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Crossing the Sahara to reach Libya for the purpose of onward migration across the Mediterranean to Italy is what in Gambia is called “The Back Way”. The aim of this study is to examine the ambitions and reasons behind a migratory project from The Gambia to Europe. By identifying the key constituents of a migration culture, I can get a broader insight into why the celebration of migration is evident, and how the ‘story of Europe’ is shaped. I have interviewed Gambians who are geographically in different places and who all find themselves in different life trajectories, most of them connected to migration. My conversations about migration, “The Back Way” and Europe stretches from interviews with repatriates, aspiring migrants and non-migrants. I have also interviewed Gambians in the Diaspora. In this study, I found a strong societal expectation and hope towards both migration and the diaspora which in return caused certain diasporic behavior that painted a misleading picture of Europe. I also found a strong hope and resilient aspirations in terms of social status and recognition believed to be attained easier as a migrant coming back from Europe.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The rural youth classically integrated the internal migratory processes, but recently they have also constituting international. So, the study analyzed how rural young people from a family farming experienced contemporary international migration in its various phases, which were emigration, travel, immigration and return. Of a qualitative nature, the study was conducted in the case study format and held in the city of Itapuranga, state of Goiás, Brazil. Data were collected through 09 interviews with social workers who have experienced international migration in their youth. Although adults at the time of the interviews, these used their memories to rebuild international migration experiences as rural youth. Were also interviewed 17 key-informants and other data collected through observation, documentary research and literature research. In Itapuranga, there was the existence of a culture of migration on family farming, being common migration in this context. This culture interfered on the socialization of rural youth, expanding their social horizons of "local" to "global". Many socioeconomic conditions favored these international emigration, especially in the early XXI century, involving the crisis in family farming, few alternatives for employment and education in the region, devaluation of national currency and establishment of international migration networks. So, were built international migration projects in search of social reproduction and autonomy. These international migration were undocumented and happened through different routes: legal route, with visas and directed the nations located in the Americas and Europe, carried out air; and illegal route, without visas and intended only to the United States, with a segment of the crossing by land in Mexico. In the latter, was intense participation of the immigration industry, increasing the risks involved in travel The main destinations of migrants consisted in the United States and European nations. The immigration stood out because of the cultural and environmental strangeness abroad and migrant vulnerability at work, inserted in low-paid and exhaustive services with the aim of accumulate money, including prostitution. The migrants also experienced poor living conditions and could not devote time to education. The immigration was experienced in loneliness, because of the embarrassing relationships with foreign and other Brazilian immigrants, stressing the longing and communication with family and friends in Brazil. Most returned to accumulate a significant amount of money, encouraged by the international economic crisis, stabilization of the Brazilian economy, the real appreciation, longing families and advancement of their ages, especially in the middle of the first decade of XXI century. The returns also resignified the links of migrants to rural areas and family farming, favoring the emergence of new ruralities. Also, became hybrid identities of these migrants and marked the end of the youth of them. So, it was concluded that international migration among rural young people from a family farming of Itapuranga were not unidirectional, being characterized by comings and goings, showing different ways to experience the youth in rural areas. It was concluded, also, the need for public c policies and extension actions involving the singularities of these international migrants. / Os jovens rurais classicamente integraram os processos migratórios internos, mas recentemente os mesmos vêm constituindo também os internacionais. Assim, o estudo analisou como os jovens rurais oriundos da agricultura familiar vivenciaram as migrações internacionais contemporâneas em suas variadas fases, sendo elas emigração, viagem, imigração e retorno. De natureza qualitativa, o estudo foi conduzido no formato de estudo de caso e realizado no município de Itapuranga, estado de Goiás, Brasil. Coletaram-se dados através de 09 entrevistas com agentes sociais que vivenciaram migrações internacionais em sua juventude. Embora adultos no momento das entrevistas, esses recorreram às suas memórias para reconstruir as vivências migratórias internacionais como jovens rurais. Também foram entrevistados 17 informantes-chave e coletados outros dados através de observação, pesquisa documental e pesquisa bibliográfica. Em Itapuranga, constatou-se a existência de uma cultura de migração na agricultura familiar, sendo as migrações comuns nesse contexto. Essa cultura interferiu sobre as socializações dos jovens rurais, expandindo seus horizontes sociais do local para o global . Inúmeras condicionantes socioeconômicas favoreceram essas emigrações internacionais, sobretudo no início do século XXI, envolvendo a crise na agricultura familiar, escassas alternativas de trabalho e educação na região, desvalorização da moeda nacional e constituição de redes migratórias internacionais. Assim, foram construídos projetos migratórios internacionais em busca de reprodução social e autonomia. Essas migrações internacionais foram indocumentadas e aconteceram através de rotas distintas: rota legal, com vistos e direcionada a nações situadas no continente americano e europeu, realizada via aérea; e rota ilegal, sem vistos e direcionada somente aos Estados Unidos, com um segmento da travessia via terrestre no México. Nessa última, foi intensa a participação da indústria de imigração, aumentando os riscos nas viagens. Os principais destinos dos migrantes consistiram nos Estados Unidos e nações europeias. A imigração se destacou em virtude dos estranhamentos culturais e ambientais no exterior e da vulnerabilidade dos migrantes no trabalho, inseridos em serviços mal remunerados e exaustivos com o intuito de acumular dinheiro, inclusive na prostituição. Os migrantes também vivenciaram condições de moradia precárias e não conseguiram dedicar tempo à educação. A imigração foi vivenciada na solidão em razão dos embaraçosos relacionamentos com os estrangeiros e com outros imigrantes brasileiros, acentuando a saudade e a comunicação com os familiares e amigos no Brasil. A maioria retornou ao acumular uma quantia significativa de dinheiro, incentivados pela crise econômica internacional, estabilização da economia brasileira, valorização do real, saudade das famílias e avanço de suas idades, principalmente em meados da primeira década do século XXI. Os retornos também ressignificaram os vínculos dos migrantes com o meio rural e a agricultura familiar, favorecendo o surgimento de novas ruralidades. Além disso, tornaram híbridas as identidades desses migrantes e assinalaram o fim da juventude dos mesmos. Assim, concluiu-se que as migrações internacionais entre jovens rurais oriundos da agricultura familiar de Itapuranga não foram unidirecionais, caracterizadas por idas e vindas, mostrando maneiras diferentes de vivenciar a juventude nas áreas rurais. Concluiu-se, também, a necessidade de políticas públicas e ações extensionistas relacionadas com as singularidades desses migrantes internacionais.

Die Praxis der interkulturellen Musikpädagogik verfolgt Ziele und Absichten auf einer sachbezogenen, einer musikpraktischen., einer reflektierenden und einer kompetenzorientierten Ebene. Die Theorie der interkulturellen Musikpädagogik hinterfragt dazu die relevanten Begriffe und Bedeutungszuweisungen, die mit diesen Zielen verbunden sind und versucht ihre Verwendungsweisen zu klären. Vor allem in der Auseinandersetzung mit einem bedeutungsorientierten Kulturbegriff, den die Autorin bereits in früheren Publikationen als Grundlage für die Inszenierung interkultureller Bildungsprozesse vorgeschlagen hat, wird deutlich, dass kulturelle Zugehörigkeitsgefühle konstruiert sind, dass vor allem in multikulturellen Gesellschaften kulturelle Zuordnungen sowie Abgrenzungen nicht als Folge von Enkulturationsprozessen (also dem Hineinwachsen in eine bestimmte Kultur), sondern im Kontext flexibler Identitätsbildungen zu erklären sind. Auch in den drei auf der Tagung besprochenen Schulstunden finden kulturelle Konstruktionsprozesse und interkulturelle Begegnungen statt, ohne dass sie expliziter Unterrichtsinhalt wären. Die Analyse ausgewählter Unterrichtssequenzen zeigt, wie in diesen didaktisch nicht gestalteten interkulturellen Situationen ungelöste Fragen und Probleme auftreten. Um dies zu vermeiden werden Handlungsalternativen vorgeschlagen, wie durch mehr Aufmerksamkeit und geringfügig veränderten unterrichtlichen Inszenierungen kulturelle Fremdzuschreibungen im Sinne von Ethnisierungen und Stigmatisierungen verhindert und ein differenzierterer Blick auf Inhalte erreicht werden kann. / The praxis of intercultural music education/pedagogy has an agenda and objectives on an issue-related, a reflective and a competence-oriented level as well as on the level of music practice. The theory of intercultural music education/pedagogy questions the relevant terms and allocation of meaning which are associated with these objectives and tries to clarify the manner of applying them. Especially in the examination of a meaning-oriented culture concept, which has already been proposed by the author in previous publications as the basis of an orchestration/organization of intercultural educational processes, it becomes clear that cultural sense of membership is constructed. Cultural attribution as well as demarcation in multicultural societies are to be explained not as a result of enculturation processes (that is the growing into a particular culture), but rather in the context of flexible identity formation. Also in the three lessons discussed at the symposium, cultural construction processes and intercultural encounters take place without being explicitly part of tuition. The analysis of selected class sequences shows how unsolved questions and problems arise in these didactically non-arranged situations. In order to avoid this, action alternatives are suggested; it is proposed how cultural ascription in the sense of ethnicization and stigmatization can be avoided and how a more differentiated view on contents can be achieved by the means of more attention and marginally modified tuition organization.