime for real-world scattering environments. Experiments were conducted for both 1) isotopically-scattering (Rayleigh regime) environments and 2) forward-scattering environments using polystyrene microspheres with well-defined diameters. These measurements demonstrated that in the forward-scattering environments, circular polarization persists through increasing optical thickness better than linear polarization. Variations in persistence were investigated as a function of collection geometry, angular field of view, and collection area. Persistence for both linear and circular polarization was found to be more susceptible to collection geometry, specifically increased collection area, in the isotropically-scattering (Rayleigh regime) environment. Similarly, linear polarization in the forward-scattering environments is dependent upon changes in collection geometry. Significantly, circular polarization's response is nearly unaffected by variations of both field of view and collection area for the forward-scattering environments. Circular polarization proves to be not only generally better in persistence but also more tolerant of variations in angular collection and collection area compared to linear polarization, making it ideal and flexible for use in optical sensing systems in scattering environments. Finally, I present simulation results that show the evolution of linear and circularly polarized light as it scatters throughout both isotropic (Rayleigh regime) and forward-scattering environments as a function of scattering event. Circularly polarized light persists through a larger number of scattering events longer than linearly polarized light for all forward-scattering environments; but not for scattering in the Rayleigh regime. Circular polarization's increased persistence occurs for both forward and backscattered light. The evolution of the polarization states as they propagate through the various environments are illustrated on the Poincaré sphere after successive scattering events. This work displays individual scattering events as well as a cumulative, measureable result, in an intuitive manner. Throughout this dissertation I quantify the polarization persistence and memory of circularly polarized light in real-world scattering environments over broad wavelength, particle size, and collection-geometry parameter spaces; and for the first time, detail the evolution and modification of both circularly and linearly polarized states through isotropic and forward-scattering environments. These results show how circular polarization can extend range and sensing capability in surveillance sensing applications in real-world scattering environments.

Coated nanoparticles (CNP) are core-shell particles consisting of differing layers of epsilon positive (EP) and epsilon negative (ENG) materials. The juxtaposition of these EP and ENG materials can lead to the possibility of coupling incident plane waves to surface plasmon resonances (SPR) for particles even highly subwavelength in size. We introduce standard models of the permittivities of the noble metals used in these CNPs, and propose corrections to them based on experimental data when their sizes are extremely small. Mie theory is the solution to plane wave scattering by spheres and we extend the solution here to spheres consisting of an arbitrary number of layers. We discuss the resonance behaviors of passive CNPs with an emphasis on how the Coated nanoparticles (CNP) are core-shell particles consisting of differing layers of epsilon positive (EP) and epsilon negative (ENG) materials. The juxtaposition of these EP and ENG materials can lead to the possibility of coupling incident plane waves to surface plasmon resonances (SPR) for particles even highly subwavelength in size. We introduce standard models of the permittivities of the noble metals used in these CNPs, and propose corrections to them based on experimental data when their sizes are extremely small. Mie theory is the solution to plane wave scattering by spheres and we extend the solution here to spheres consisting of an arbitrary number of layers. We discuss the resonance behaviors of passive CNPs with an emphasis on how the resonance wavelength can be tuned by controlling the material properties and radii of the various layers in the configuration. It is demonstrated that these passive CNPs have scattering cross sections much larger than their geometrical size, but their resonance strengths are attenuated because of the inherent losses in the metals. To overcome this limitation, we show how the introduction of active material into the CNPs can not only overcome these losses, but can actually lead to an amplification of the scattering of the incident field. We report several optimized active CNP designs, including ones based on quantum dot gain media and study their performance characteristics with particular attention to the effect of the location of the gain material on the performance of these designs. We investigate the ability to control the scattered field directivity of the CNPs in both their far- and near-field regions and propose designs with minimal backscattering and those emulating macroscopic nanojets. We compare data generated by initial efforts to experimentally prepare CNPs and compare against analytical and numerical simulation results. Finally, we suggest a variety of interesting future research directions. resonance wavelength can be tuned by controlling the material properties and radii of the various layers in the configuration. It is demonstrated that these passive CNPs have scattering cross sections much larger than their geometrical size, but their resonance strengths are attenuated because of the inherent losses in the metals. To overcome this limitation, we show how the introduction of active material into the CNPs can not only overcome these losses, but can actually lead to an amplification of the scattering of the incident field. We report several optimized active CNP designs, including ones based on quantum dot gain media and study their performance characteristics with particular attention to the effect of the location of the gain material on the performance of these designs. We investigate the ability to control the scattered field directivity of the CNPs in both their far- and near-field regions and propose designs with minimal backscattering and those emulating macroscopic nanojets. We compare data generated by initial efforts to experimentally prepare CNPs and compare against analytical and numerical simulation results. Finally, we suggest a variety of interesting future research directions

In many occupations such as welding, workers are exposed to a combination of several hazards. One of these is the exposure to fumes, particularly those produced from welding processes involving electrical arcs. The inhalation of welding fume can cause both temporary side effects and longer term health complications. These health effects lower the productivity and quality of life of the welder which in turn costs the employer through reduced worker productivity and potential compensation. Current techniques of fume measurement determine bulk quantity of formation without regard to fume plume dissipation into the work place. While some research has been conducted into dissipation, measurements near the welding arc have proven difficult and either numerical or salt water modelling have been used. Such modelling aims to replicate the welding process but is ultimately detached from the actual welding variables involved and does not provide data on fume concentration. Since welder exposure is determined by both fume concentration and dissipation into the workplace measurement techniques which could provide both would be considered highly desirable. In the field of combustion research a number of different laser techniques are used to image soot particulates in flames. These techniques include laser scattering, laser extinction and laser induced incandescence. As yet none of these techniques have found application to the measurement or imaging of particulate matter in arc welding fume plumes. In the work presented here these techniques have been investigated for welding fume measurements of concentration and dissipation. Laser scattering was used successfully to image the fume plume close to the welding arc of actual gas metal and flux cored arc welding processes. The resulting images provided relative fume concentration maps that were quantified when combined with measurements from laser extinction. Laser induced incandescence, while successfully applied to the imaging of soot concentration in flames, was found to have limited capabilities when applied to welding fume particulates. Fume box measurements were undertaken for GMAW and FCAW to determine actual FFR in response to changes in welding variables. The results were in general agreement with those obtained from laser techniques and referenced in literature. The fume plume images collected from in-situ laser measurements were compared with those from previous modelling of plume shape, radial spread and virtual origin. Laser diagnostics demonstrated a number of capabilities not available with traditional fume measurements. The findings of this research provide unique insight into fume dissipation. Such findings can be applied to minimise the quantity of fume, the transmission to the breathing zone and ultimately worker exposure in the workplace. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1339888 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Mechanical Engineering, 2008