In recent years, an increasing number of rural grandmothers in mainland China have migrated to cities for the sake of their grandchildren and to share the burden of childcare with their adult children. In childrearing cooperation, the rural-urban migrant grandmothers face not only intergenerational differences but also rural-urban differences in childrearing. When rural-urban grandmothers provide childrearing assistance in cities, their grandmothering is influenced by the urban childrearing discourse through their cooperation with urban parents. However, our knowledge about their grandmothering is limited. Moreover, existing studies on the migrant elderly tend to describe grandparents as having outdated values and being passively constrained by the structure; therefore, these studies have neglect their agency. In my research, I explore how rural-urban migrant grandmothers contribute to grandchildren's daily care, education and discipline under the influence of urban childrearing discourse, which is mainly reflected in their cooperation with their adult children. I will examine both the intergenerational solidarity and conflicts in the cooperation. Moreover, inspired by the concept of agency, I argue that rural-urban migrant grandmothers are strategic agents, and I examine their agency in response to the urban childrearing discourse. My qualitative data are obtained through in-depth interviews and participant observations with 20 rural-urban migrant grandmothers in two field sites--Beijing and Taian--on mainland China. I find that the cooperation mechanism reflects flexibility, diversity and dynamic. The rural-urban grandmothers use diverse methods to cooperate with their adult children and to contribute to grandchildren's daily care, education and discipline. To fulfil their tasks, grandmothers face challenges such as uncertainty, financial disadvantages, and educational disadvantages. Moreover, the grandmothers experience many different childrearing conflicts with the parents, such as consumption, nutrition and health care. However, grandmothers can actively respond to these challenges and use the strategies of constructing an alternative discourse, using alternative methods and learning to cope with the problems. To deal with the conflicts, grandmothers emphasise two narratives: family harmony, which is most important; and, all for the child. Based on these two narratives, grandmothers use different strategies, such as direct and indirect communication, using hidden strategies, compromising, and keeping silence, when helping their adult children during childcare. Located in the context where the family is regarded as a union and the intergenerational relationship is protected, the agency of rural-urban migrant grandmothers is solidarity-oriented and altruist-oriented agency.

Thesis advisor: Paul Cichello / Migration is becoming increasingly common in the developing world. A growing body of literature seeks to address the effects of migration on the families of migrants; namely, the effects of migration on the children of migrants. This study uses the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) panel dataset to quantify the long-term impacts of experiencing parental migration as a child (aged 5 to 18) on the income of working Indonesian adults. To address the issue of endogenous migration, the out migration rate of an individual’s birth Kabupaten (Regency) is used as an instrumental variable. The results of this study indicate that the proposed instrumental variable strongly predicts an individual’s parental migration status. However, the wide standard errors on the coefficients of interests prohibit any conclusive remarks to be made on the effects of parental migration on future income. This study illustrates how extensive panel datasets, such as the IFLS, can facilitate analyses on the long-term effects of parental migration. The author recommends further research on the topic of parental migration be performed on other outcome variables such as education, measures of health, and subjective wellbeing. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Economics.

Tornadoes are one of the most frequent and destructive disasters in the United States. Like other environmental calamities, tornadoes too act as push factors for migration. The objectives of this study are to define tornado hot spots in the US, to analyze migration effectiveness in the tornado hot spots and non-hot spots, and to explore how tornado and other socio-economic factors influence migration decision. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used. Internal revenue service migration data, SPC tornado data, and Census Bureau data were used in the study. The results indicate that there are significant differences between migration patterns in the tornado hot spots and rest of the country: tornado hot spots are losing population to other regions. The results also indicated that along with the traditional socio-economic push and pull factors of migration, tornado occurrences also influenced people’s migration decision in the United States.

Load imbalance is a major source of performance degradation in parallel scientific applications. Load balancing increases the efficient use of existing resources and improves performance of parallel applications running in distributed environments. At a coarse level of granularity, advances in runtime systems for parallel programs have been proposed in order to control available resources as efficiently as possible by utilizing idle resources and using task migration. At a finer granularity level, advances in algorithmic strategies for dynamically balancing computational loads by data redistribution have been proposed in order to respond to variations in processor performance during the execution of a given parallel application. Algorithmic and systemic load balancing strategies have complementary set of advantages. An integration of these two techniques is possible and it should result in a system, which delivers advantages over each technique used in isolation. This thesis presents a design and implementation of a system that combines an algorithmic fine-grained data parallel load balancing strategy called Fractiling with a systemic coarse-grained task-parallel load balancing system called Hector. It also reports on experimental results of running N-body simulations under this integrated system. The experimental results indicate that a distributed runtime environment, which combines both algorithmic and systemic load balancing strategies, can provide performance advantages with little overhead, underscoring the importance of this approach in large complex scientific applications.

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Yes / At a time when there are more people on the move than ever before, it is pivotal to explore people's motivations and experiences of return migration. Whilst motivations for migration are comparatively well explored, return migrants' experiences are less well-known and migrants' gender is rarely considered. This article addresses these gaps. It is based on qualitative research and in-depth interviews with 32 Polish women: 16 migrants and 16 return migrants. Considered through the lens of agency and structure, this research uncovers how fluid the process of migration has become; migration motivations and patterns are blurred and interlinked with one another while classic migration theories seem outdated. The study uses an “intersection of motivations” to show how inseparable migration-related motivations have become. This article contributes to the growing literature on East–West return migration and highlights women as migrants and the gendered nature of their mobility. / Jagiellonian Polish Research Centre in London

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Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka och jämföra karakteristiken hos två invandrarföreningar med välgörenhetsprägel aktiva under decennierna vid sekelskiftet 1900; en svensk i Buenos Aires och en skandinavisk i Sankt Petersburg. Ur teorier om vilka faktorer som får invandrarföreningar att bildas och fortsätta bedriva sina aktiviteter har jag formulerat en hypotes: att föreningarna i fråga skulle skilja sig medlemskapsantal, få olika möjligheter till välgörande aktiviteter, samt att välgörenhetsarbetet skilde sig. Undersökningens resultat visade att invandrargrupperna på respektive plats präglades av olika typer av migrationer, något som påverkade gruppernas sammansättning och sedermera deras medlemskapsantal, aktiviteter och välgörenhetsarbete

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