Based on primary and secondary evidence, the purpose of this thesis is to answer why people from Kerala have been migrating to Dubai for work since the early 1970s. Reflecting upon theories of migration and adopting Sassen’s position that any migration stream ought to be examined with precision, it concludes that the Kerala-Dubai migration system is a product of its unique political, economic, sociological, geographic and religious dimensions, bound in historical perspective, that have linked both places together. More specifically, the thesis demonstrates that the Keralite, Dubai, Indian and Emirati governments largely encouraged international migration since the 1970s through specific policies and institutional arrangements. This behavior shifted to a sense of discouragement by the UAE government in the mid 1990s as a result of ‘Emiratization’. The thesis also analyses the Kerala-Dubai migration system through a remittance-led perspective, explores the socio-economic, religious and regional composition of migrants, calculates the stock of Keralites in Dubai, the volume of remittances they send back home, and discusses the future migration relationship between both places. While arguing that conventional ideologies represent a narrow way of thinking about why migrations begin, the thesis demonstrates that migration is more than an act of coming and going; it is about the realities of migrant workers, how they are connected to different places and the historical, political, economic and social elements that link them together.

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The classic view of trout (Salmo trutta) life history is that trout begins its life in freshwater, migrates to the ocean after about 1-4 years and then returns to freshwater to spawn. As trout fry have been caught at the mouth of the River Emån, near the Baltic Sea, researchers have speculated that some trout emigrate during their first year of life. The purpose of this study was to describe the variation in the length of time trout reside in freshwater before they migrate to the ocean for the first time. Another purpose was to investigate whether it was possible to discern where and how long the fish spent in freshwater and saltwater during different parts of their lives. Between 2007 and 2009, 23 adult trout were captured in the River Emån in southeastern Sweden. From each fish, a microchemical analysis of the sagitta otolith was conducted. The analysis focused on measuring the ratio of strontium:calcium from the center of the otolith to its outer edge at 6μm intervals. Based on this analysis, I found that 26% of the trout in the population emigrated to sea before they had reached the age of one. The largest proportion (48%) of trout emigrated between 1 to 2 years of age. The results of my study indicated that there was a significant correlation between age and the number of times that the fish remained in freshwater. I also analyzed the ratio of zinc:calcium and manganese:calcium. The analysis of zinc showed annual fluctuations, including a high value during the fish's first year and a seasonal pattern, with higher values of Zn:Ca in spring and summer. My results also showed some variation of the trace element manganese, half of the fish showed a peak in their first year. The results of this study indicate that by analyzing the concentrations of trace elements in otoliths one can describe individual variation in brown trout movement patterns and life history. / Den klassiska bilden för örings (Salmo trutta) livshistoria är att den växer upp i sötvatten, vandrar ut till havet efter ca 1-4 år för att sedan återvända till sötvatten för att leka. Då det fångats laxfiskyngel nära mynningen av Emån vid Östersjön har man funderat på om en del öringar utvandrar till havet under sitt första levnadsår. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva variation i hur lång tid öringar vistas i sötvatten innan de utvandrar till havet för första gången. Ytterligare ett syfte var att undersöka om det gick att urskilja var och hur länge fiskarna vistades i söt- och saltvatten under olika delar av fiskarnas liv. Under åren 2007 till 2009 infångades 23 vuxna öringar i Emån i sydöstra Sverige. Från varje individ gjordes en mikrokemisk analys av sagittaotoliternas spårämnes sammansättning. En analys handlade om att mäta koncentrationen strontium:kalcium från otolitens mitt till dess ytterkant i steg om 6μm. Baserat på denna analys fann jag att 26 % av öringarna i populationen utvandrat till havet innan de hade nått ett års ålder. Den största andelen öringar utvandrade mellan 1 till 2 års ålder. Resultatet av min undersökning indikerade att det fanns ett signifikant samband mellan ålder och antal gånger som fisken vistats i sötvatten. Jag utförde även analys av kvoten zink:kalcium och mangan:kalcium. Analysen av zink visade på årliga svängningar med bl.a. ett högt värde under individens första år samt ett säsongsmönster med högre värden under vår och sommar. Mina resultat påvisade även en viss variation av spårämnet mangan där hälften av individerna markerade en tydlig topp under sitt första år. Resultaten från denna studie visar att genom att analysera spårämnens olika koncentrationer i otoliter kan man beskriva individuell variation i öringens rörelsemönster och livshistoria.

This study examines the origins, growth and subsequent character of the Victorian suburbs of Oxford, a small provincial city with no industrial base. Major sources include newspapers, census enumerators' returns, deposited plans, and plan registers, rate books, the records of leasehold estates and deeds of properties acquired by the City Council. Chapters are devoted to:- The Creation of the Suburbs; Development Control; the House-Building Industry; Suburban Houses; House-Ownership; Residents of the Suburbs and Life in the Suburbs. Victorian Oxford grew steadily, attracting local migration because of the varied job opportunities. Suburban development was profoundly influenced by topography and the decisions taken by landowners. Corporate landowners preferred leasehold development to outright sale and their concern for reversionary value encouraged the building of high-cost, low-density housing. On freehold estates, too, standards were raised by the social and financial preferences of developers and builders, the introduction of building byelaws and the rising real incomes of potential investors and tenants. Access to cheap freehold plots prolonged the fragmentation of a building industry which depended heavily upon loans and credit. The suburbs were the product of innumerable local and personal decisions, providing a safe income for many private landlords and larger, more sanitary homes for better-off tenants. The new suburbs required many services and facilities, but the provision of these owed much to their social status. With an increasing number of resident councillors, leasehold, middle-class North Oxford had the political and economic power to maintain and enhance its character. Elsewhere, market forces prevailed over amenity, public utilities were grudgingly provided and the limited nature of municipal intervention was most seriously felt. Conditions were ameliorated, however, by those people and organisations who, for various reasons, provided churches, schools and recreational facilities.

Preface: The elderly form an increasingly significant section of our society, and changes in the social and economic characteristics of ageing through this century have been mirrored in certain emergent spatial patterns. This study examines these changes in the geography of ageing in England and Wales and what has been perhaps the most significant feature of these changes, the distinctive migration of the elderly, particularly into coastal retirement areas. This study is the consequence of a developing interest in the problems and characteristics of ageing in society, stimulated, not so much by the fact that the writer has, at various times, lived and holidayed in numerous coastal retirement areas, but, in particular, by an undergraduate study of an American retirement community in the state of Oregon during the summer of 1972. While, therefore, this study confines itself to the elderly in England and Wales, it is written in the certain knowledge that many of the issues raised in the discussion may be perceived in other countries of Western Europe and in North America. After a discussion of the theoretical background to the study, Part II (Chapters 3 and 4) concern themselves with the changing spatial patterns of ageing in England and Wales through the greater part of this century and, in particular, the role of migration in contributing to these changing patterns in more recent years. Part III (Chapters 5 to 10) concentrates on examining certain behavioural aspects of migration, based upon survey work among samples of elderly people.

Tyrimai buvo atlikti pietvakarių Lenkijoje, Oderio upės slėnyje Kwiatkowice (Kviatkovice) ir Rzeczyca (Žečica) apylinkėse, pietvakarių Lenkijoje, Žemutinės Silezijos vaivadijoje (Dolnośląskie województwo) 2010 m. Tyrimams pasirinktos penkios vietos: upės vagos šiaurės-pietų kryptis ir vakarų-rytų kryptis,lapuočių miško proskyna, pamiškė, kultūrinė pieva. Tyrimai buvo atlikti naudojant bioakustinį, dviejų detektorių sistemos metodą (Jarzembowski, 2003). Oderio upės slėnyje kiekviename punkte buvo pastatyta po du detektorius. Atstumas tarp detektorių – 10 m, detektoriai nukreipti 45º kampu į viršų, atstumas virš žemės – 2 m. Detektorių nukreipimas 45º kampu į viršų leidžia registruoti daugiau šikšnosparnių, kurie skrenda ir arti vandens, ir žymiai aukščiau. Rūšių apibudinimui naudojama Ahlen (1981) ir Barataud (1996, 2006) metodika. Oderio upės slėnio biotopuose aptiktos aštuonios šikšnosparnių rūšys: šikšniukas mažylis, šikšniukas nykštukas, Natuzijaus šikšniukas, rudasis nakviša, vandeninis pelėausis, kūdrinis pelėausis, Branto pelėausis, vėlyvasis šikšnys. Nustatyta, kad vandeninis pelėausis, šikšniukas mažylis, Natuzijaus šikšniukas naudojasi upės vaga kaip migracijos koridoriumi, bet plačiau slėniu nemigruoja. Rudojo nakvišos nekryptingų perskridimų ir maitinimosi signalų visuose biotopuose buvo daug, tai gali reikšti, kad jis tik maitinasi visuose upės slėnio biotopuose. Vėlyvojo šikšnio ir šikšniuko nykštuko kryptingi perskridimai nustatyti miške ir pamiškėje... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / We studied migration of bats along Odra river valley in SW Poland for four nights in September 2010. We carried out all-night acoustical observations of bats flying at the river North-Soutth and East-West directions segments, in the forest, grassland and on the outer wood. The direction on bats’ movements were determined on the basis of echolocation sequences order recorded by two frequency division ultrasound detectors. We noted activity for eight species: Myotis daubentonii, M. dasycneme, M. brandti, Nyctalus noctula, Pipistrellus nathusii, P. pipistrellus, P. pygmaeus, Eptesicus serotinus. Our results show that Myotis daubentonii, Pipistrellus nathusii, P. pygmaeus use only the river as the migration corridor, but not all valley of the river. Eptesicus serotinus and P. pipistrellus directional flyings were detected in the forest, but these data were unsufficient to relate the migratory way and the valley of the river. The great amount of undirectional flyings and nutrition signals of Nyctalus noctula in all places shows that this species uses all the valley for nutrition. Our results show that the activities of different bats species for twenty four hours are different at the river. The greatest counts of sequencies for Myotis daubentonii, Nyctalus noctula were registered in the evening: Myotis daubentonii – at 8 p.m., and Nyctalus noctula – at 7 p.m. Activities of Pipistrelus pygmaeus and Pipistrellus nathusii were similar during all night time. No activities of bats were... [to full text]

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